Showing papers on "Social movement published in 2003"
Book•
28 Feb 2003
TL;DR: Feminism without borders as discussed by the authors is a collection of essays from Chandra Talpade Mohanty's pioneering work on transnational women's movements for grassroots ecological solutions and consumer, health, and reproductive rights.
Abstract: Bringing together classic and new writings of the trailblazing feminist theorist Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Feminism without Borders addresses some of the most pressing and complex issues facing contemporary feminism. Forging vital links between daily life and collective action and between theory and pedagogy, Mohanty has been at the vanguard of Third World and international feminist thought and activism for nearly two decades. This collection highlights the concerns running throughout her pioneering work: the politics of difference and solidarity, decolonizing and democratizing feminist practice, the crossing of borders, and the relation of feminist knowledge and scholarship to organizing and social movements. Mohanty offers here a sustained critique of globalization and urges a reorientation of transnational feminist practice toward anti-capitalist struggles. Feminism without Borders opens with Mohanty's influential critique of western feminism ("Under Western Eyes") and closes with a reconsideration of that piece based on her latest thinking regarding the ways that gender matters in the racial, class, and national formations of globalization. In between these essays, Mohanty meditates on the lives of women workers at different ends of the global assembly line (in India, the United Kingdom, and the United States); feminist writing on experience, identity, and community; dominant conceptions of multiculturalism and citizenship; and the corporatisation of the North American academy. She considers the evolution of interdisciplinary programs like Women's Studies and Race and Ethnic Studies; pedagogies of accommodation and dissent; and transnational women's movements for grassroots ecological solutions and consumer, health, and reproductive rights. Mohanty's probing and provocative analyses of key concepts in feminist thought - "home," "sisterhood," "experience," "community" - lead the way toward a feminism without borders, a feminism fully engaged with the realities of a transnational world.
2,554 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, identity movements that seek to expand individual autonomy as motors of institutional change are depicted. But they do not consider the role identities of actors in these movements, and instead focus on the sociopolitical legitimacy of activists, the extent of theorization of new roles, prior defections by peers to the new logic, and gains to prior defectors act as identity-discrepant cues.
Abstract: A challenge facing cultural-frame institutionalism is to explain how existing institutional logics and role identities are replaced by new logics and role identities. This article depicts identity movements that strive to expand individual autonomy as motors of institutional change. It proposes that the sociopolitical legitimacy of activists, extent of theorization of new roles, prior defections by peers to the new logic, and gains to prior defectors act as identity-discrepant cues that induce actors to abandon traditional logics and role identities for new logics and role identities. A study of how the nouvelle cuisine movement in France led elite chefs to abandon classical cuisine during the period starting from 1970 and ending in 1997 provides wide-ranging support for these arguments. Implications for research on institutional change, social movements, and social identity are outlined
1,293 citations
TL;DR: In this article, identity movements that seek to expand individual autonomy as motors of institutional change are depicted. But they do not consider the role identities of actors in these movements, and instead focus on the sociopolitical legitimacy of activists, the extent of theorization of new roles, prior defections by peers to the new logic, and gains to prior defectors act as identity-discrepant cues.
Abstract: A challenge facing cultural-frame institutionalism is to explain how existing institutional logics and role identities are replaced by new logics and role identities. This article depicts identity movements that strive to expand individual autonomy as motors of institutional change. It proposes that the sociopolitical legitimacy of activists, extent of theorization of new roles, prior defections by peers to the new logic, and gains to prior defectors act as identity-discrepant cues that induce actors to abandon traditional logics and role identities for new logics and role identities. A study of how the nouvelle cuisine movement in France led elite chefs to abandon classical cuisine during the period starting from 1970 and ending in 1997 provides wide-ranging support for these arguments. Implications for research on institutional change, social movements, and social identity are outlined
1,164 citations
TL;DR: The authors reviewed the development of the political opportunity or political process perspective, which has animated a great deal of research on social movements and found that the context in which a movement emerges influences its development and potential impact.
