Showing papers on "Social movement published in 2014"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors take the dominant ideological myths created on some of the most vulnerable, stigmatised people in society and begin to illuminate the structures that encourage these myths, and present a good example of what social science can add to our understanding of the social world.
Abstract: necessarily add to the critique of news organisations as a whole, while also denying newscaster agency. A more important issue is the lack of theoretical or conceptual application in the text. Theory is mentioned in passing – the analysis of ideological interest is mentioned (p. 30), and moral panic theory is also signposted in the conclusion (p. 166). Aside from these references, there is no attempt to develop a detailed analysis of the ideological processes at work (the occasional mention of neo-liberalism, the Washington consensus and World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) policy do not do this). Neither is there an attempt to apply the stages of any moral panic approach to the data. Moreover, there exists no rigorous application or development of concepts of stereotyping, prejudice, immigrational racism or stigma, which seem to be fundamental to the critique presented. Although more theory would have been satisfying for this reader, the lack of academic or theoretical terminology does render the text highly accessible. The book will be of use to professionals working in the field and should be understandable to policymakers. One last criticism concerns the interview and focus group sample. This might have been added to through the inclusion on white Britons as a focus group. This population may have allowed the study to record the existence of a majoritarian discourse that mirrors media coverage of refugees. Overall, this text is a good example of what social science can add to our understanding of the social world. It takes the dominant ideological myths created on some of the most vulnerable, stigmatised people in society and begins to illuminate the structures that encourage these myths.
421 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of social media and political engagement among young people was proposed and tested using data from representative samples of young people in Australia, the USA, and the UK.
Abstract: Recent developments suggest a strong relationship between social media use and political engagement and raise questions about the potential for social media to help stem or even reverse patterns of political inequality that have troubled scholars for years. In this paper, we articulate a model of social media and political engagement among young people, and test it using data from representative samples of young people in Australia, the USA, and the UK. Our results suggest a strong, positive relationship between social media use and political engagement among young people across all three countries, and provide additional insights regarding the role played by social media use in the processes by which young people become politically engaged. Notably, our results also provide reasons to be optimistic concerning the overall influence of this popular new form of digital media on longstanding patterns of political inequality.
361 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: In this article, a wide range of sources from sociology, history, anthropology, psychology and policy studies have been used to understand the debates surrounding parenting and society, including the "intensification of parenting", the rise of the "parenting expert", the politicizing of parent-child relationships, and the weakening of bonds between generations.
Abstract: Why do we live at a time when the minutiae of how parents raise their children – how they feed them, talk to them, play with them or discipline them – have become routine sources of public debate and policy making? Why are there now so-called 'parenting experts', and social movements like Attachment Parenting, telling us that 'science says' what parents do is the cause of and solution to social problems?
Parenting Culture Studies provides in-depth answers to these features of contemporary social life drawing on a wide range of sources from sociology, history, anthropology, psychology and policy studies to do so, covering developments in both Europe and North America. Key chapters cover the 'intensification of parenting', the rise of the 'parenting expert', the politicizing of parent-child relationships, and the weakening of bonds between generations. Five essays detail contemporary examples of obsessions with parenting, discussing drinking and pregnancy, attachment theory, neuroscience and family policy, fathering, and 'helicopter parenting'. The Introduction situates parental determinism in the wider context of risk consciousness and the demise of social confidence about how to approach the future. Comprehensive in scope and accessibly written, this book will be an indispensable resource for students, researchers, policy-makers and parents seeking a deeper understanding of the debates surrounding parenting and society today.
262 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyze the production of targets in the case of the anti-sweatshop movement of the 1990s and identify factors that attracted social movement pressure to particular companies.
Abstract: As social movements co-evolve with changes in states and markets, it is crucial to examine how they make particular kinds of actors into focal points for the expression of grievances and the demand for rights. But researchers often bracket the question of why some kinds of organizations are more likely than others to become targets of social movement pressure. We theorize the “social production of targets” by social movements, rejecting a simple “reflection” model to focus on configurations of power and vulnerability that shape repertoires of contention. Empirically, we extend structural accounts of global commodity chains and cultural accounts of markets to analyze the production of targets in the case of the anti-sweatshop movement of the 1990s. Using a longitudinal, firm-level dataset and unique data on anti-sweatshop activism, we identify factors that attracted social movement pressure to particular companies. Firms’ power and positions strongly shaped their likelihood of becoming targets of anti-swea...
