Showing papers on "Social network published in 1982"
TL;DR: In this article, the urban as a socio-spatial unit of collective consumption and as a cultural form of the urban question are discussed. But the focus is not on the specificity of urban spaces, but on the spatial unit of consumption.
Abstract: Preface 1. Social theory, capitalism and the urban question 2. The urban as an ecological community 3. The urban as a cultural form 4. The urban as a socio-spatial system 5. The urban as ideology 6. The urban as a spatial unit of collective consumption 7. Political economy and the urban question, With John Lloyd 8. On the specificity of the urban
261 citations
TL;DR: This literature review attempts to link the theory, research, and practice relevant to social networks and their association with health status and it is necessary that intervention strategies to build upon and collaborate with the individual and collective expertise of social networks.
185 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a study of a sample of 419 university students involved in relationships ranging from occasional dating through marriage showed that as couples become more romantically involved, their friendship networks shrink and they become less involved with those friends who remain in the network, although the variance in number of kin listed incredses dramatically at engagement and again at marriage.
Abstract: A number of theorists have argued that increased romantic involvement of a couple with each other necessarily leads to decreased involvement with other members of their social network. A critical analysis of those arguments suggests that the withdrawal process is socially defined rather than existentially necessary,, and selective rather than universal. Data are presented on network structure for a sample of 419 university students involved in relationships ranging from occasional dating through marriage. The results indicate that as couples become more romantically involved, their friendship networks shrink and they become less involved with those friends who remain in the network. Kin networks do not shrink, although the variance in number of kin listed incredses dramatically at engagement and again at marriage. Results are discussed in terms of the interpersonal construction of definitions of relationships and the networks in which they are embedded.
149 citations
TL;DR: Social control is one of the most widely used terms in the sociological lexicon, and there is evidence of a revival of interest in the topic (e.g., Janowitz 1978, Zald 1978, Roucek 1978, Goode 1978) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Even a cursory examination of the concept of social control will confront an apparently insurmountable problem: No definition of the term is agreed upon by sociologists. This is puzzling not only because social control is one of the most widely used terms in the sociological lexicon, but also because there is evidence of a revival of interest in the topic (e.g. Janowitz 1978; Zald 1978; Roucek 1978; Goode 1978). The term social control is found in three contexts in the sociological literature: (a) as a description of a basic social process or condition; (b) as a mechanism to insure compliance with norms; and (c ) as a method by which to study (or to interpret data about) social order. The first conception, associated closely with classical sociological theory, served as the dominant perspective during the first part of this century. The second has its roots in classical theory but is a more modem innovation, coming to fruition in the 1950s. The third is temporally the most recent but represents in many ways a return to earlier views. None of these perspectives has been the object of rigorous conceptual or theoretical development (cf. Gibbs 1981). As a result, social control is a sensitizing concept that "gives the user a general sense of reference and guidance in approaching empirical instances," rather than a definitive concept that "refers precisely to what is common to a class of objects by aid of a clear definition . . . " (Blumer 1969: 147-48). This lack of agreement on a definition is related ultimately to the absence of an adequate theory of social control-i.e. a theory of the origin and maintenance of norms, and the relationship between norms and sanctions.
111 citations
TL;DR: This article reviews existing studies of the invisible college phenomenon and considers the implications for information transfer among researchers, particularly within the social sciences.
Abstract: This article reviews existing studies of the invisible college phenomenon and considers the implications for information transfer among researchers, particularly within the social sciences. The likely impact of developments in communications technology on interpersonal networks is discussed and a number of areas for further investigation proposed.
85 citations
TL;DR: This paper pointed out that the influence of the school bureaucracy over the financing of educational research, combined with a lack of interest from decision-makers in being informed about something which is supposed to be already known and/or will be changed by the next reform.
Abstract: roots. Research on teaching processes as well as empirically based curriculum research have, as a whole, been devoted relatively little space. There are various explanations for this situation. The simplest one is to point to the influence of the school bureaucracy over the financing of educational research, combined with a lack of interest from decision-makers in being informed about something which is supposed to be already known and/or will be changed by the next reform. The
71 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the concept of decisional power is introduced and compared with other measures for power like those of Shapley-Shubik, Banzhaf and Dahl, and completely democratic structures are characterized.
Abstract: The concept of decisional power is introduced and compared with other measures for power like those of Shapley‐Shubik, Banzhaf and Dahl. The sum of the powers of all actors in a social network is maximal for certain structures of the network. These structures are called completely democratic. Completely democratic structures are characterized. In every network dictator sets are present. These can be found by use of Boole polynomials. Decisional power turns out to‐have both a causal aspect and a utility aspect and to allow for variations that express the power over other persons as well as the power in a certain state of the network.
69 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between loneliness, communication anxiety, and communicative competence and found a significant relationship between these dimensions, social experience, and the lack of a social network.