Abstract: I review the development of the political opportunity or political process perspective, which has animated a great deal of research on social movements. The essential insight—that the context in which a movement emerges influences its development and potential impact—provides a fruitful analytic orientation for addressing numerous questions about social movements. Reviewing the development of the literature, however, I note that conceptualizations of political opportunity vary greatly, and scholars disagree on basic theories of how political opportunities affect movements. The relatively small number of studies testing political opportunity hypotheses against other explanations have generated mixed results, owing in part to the articulation of the theory and the specifications of variables employed. I examine conflicting specifications of the theory by considering the range of outcomes scholars address. By disaggregating outcomes and actors, I argue, we can reconcile some of the apparent contradictions an...
1,105 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In Diminished Democracy, Theda Skocpol shows that this decline in public involvement has not always been the case in this country - and how, by understanding the causes of this change, we might reverse it as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Pundits and social observers have voiced alarm each year as fewer Americans involve themselves in voluntary groups that meet regularly Thousands of nonprofit groups have been launched in recent times, but most are run by professionals who lobby Congress or deliver social services to clients What will happen to US democracy if participatory groups and social movements wither, while civic involvement becomes one more occupation rather than every citizen's right and duty? In Diminished Democracy, Theda Skocpol shows that this decline in public involvement has not always been the case in this country - and how, by understanding the causes of this change, we might reverse it
1,075 citations
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements as mentioned in this paper contains 776 pages that contain constructive material with a nice reading experience and is classified as Other that contains constructive material and informative content with lovely reading experience.
Abstract: 32.03 MB Free download The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements book PDF, FB2, EPUB and MOBI. Read online The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements which classified as Other that has 776 pages that contain constructive material with lovely reading experience. Reading online The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements book will be provide using wonderful book reader and it's might gives you some access to identifying the book content before you download the book.
1,044 citations
Book•
01 Apr 2003
TL;DR: In this article, the role of single members in the German Nazi party, 1925-1930, and the role and influence in the Polish People's Republic of Poland were discussed.
Abstract: Introduction 1. Social movements, contentious actions, and social networks: 'from metaphor to substance'? PART I. INDIVIDUAL NETWORKS 2. Social Networks Matter. But How? 3. Movement development and organizational networks: The role of 'single members' in the German Nazi party, 1925-1930 PART II. INTERORGANIZATIONAL NETWORKS 4. Networks in opposition: Linking organizations through activists in the Polish People's Republic 5. 'Leaders' or brokers? Positions and influence in social movement networks 6. Community embeddedness and collaborative governance in the San Francisco Bay Area environmental movement PART III. NETWORKING THE POLITICAL PROCESS 7. Contentious connections in Great Britain, 1828-1834 8. Networks, diffusion, and cycles of collective action 9. Movement in context: Thick networks and Japanese environmental protest PART IV. THEORIES OF NETWORKS, MOVEMENTS, AND COLLECTIVE ACTION 10. Why do networks matter? Rationalist and structuralist interpretations 11. Cross-talk in movements: Reconceiving the culture-network link 12. Beyond structural analysis: toward a more dynamic understanding of social movements 13. Networks and social movements: A research programme
843 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine how social movements contribute to institutional change and the creation of new industries and show that movements can help to transform extant socioeconomic practices and enable new kinds of industry development by engaging in efforts that lead to the deinstitutionalization of field frames.
Abstract: This article examines how social movements contribute to institutional change and the creation of new industries. We build on current efforts to bridge institutional and social movement perspectives in sociology and develop the concept of field frame to study how industries are shaped by social structures of meanings and resources that underpin and stabilize practices and social organization. Drawing on the case of how non-profit recyclers and the recycling social movement enabled the rise of a for-profit recycling industry, we show that movements can help to transform extant socioeconomic practices and enable new kinds of industry development by engaging in efforts that lead to the deinstitutionalization of field frames.
739 citations
Book•
13 Jun 2003
TL;DR: In this article, five meaning of global civil society are discussed: globalization, the state and war, social movement, NGOs and networks, and the return of the "Outside".
Abstract: Preface. Abbreviations. Chapter 1: Five Meanings of Global Civil Society. Chapter 2: The Discourse of Civil Society. Chapter 3: The Ideas of 1989: The Origins of the Concept of Global Civil Society. Chapter 4: Social Movements, NGOs and Networks. Chapter 5: Globalization, the State and War. Chapter 6: September 11: The Return of the 'Outside'?. Notes. Index
677 citations
TL;DR: Alternative food initiatives are appearing in many places Observers suggest that they share a political agenda: to oppose the structures that coordinate and globalize the current food system and to create alternative systems of food production that are environmentally sustainable, economically viable, and socially just as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the role of the Internet and digital media in the formation of transnational protest politics. And they show how digital network configurations can facilitate: permanent campaigns; the growth of broad networks despite relatively weak social identity and ideology ties; transformation of individual member organizations and whole networks; and the capacity to communicate.