229 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the earliest Twitter messages regarding #OccupyWallStreet were subjected to network analysis to answer these questions: What were the central hubs in the OWS discourse on Twitter in the summer of 2011? How did OWS emerge from among several social movement organizations to lead a nationwide series of demonstrations? What were key points in the Twitter dialogue that aided the process of scale shift?
Abstract: Two months before the first Occupy Wall Street (OWS) protest in September 2011, activists were using Twitter to organize and spread the movement. In this study, the earliest Twitter messages regarding #OccupyWallStreet were subjected to network analysis to answer these questions: What were the central hubs in the OWS discourse on Twitter in the summer of 2011? How did OWS emerge from among several social movement organizations to lead a nationwide series of demonstrations? What were the key points in the Twitter dialogue that aided the process of scale shift? By addressing these questions, this research connects social movement concepts with network centrality measures to provide a clearer picture of movements in the digital era.
211 citations
01 Feb 2014
TL;DR: In this paper, the conceptual and empirical origins of the framing perspective, how its introduction fundamentally altered and continues to influence the study of social movements, and where scholarly research on social movement framing is still needed.
Abstract: It has been more than twenty-five years since publication of David Snow, Burke Rochford, Steven Worden, and Robert Benford's article, "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation" in the American Sociological Review (1986). Here we consider the conceptual and empirical origins of the framing perspective, how its introduction fundamentally altered and continues to influence the study of social movements, and where scholarly research on social movement framing is still needed.
180 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the formation of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender employee groups in major companies in the period 1985-2004, when the formation was generally perceived to be risky for participants.
Abstract: In an effort to comprehend activism toward corporations, scholars have proposed the concept of corporate opportunity structure, or the attributes of individual firms that make them more (or less) attractive as activist targets. We theorize that the personal values of the firm's elite decision makers constitute a key element of this corporate opportunity structure. We specifically consider the political ideology--conservatism versus liberalism--of the company's CEO as a signal for employees who are considering the merits of engaging in activism. To test of our theory, we examine the formation of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender employee groups in major companies in the period 1985-2004, when the formation of such groups was generally perceived to be risky for participants. Using CEOs' records of political donations to measure their personal ideologies, we find strong evidence that the political liberalism of CEOs influences the likelihood of activism. We also find that CEOs' ideologies influence activism more strongly when CEOs are more powerful, when they oversee more conservative (i.e., less liberal) workplaces, and when the social movement is in the early phase of development. We identify theoretical and practical implications, as well as future research opportunities
175 citations
14 Jan 2014
TL;DR: Teaching and leading on the sharp edge of change courses of change - attrition the attrition of educational change over time - the case of "Innovative", "Model", "Lighthouse" schools succession leadership succession, cultures of teaching and educational change stratification change agentry and the quest for equity lessons form detracking schools contradiction changing classroom assessment teachers' struggles resistance the impact of mandated change on teachers contexts of change gender gender politics in school reform race in the margins the work of radical minority immigrant teachers leadership changing school in a changing world prospects for change - field partnerships inside / outside change
Abstract: Teaching and leading on the sharp edge of change courses of change - attrition the attrition of educational change over time - the case of "Innovative", "Model", "Lighthouse" schools succession leadership succession, cultures of teaching and educational change stratification change agentry and the quest for equity lessons form detracking schools contradiction changing classroom assessment teachers' struggles resistance the impact of mandated change on teachers contexts of change gender gender politics in school reform race in the margins the work of radical minority immigrant teachers leadership changing school in a changing world prospects for change - field partnerships inside / outside change facilitation - structural and cultural considerations social movements professional and parent - a social movement for educaitonal change?
175 citations
16 Jul 2014
TL;DR: The Black Church in the Civil Rights Movement: The SCLS as the Decentralized, Radical Arm of the Black Church, Chapter 2. Radical Islamic Insurgency in the Iranian Revolution of 1978-1979, Part Two: Religious Ritual and Insurgent Consciousness, Chapter 3. Pastoral Mobilization and Contention: The Religious Foundation of the Solidarity Movement in Poland, Chapter 4.
Abstract: Acknowledgements, About the Contributors, Introduction: Correcting a Curious Neglect, or Bringing Religion Back In, Part One: Preexistent Organizations and Leadership, Chapter 1. The Black Church in the Civil Rights Movement: The SCLS as the Decentralized, Radical Arm of the Black Church, Chapter 2. Radical Islamic Insurgency in the Iranian Revolution of 1978-1979, Part Two: Religious Ritual and Insurgent Consciousness, Chapter 3. Pastoral Mobilization and Contention: The Religious Foundation of the Solidarity Movement in Poland, Chapter 4. Religious Rituals of Resistance and Class Consciousness in Bolivian Tin-Making CommunitiesPart Three: Mobilization and Repression, Chapter 5. Popular Religion, Protest and Revolt: The Emergence of Political Insurgency in the Nicaraguan and Salvadoran Churches of the 1960s-1980s, Chapter 6. Church Leadership, State Repression, and the 'Spirit of Involvement' in the South African Anti-Apartheid Movement, 1983-1990, Part Four: Symbolic Worlds and Activist Identity, Chapter 7. For God and the Fatherland: Protestant Symbolic Worlds and the Rise of National Socialism in Germany
169 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the use of three concepts of media studies (media practices, mediation, and mediatization) in order to build a conceptual framework to study social movements and the media.
Abstract: The aim of this article is to explore the use of 3 concepts of media studies—media practices, mediation, and mediatization—in order to build a conceptual framework to study social movements and the media. The article first provides a critical review of the literature about media and movements. Secondly, it offers an understanding of social movements as processes in which activists perform actions according to different temporalities and connect this understanding with the use of the 3 media related concepts mentioned above. Then, the resulting conceptual framework is applied to the Italian student movements. In the conclusion, benefits and challenges in the use of such framework are considered and lines of inquiry on current movements are suggested.
TL;DR: Based on three Mexican social and political movements that span close to 20 years, this article identifies key similarities and differences in the use of information technologies and proposes a framework to understand the evolution of cyberactivism 2.0.
27 Aug 2014
TL;DR: A Nation Rising as discussed by the authors explores the Hawaiian political ethic of ea, which both includes and exceeds dominant notions of state-based sovereignty, and raises issues that resonate far beyond the Hawaiian archipelago, issues such as Indigenous cultural revitalization, environmental justice, and demilitarization.
Abstract: A Nation Rising chronicles the political struggles and grassroots initiatives collectively known as the Hawaiian sovereignty movement. Scholars, community organizers, journalists, and filmmakers contribute essays that explore Native Hawaiian resistance and resurgence from the 1970s to the early 2010s. Photographs and vignettes about particular activists further bring Hawaiian social movements to life. The stories and analyses of efforts to protect land and natural resources, resist community dispossession, and advance claims for sovereignty and self-determination reveal the diverse objectives and strategies, as well as the inevitable tensions, of the broad-tent sovereignty movement. The collection explores the Hawaiian political ethic of ea, which both includes and exceeds dominant notions of state-based sovereignty. A Nation Rising raises issues that resonate far beyond the Hawaiian archipelago, issues such as Indigenous cultural revitalization, environmental justice, and demilitarization.
Contributors. Noa Emmett Aluli, Ibrahim G. Aoude, Kekuni Blaisdell, Joan Conrow, Noelani Goodyear-Ka'opua, Edward W. Greevy, Ulla Hasager, Pauahi Ho'okano, Micky Huihui, Ikaika Hussey, Manu Ka‘iama, Le‘a Malia Kanehe, J. Kehaulani Kauanui, Anne Keala Kelly, Jacqueline Lasky, Davianna Pomaika'i McGregor, Nalani Minton, Kalamaoka'aina Niheu, Katrina-Ann R. Kapa'anaokalaokeola Nakoa Oliveira, Jonathan Kamakawiwo'ole Osorio, Leon No'eau Peralto, Kekailoa Perry, Puhipau, Noenoe K. Silva, D. Kapua‘ala Sproat, Ty P. Kawika Tengan, Mehana Blaich Vaughan, Kuhio Vogeler, Erin Kahunawaika’ala Wright
TL;DR: The authors examine the limitations of investigating business unity without focusing directly on processes and outcomes and then review studies of five types of business political action that offer lenses into corporate power in the United States: engagement in electoral politics, direct corporate lobbying, collective action through associations and coalitions, business campaigns in civil society and political aspects of corporate responsibility.