Abstract: Many observers doubt the capacity of digital media to change the political game. The rise of a transnational activism that is aimed beyond states and directly at corporations, trade and development regimes offers a fruitful area for understanding how communication practices can help create a new politics. The Internet is implicated in the new global activism far beyond merely reducing the costs of communication, or transcending the geographical and temporal barriers associated with other communication media. Various uses of the Internet and digital media facilitate the loosely structured networks, the weak identity ties, and the patterns of issue and demonstration organizing that define a new global protest politics. Analysis of various cases shows how digital network configurations can facilitate: permanent campaigns; the growth of broad networks despite relatively weak social identity and ideology ties; transformation of individual member organizations and whole networks; and the capacity to communicate...
Book•
01 Jan 2003TL;DR: In this article, international law, development and Third World Resistance are discussed. But the focus is on developing countries and not the Third World resistance, as is the case in this paper.
Abstract: Abbreviations Preface and acknowledgements Introduction Part I. International Law, Development and Third World Resistance: 1. Writing Third World resistance into international law 2. International law and the development encounter Part II. International Law, Third World Resistance and the Institutionalization of Development: the Invention of the Apparatus: 3. Laying the groundwork: the Mandate system 4. Radicalizing institutions and/or institutionalizing radicalism? UNCTAD and the NIEO debate 5. From resistance to renewal: Bretton Woods institutions and the emergence of the 'new' development agenda 6. Completing a full circle: democracy and the discontent of development Part III. Decolonizing Resistance: Human Rights and the Challenge of Social Movements: 7. Human rights and the Third World: constituting the discourse of resistance 8. Recoding resistance: social movements and the challenge to international law 9. Markets, gender and identity: a case study of the Working Women's Forum as a social movement Part IV. Epilogue References Index.
Book•
31 Aug 2003
TL;DR: In this article, Bordieu called for an international social movement capable of forming a counterforce to the project of capitalist globalisation, which he called Acts of Resistance (Acts of Resistance).
Abstract: In this series of trenchant essays, Pierre Bourdieu continues the urgent project begun in Acts of Resistance. Dissecting the claims of neoliberalism, Bordieu calls for an international social movement capable of forming a counterforce to the project of capitalist globalisation.
Book•
01 Nov 2003
TL;DR: Tilly et al. as discussed by the authors presented a political process explanation of GIA violence in Algeria and discussed the relationship between marginalization to massacres in the Egyptian Islamic Movement and social movement theory.
Abstract: Foreword Charles TillyIntroduction: Islamic Activism and Social Movement Theory Quintan WiktorowiczPart I. Violence and Contention1. From Marginalization to Massacres: A Political Process Explanation of GIA Violence in Algeria Mohammed M. Hafez 2. Violence as Contention in the Egyptian Islamic Movement Mohammed M. Hafez and Quintan Wiktorowicz 3. Repertoires of Contention in Contemporary Bahrain Fred H. Lawson 4. Hamas as Social Movement Glenn E. RobinsonPart II. Networks and Alliances5. The Networked World of Islamist Social Movements Diane Singerman 6. Islamist Women in Yemen: Informal Nodes of Activism Janine A. Clark 7. Collective Action with and without Islam: Mobilizing the Bazaar in Iran Benjamin Smith 8. The Islah Party in Yemen: Political Opportunities and Coalition Building in a Transitional Polity Jillian SchwedlerPart III. Culture and Frames9. Interests, Ideas, and Islamist Outreach in Egypt Carrie Rosevsky Wickham 10. Making Conversation Permissible: Islamism and Reform in Saudi Arabia Gwenn Okruhlik 11. Opportunity Spaces, Identity, and Islamic Meaning in Turkey M. Hakan YavuzConclusion: Social Movement Theory and Islamic Studies Charles Kurzman
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose the notion of convergence space as a conceptual tool by which to understand and critique grassroots globalization networks, arguing that contested social relations emerge in such convergence spaces and considering the implications of these for theorizing such networks, and for political action.