Abstract: Corporate political activity is both a long-standing preoccupation and an area of innovation for sociologists. We examine the limitations of investigating business unity without focusing directly on processes and outcomes and then review studies of five types of business political action that offer lenses into corporate power in the United States: engagement in electoral politics, direct corporate lobbying, collective action through associations and coalitions, business campaigns in civil society, and political aspects of corporate responsibility. Through these avenues, we highlight four shifts since the 1970s: (a) increasing fragmentation of capitalist interests, (b) closer attention to links between business lobbying and firms' social embeddedness, (c) a turn away from the assumption that money buys political victories, and (d) new avenues of covert corporate influence. This body of research has reinvigorated the classic elitist/pluralist debate while also raising novel questions about how business acto...
TL;DR: In recent years sociological research on social movements has identified emotional dynamics in all the basic processes and phases of protest, and we are only beginning to understand their causal im... as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In recent years sociological research on social movements has identified emotional dynamics in all the basic processes and phases of protest, and we are only beginning to understand their causal im...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss and analyse social movement organ- isations which focus on both the intensification of economic problems and the difficul- ties of rebuilding social bonds and solidarity within society, emphasising solidarity and the use of 'alternative' forms of consumption as means to re-embed the economic system within social relations, starting from the local level.
Abstract: In the current economic crisis, social movements are simultaneously facing two types of challenges: first, they are confronting institutions which are less able (or willing) to mediate new demands for social justice and equity emerging from various sectors of society, and second, given the highly individualised structure of contemporary society, they are also experiencing difficulties in building bonds of solidarity and cooperation among people, bonds which are a fundamental resource for collective action. It is in this context that protests waves, which may be very relevant, are in fact often short-lived, and it is in this context that we detect the rise and consolidation of new mutualistic and cooperative experiences within which (similarly to the past) new ties and frames for collective action are created. This article discusses and analyses social movement organ- isations which focus on both the intensification of economic problems and the difficul- ties of rebuilding social bonds and solidarity within society, emphasising solidarity and the use of 'alternative' forms of consumption as means to re-embed the economic system within social relations, starting from the local level. While discussing what is new and/or what has been renewed in new Sustainable Community Movement Organisations, the article will develop an analytical framework which will combine social movements and political consumerism theories by focusing on two basic dimen- sions: consumer culture and identity and organisational resources and repertoire of action.
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of social media in spreading video images of dissent and the links between this video material, satellite television, and mobile telephones in Tunisia and Egypt are analyzed.
Abstract: The recent revolutions known as the Arab Spring have been characterized as the products of social media. However, there is an alternative view that revolution takes place on the street or the battlefield and that the role of social media has been overstated. We argue that some new technologies can serve to facilitate rapid social change when they provide ways to overcome restrictions on the freedoms of expression and association. In doing so, communication technologies enable the formation of new social identities that can challenge existing social orders by promoting the growth of a social movement that is positioned as loyal to the nation and its people but opposed to the government. Our analyses focus on the role of social media in spreading video images of dissent and the links between this video material, satellite television, and mobile telephones in Tunisia and Egypt.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the role of websites and social networks in the online organization of political activism and analyzed the relationships established between the conventional media on the one hand and activists on the other.
Abstract: The Internet is causing major changes in the field of political activism. One particularly significant case is the 15M movement, which emerged from a popular initiative organized in several Spanish cities in 2011. Based on the analysis of these protests as a case study, this paper has two aims: first, to examine the role of digital technology – websites and social networks – in the online organization of political activism; second, to analyse the relationships established between the conventional media on the one hand and activists on the other. The methodology combines the technique of in-depth interviews and qualitative analysis of reports, working papers and file data about 15M. The findings show an intensive use of digital technology by activists, both of their own social networks (for example, N-1) and commercial ones (Facebook or Twitter). These digital tools enabled them to disseminate their own information and optimize their internal organization. The indignados established an interplay between on...