Abstract: This paper considers grassroots globalization networks, which comprise a diversity of social movements working in association to engage in multi-scalar political action. Drawing upon David Harvey’s notion of militant particularism (regarding the problems of effecting politics between different geographical scales), and recent research on networks and their relationship to places, the paper analyses People’s Global Action, an international network of social movements opposing neoliberal globalization. From an analysis of the process geographies of People’s Global Action, the paper proposes the notion of convergence space as a conceptual tool by which to understand and critique grassroots globalization networks. The paper argues that contested social relations emerge in such convergence spaces and considers the implications of these for theorizing such networks, and for political action.
TL;DR: In this article, the role and influence of advocacy organizations in the U.S. political process is examined, focusing on five dimensions of the policy process: agenda setting, access to decision-making arenas, achieving favorable policies, monitoring and shaping implementation, and shifting the long-term priorities and resources of political institutions.
Abstract: We examine scholarship on the role and influence of advocacy organizations in the U.S. political process. We identify common theoretical questions in the disconnected literatures on social movements, interest groups, and nonprofits, and we propose a unifying conceptual framework for examining advocacy organizations. Focusing on the post-1960s growth in advocacy organizations, we examine major organizational characteristics including organizational structures, membership and participation, resources, and interorganizational networks and coalitions. Our analysis of organizational influence focuses on five dimensions of the policy process: (a) agenda setting, (b) access to decision-making arenas, (c) achieving favorable policies, (d) monitoring and shaping implementation, and (e) shifting the long-term priorities and resources of political institutions. Finally, we identify recurrent theoretical and methodological problems, including the compartmentalization of research within disciplines, an overreliance on...
Book•
10 Apr 2003TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the dangers of political inclusion: Moderation and Bureaucratization, and the dynamics of Democratization in the four countries of the United States, Movements, and Democracy.
Abstract: 1. States, Movements, and Democracy 2. Patterns of Inclusion and Exclusion in the Four Countries 3. Cooptive or Effective Inclusion? Movement Aims and State Imperatives 4. The Perils of Political Inclusion: Moderation and Bureaucratization 5. The Dynamics of Democratization 6. Evaluating Movement Effectiveness and Strategy 7. Ecological Modernization, Risk Society, and the Green State Conclusion
TL;DR: The distinction of public and private life is often conceived of as statically'regional' in character as mentioned in this paper, and it is argued that massive changes are occurring in the nature of both private and public life and especially of the relations between them.
Abstract: Most conceptions of public and private life within political and social theory do not adequately consider the networks or fluidities involved in contemporary social relations. The distinction of public and private is often conceived of as statically `regional' in character. This article, following an extensive analysis of the multiple meanings of the `public' and `private', criticizes such a static conception and maintains that massive changes are occurring in the nature of both public and private life and especially of the relations between them. We consider flows and networks that enable mobility between and across apparent publics and privates. These mobilities are both physical (in the form of mobile people, objects and hybrids of humans-in-machines) and informational (in the form of electronic communication via data, visual images and texts). We consider the transformations of public and private life that have arisen from `complex' configurations of place and space: the dominant system of car-centred automobility whose spatial fluidities are simultaneously private and public; and various globalizations through the exposure of `private' lives on public screens and the public screening of mediatized events. These mobile, machinic examples demonstrate the limitations of the static, regional conceptualizations of public and private life developed within much social and political theory, and suggest that this divide may need relegation to the dustbin of history.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the process through which women's organizations succeeded in placing front and center on the UN agenda two issues that had been perceived as exclusively private: violence against women and reproductive rights and health.
Abstract: How, why, and under what conditions are NGOs able to influence state's interests? To answer these questions, I examine the process through which women's organizations succeeded in placing front and center on the UN agenda two issues that had been perceived as exclusively private: violence against women and reproductive rights and health. I develop a theoretical framework drawing on both the agenda-setting and social movement literature. I suggest that NGOs attempt to influence states' interests by framing problems, solutions, and justifications for political action. Whether they are successful in mobilizing support is contingent on the dynamic interaction of primarily two factors: (1) the political opportunity structure in which NGOs are embedded, comprising access to institutions, the presence of influential allies, and changes in political alignments and conflicts; and (2) the mobilizing structures that NGOs have at their disposal, including organizational entrepreneurs, a heterogeneous international constituency, and experts. I find that in the beginning of the agenda-setting process, the influence of NGOs is rather limited, their frames are highly contested, and structural obstacles outweigh organizational resources. However, over time the influence of NGOs increases. As they establish their own mobilizing structures, they become capable of altering the political opportunity structure in their favor, and their frames gain in acceptance and legitimacy.