TL;DR: The study finds that pro-immigrant protest events can influence policy in two ways, contributing both to the passage of pro- immigrant ordinances in the locality where protests occur and also inhibiting the passageof anti-immigrant ordinances in neighboring cities.
Abstract: Analyzing oppositional social movements in the context of municipal immigration ordinances, the authors examine whether the explanatory power of resource mobilization, political process, and strain theories of social movements’ impact on policy outcomes differs when considering proactive as opposed to reactive movements. The adoption of pro-immigrant (proactive) ordinances was facilitated by the presence of immigrant community organizations and of sympathetic local political allies. The adoption of anti-immigrant (reactive) ordinances was influenced by structural social changes, such as rapid increases in the local Latino population, that were framed as threats. The study also finds that pro-immigrant protest events can influence policy in two ways, contributing both to the passage of pro-immigrant ordinances in the locality where protests occur and also inhibiting the passage of anti-immigrant ordinances in neighboring cities.
25 Sep 2014
TL;DR: The potential of grounded theory in the study of social movements has been discussed in this paper, where the potential of grounded theory in social movement studies has been explored in the context of violent conflict and Authoritarian regimes.
Abstract: 1. Social Movement Studies and Methodological Pluralism: An Introduction 2. The Potentials of Grounded Theory in the Study of Social Movements 3. Qualitative Comparative Analysis: What It Is, What It Does, and How It Works 4. Triangulation in Social Movement Research 5. Comparative Historical Analysis 6. Historical Methodologies in Social Movement Research:. Historical Methodologies in Social Movement Research: Archival Research and Oral History 7. Participant Observation 8. Field Work in the Context of Violent Conflict and Authoritarian Regimes 9. Discourse and Frame Analysis:In-Depth Analysis of Qualitative Data in Social Movement Research 10. In-depth Interviews 11. Life Histories 12. Focus Groups 13. Surveying Protestors: Why and How 14. Protest Event Analysis and Its Offspring 15. Social Network Analysis 16. Methodological Practices in Social Movement Online Research 17. Working with Images 18. The Ethics of Social Movement Research
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: Protest Event Analysis (PEA) has become a key method of social movement research over the past decades as mentioned in this paper, and it gained ground in the 1980s and early 1990s.
Abstract: Protest event analysis (PEA) has become a key method of social movement research over the past decades. Oliver et al. (2003) list the increasing use of PEA even among the top-four emerging trends in social movement research. The authors describe these trends as “transcending old categories and boundaries” and combining “methodological and theoretical advances” (Oliver et al. 2003, 214). The method gained ground in the 1980s and early 1990s, as Crist and McCarthy’s (1996) review article on the methodological repertoires in social movement research highlights. In contrast to most other methods presented in this volume, PEA is a key methodological innovation that emerged within the social movement field itself, and has more recently been adapted and refined to study other research topics.
TL;DR: This Introduction provides a brief literature review of work on social networks and social movements, a brief introduction to certain key concepts and debates in social network analysis, and a brief introducing to the articles which follow in the special issue.
Abstract: In this Introduction we provide a brief literature review of work on social networks and social movements, a brief introduction to certain key concepts and debates in social network analysis, and a brief introduction to the articles which follow in the special issue.
TL;DR: The emergence of grassroots social movements variously preoccupied with a range of external threats, such as diminishing supplies of fossil energy or climate change, has led to increased interest in climate change as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The emergence of grassroots social movements variously preoccupied with a range of external threats, such as diminishing supplies of fossil energy or climate change, has led to increased interest i...
26 Oct 2014
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed that books now will appear in printed and soft file collection and that many people sometimes have no space to bring the book for them; this is why they can't read the book wherever they want.
Abstract: Imagine that you get such certain awesome experience and knowledge by only reading a book. How can? It seems to be greater when a book can be the best thing to discover. Books now will appear in printed and soft file collection. One of them is this book change they can t believe in. It is so usual with the printed books. However, many people sometimes have no space to bring the book for them; this is why they can't read the book wherever they want.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose that urban political ecology, mainly through its emphasis on process and outcome, offers a frame to keep both outcomes (such as food insecurity) and processes associated with food justice in mind, while not shifting the movement too far from its central objectives.
Abstract: Food justice has emerged as a powerful social movement across the USA as well as an increasingly studied academic concept. In many circumstances, the food justice movement operates to reject the neoliberal mechanisms that dominate today’s food system, but simultaneously needs to operate within this system (to a degree) in order to exist. The movement’s engagement with larger neoliberal structures, such as the increasingly consolidated transnational food retail industry, can lead to it being co-opted. For instance, selective patronage campaigns focused on the local scale may create market mechanisms that are alternative to those of the conventional market by circumventing intermediaries, but they operate along similar lines of logic that fetishize the commoditization of food for profit. We propose that urban political ecology, mainly through its emphasis on process and outcome, offers a frame to keep both outcomes (such as food insecurity) and processes (governing entities and regulations) associated with food justice in mind, while not shifting the movement too far from its central objectives. Food justice, through an urban political ecology lens, can shed light on the symptoms of unjust access to food within the food system, while simultaneously bringing attention to the insidious causes of these problems, which are rooted in the commodification of food and deregulation of the marketplace.
TL;DR: This study of the U.S. wind energy industry extends theory on the process of industry emergence by developing and testing a coevolutionary model of the relationship between social movement organizations SMOs, institutions, and industries.
Abstract: This study of the U.S. wind energy industry extends theory on the process of industry emergence by developing and testing a coevolutionary model of the relationship between social movement organizations SMOs, institutions, and industries. Building on research that suggests that SMOs can influence institutions and the path of emerging industries, we show that the growth of an industry can also influence the diversity of social movements by motivating the participation of specialist SMOs. These new SMOs in turn deploy distinct knowledge, capabilities, goals, and strategies to produce institutional changes that are necessary for the continued growth of the industry. Our study offers a more complete conceptualization of the influence of social movements on industry emergence and growth, and it extends understanding of how SMO diversity is produced.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the combination of interaction routines of the State with social movements in the designing of public policy during the Lula government in three sectors: rural development, urban policy and public security.
Abstract: This article examines the combination of interaction routines of the State with social movements in the designing of public policy during the Lula government in three sectors: rural development, urban policy and public security. The central argument is that in a context characterized by unprecedented permeability of the State, social movements and State actors created a historical pattern of State-society interaction. Under the motto "participation of civil society", social movements and state actors resorted to a repertoire of diversified interaction, which included institutional participations, protests, occupying posts in the pubic bureaucracy and personal relationships, with varying emphases depending on past patterns of State-society interactions in each sector.
Book•
06 Mar 2014
TL;DR: In the name of the nation: nationalism as opportunity and risk as discussed by the authors, some conclusions from below: some conclusions about the cognitive dimension of mobilization and the political dimension of political mobilization.
Abstract: 1 Democratization and social movements 2 Eventful democratization: when protest changes structures 3 Mobilizing resources for democracy 4 Framing democracy: The cognitive dimension of mobilization 5 Repression and challengers 6 Appropriation of opportunities 7 Participated pacts and social movements 8 Violent uprisings, troubled democratization 9 In the name of the nation: nationalism as opportunity and risk 10 Democratization from below: some conclusions
TL;DR: A case study examines a social movement that emerged in opposition to the country's first major highway concession, in Santiago, Chile (1997), challenging and changing urban planning paradigms as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: It is found that hybridization can augment the ability of social movement organizations to mobilize their supporters in multimovement environments.
Abstract: Social movement organizations often struggle to mobilize supporters from allied movements in their efforts to achieve critical mass. The authors argue that organizations with hybrid identities—those whose organizational identities span the boundaries of two or more social movements, issues, or identities—are vital to mobilizing these constituencies. They use original data from their study of the post-9/11 U.S. antiwar movement to show that individuals with past involvement in nonantiwar movements are more likely to join hybrid organizations than are individuals without involvement in nonantiwar movements. In addition, they show that organizations with hybrid identities occupy relatively more central positions in interorganizational cocontact networks within the antiwar movement and thus recruit significantly more participants in demonstrations than do nonhybrid organizations. Contrary to earlier research, they do not find that hybrid organizations are subject to an illegitimacy discount; instead, they fin...