TL;DR: In this paper, social network, social capital and embeddedness have been used to understand transnational social forms and practices among migrant groups, and they have proven valuable when adopted into a wide variety of social scientific fields.
Abstract: Sociological notions such as social network, social capital and embeddedness have proven valuable when adopted into a wide variety of social scientific fields. This has certainly been the case in the sociology of migration. Similarly, certain concepts drawn from studies on different modes of transnationalism - for instance, research and theory concerning the global activities of social movements and business networks - might serve as useful tools for understanding transnational social forms and practices among migrant groups.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the central concepts of Bourdieu's theory of practice can be used to provide an effective and interesting basis for the analysis of social movements, protest and contention.
Abstract: The point of departure for this article is the observation that, despite his own personal involvement as an engaged intellectual, Pierre Bourdieu offers a very thin account of social movement activism, and one pre-empted by the rather limited concept of ‘crisis’. The aim of the article, however, is to argue that the central concepts of Bourdieu’s theory of practice can be used to provide an effective and interesting basis for the analysis of social movements, protest and contention. To this end the article demonstrates how the concepts of habitus, capital and field, in particular, resonate with important findings from the social movement literature. The focus of the article is limited to an engagement with Bourdieu. It connects with other work by the author, however, in which he has argued that Bourdieu’s framework can be used to address very serious problems in social movement theory.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors endorse the claim that Neo-institutional theory can both become more strategic and give a richer meaning to the strategy-formation process by integrating issues of ideology, power and agency in a political-cultural rhetoric of legitimacy.
Abstract: Faced with increasing real-time dislocation of institutionalized practices in empirical studies, it has become clear that neo-institutional theory is still ill-equipped to elucidate strategies of change in institutional fields. In this article, I endorse the claim that neo-institutional theory can both become more strategic and give a richer meaning to the strategy-formation process by integrating issues of ideology, power and agency in a political-cultural rhetoric of legitimation. Using the social movement metaphor to describe institutional change, I study incumbents and challengers as potentially antagonistic social movement organizations (SMOs) that strive to hegemonize entrepreneurship in fields. After having outlined a model linking institutional change to the strategy-formation process, I identify four archetypes of SMOs and strategic propensities, and illustrate the presented propositions about the incumbent SMO-challenger SMO dynamic using the case of emerging Internet challengers in the music in...
01 May 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that people do not always have clear-cut identities or preferences, and that they regard "party politics" with a certain cynicism, and are much more "spectators" than participants.
Abstract: Could policymaking be constitutive of politics? Conventionally, policymaking is conceived of as the result of politics. In this view classical-modernist political institutions seek to involve people in politics via a choice of elected officials who are subsequently supposed to represent the interests of their voters, initiate policy and oversee its implementation. But what if people do not always have clear-cut identities or preferences? What if they regard ‘party politics’ with a certain cynicism, and are much more ‘spectators’ than participants (cf. Manin 1997)? Is that the end of politics? This chapter argues that this is not necessarily true. Citizens could also be seen as political activists on ‘stand by’ who often need to be ignited in order to become politically involved. This creates a new role for policymaking. In many cases it is a public policy initiative that triggers people to reflect on what they really value, and that motivates them to voice their concerns or wishes and become politically active themselves. Public policy, in other words, often creates a public domain , as a space in which people of various origins deliberate on their future as well as on their mutual interrelationships and their relationship to the government. The idea of a network society only adds to this. Nowadays policymaking often takes place in a context where fixed political identities and stable communities always be assumed.
Book•
01 May 2003
TL;DR: The Politics of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) as discussed by the authors is a popular topic in the field of political science and social sciences, where the power of discourse has been studied extensively.
Abstract: * 1. Introduction: The Politics of NGO-ing * 2. Damning the Dams: Social Movements and NGOs * 3. The Power of Discourse: NGOs, Gender and National Democratic Politics * 4. Village Experts and Development Discourse: Progress in a Philippine Igorot Village * 5. Modelling Development: NGO Room for Manoeuvre * 6. Whose Reality Counts: Issues of NGO Accountability * 7. Making Sense of NGOs: in Everyday Office Life * 8. NGO Leaders: A Social Analysis of Fairly Unusual Human Beings * 9. Funding Agencies and NGOs: Peeping Behind Paper Realities * 10. Conclusion: NGO Everyday Politics * 11. Epilogue: The Politics of Research
Book•
07 Oct 2003
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the post-Structuralist Consensus in Social Movement Theory, and discusses hot Movements, Cold Cognition: Thinking about Social Movements in Gendered Frames.
Abstract: Chapter 1 Introduction Part 2 I Political Process Theory: Opportunity or Constraint? Chapter 3 Caught in a Winding, Snarling Vine: The Structural Bias of Political Process Theory Chapter 4 Wise Quacks Chapter 5 Paradigm Warriors: Regress and Progress in the Study of Contentious Politics Chapter 6 Tending the Vineyard: Cultivating Political Process Research Chapter 7 Political Opportunity Structure: Some Splitting to Balance the Lumping Chapter 8 Trouble in Paradigms Part 9 II Beyond Dominant Paradigms Chapter 10 Culture Is Not Just in Your Head Chapter 11 The Post-Structuralist Consensus in Social Movement Theory Chapter 12 The Intellectual Challenges of Toiling in the Vineyard Chapter 13 Knowledge for What? Thoughts on the State of Social Movements Studies Chapter 14 Passionate Political Processes: Bringing Emotions Back into the Study of Social Movements Chapter 15 Why David Sometimes Wins: Strategic Capacity in Social Movements Part 16 III Concluding Reflections Chapter 17 Rethinking Political Process Theory Chapter 18 Reflections on Social Movement Theory: Criticisms and Proposals Chapter 19 Hot Movements, Cold Cognition: Thinking about Social Movements in Gendered Frames
TL;DR: The authors explored the conditions under which organizations form alliances across movement boundaries, and examined whether these cross-movement coalition events are facilitated by the same factors that inspire coalition activity among organizations active within a single movement.
Abstract: Staging events with a large number of participants is a central means by which collective action movements exercise power. Creating broad coalitions that cut across movement boundaries is one way to mobilize these large numbers. In spite of this fact, most studies of social movement coalitions focus on individual movements, analyzing them in isolation. This article explores the conditions under which organizations form alliances across movement boundaries, and examines whether these cross-movement coalition events are facilitated by the same factors that inspire coalition activity among organizations active within a single movement. I use event history methods to analyze data on 2,644 left-wing protest events that occurred on college campuses between 1930 and 1990. I find several differences between the factors that facilitate cross-movement and within-movement coalition events. The availability of resources is important to within-movement coalition events but not to cross-movement coalition formation. Local threats inspire within-movement coalition events, while larger threats that affect multiple constituencies or broadly defined identities inspire crossmovement coalition formation. The activity of multi-issue movement organizations is associated with higher levels of all forms of protest, including single and cross-movement coalition events. This research contributes to social movement theory by demonstrating that political threats sometimes inspire protest, and that organizational goals influence strategic action.
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of elite allies and antagonists on student protest in the United States, 1930-90, were discussed. But the focus was on the effects on the state and not the social movement.
Abstract: Part I. States and Social Movements: 1. Countermovements, the state, and the intensity of racial contention in the American south Joseph Luders 2. State vs. social movement: FBI counterintelligence against the new left David Cunningham 3. Setting the state's agenda: church-based community organizations in American urban politics Heidi J. Swarts 4. State pacts, elites, and social movements in Mexico's transition to democracy Jorge Cadena-Roa Part II. Parties and Social Movements: 5. Parties out of movements: party emergence in post-communist Eastern Europe John K. Glenn 6. From movement to party to government: why social policies in Kerala and West Bengal are so different 7. Parties, movements, and constituencies in categorizing race: state-level outcomes of multiracial category legislation Kim Williams 8. Protest cycles and party politics: the effects of elite allies and antagonists on student protest in the United States, 1930-90.