Abstract: This paper reports research which examines the relationship of loneliness with communication variables. The study examines the relationship between loneliness, communication anxiety, and communicative competence. Statistical analysis reveals two types of loneliness ‐lack of an intimate (romantic or particularly close) relationship (intimate other) and lack of a group or network of friends (social network). Two dimensions of communicative competence significantly predict loneliness, communication apprehension makes no contribution to the model. Canonical correlation reveals a significant relationship between the communicative competence dimension, social experience, and the lack of a social network. Future research issues regarding the study of loneliness are presented.
66 citations
TL;DR: This article pointed out that the same mistake is likely to be made not only about other anomalous events important for scientific knowledge but also about events relevant to social policy, and that there is a lesson to be drawn here, regarding not the occasional mistakes of scientific opinion but rather one of the bases for such mistakes.
Abstract: These words were written by a well-read man of science, a member of the Royal Society and later its president. They were written about a phenomenon that was only beginning to become controversial and would stay controversial for 44 more years before it was accepted into the corpus of scientific knowledge (Westrum, 1978). We can read them today with a certain irony, with an extensive knowledge about meteorites that was not available when Pringle so incorrectly assessed their reality in 1759. But there is a lesson to be drawn here, regarding not the occasional mistakes of scientific opinion but rather one of the bases for such mistakes. Pringle thought not only that meteorites did not exist but also that if they did exist, he would know about it. This is a most important point, for the same mistake is likely to be made not only about other anomalous events important for scientific knowledge but also about events relevant to social policy. The &dquo;hidden event,&dquo; as I suggest we call it, has a significance both for science and for society.
TL;DR: The results suggest the latent operation of a professional paradigm of social policy research, distinct from the disciplinary social science paradigm, which is cognitive, communicative, and diagnostic.
Abstract: Investigating three samples of social policy research in The Netherlands, the authors analyzed the conditions and functions influencing utilization (impact). Interorganizational context, intergroup relations, and role interaction were found to relate to utilization. The impact of social policy research upon organizational decisions is cognitive, communicative, and diagnostic. The cognitive function correlates negatively with publishing for scholarly audiences. Of the communicative function, six feedback strategies were evaluated with targeting scoring highest on impact. In the diagnostic function, creating consensus among decision-making groups has the greatest impact on decision making. The results suggest the latent operation of a professional paradigm of social policy research, distinct from the disciplinary social science paradigm.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined factors related to satisfactory post-divorce social adjustment of 206 randomly selected single parents who had custody of their children and found that the strongest single predictor of adjustment was the parent's subjective feelings of well-being and absence of distress.
Abstract: This study examined factors related to satisfactory post-divorce social adjustment of 206 randomly selected single parents who had custody of their children. Data were collected from personal interviews. A social adjustment scale served as the criterion measure of adjustment. The strongest single predictor of adjustment was the parent's subjective feelings of well-being and absence of distress. Other significant factors included the proportion of family income emanating from welfare, the family's current social status, the quality of relationship with significant others, perceived size of and satisfaction with social network support and remarriage of the custodial parent.
TL;DR: The results revealed that individual and environmental variables were significant correlates of social network dimensions, and client problem-solving was positively related to the number of intimates cited by the client, while level of independence was positivelyrelated to the degree of support clients reported receiving from their peers.
Abstract: The study examines the extent to which characteristics of psychiatric clients (interpersonal problem-solving) and their families (family climate and family social resources) are associated with dimensions of clients' social networks (size and support). Respondents were 35 clients recruited from outpatient psychiatric clinics and the family members with whom they resided. The results revealed that individual and environmental variables were significant correlates of social network dimensions. For example, client problem-solving was positively related to the number of intimates cited by the client, while level of independence was positively related to the degree of support clients reported receiving from their peers. Level of client psychopathology partially moderated the effects of some of the predictor variables. The results highlight the need to examine the individual and environmental processes that shape and are shaped by social network patterns.
TL;DR: The results indicate that the normative expectations of one' friends are important influences on the individual, and the social network perspective can be used to explain sex differences in the use of marijuana.
Abstract: This study empirically tests several hypotheses derived from the social network perspective on marijuana use. In so doing, it demonstrates the importance of friendship networks as agents which affect drug taking. The results indicate that the normative expectations of one' friends are important influences on the individual. Other hypotheses that predict sex differences in marijuana use are also tested and confirmed. This study demonstrates how the social network perspective can be used to explain sex differences in the use of marijuana. The sex structure of friendship groups accounts for sex differences in use-abstinence and in the level of consumption among smokers. Implications of these results are discussed with particular reference to the generalizability of the social network perspective.
TL;DR: This article explored the extent to which one can explain the dynamics of a given relationship or set of relationships by mapping the social network in which they exist and found that relationships are as much a product of the social networks of the two individuals involved as of their personal needs, histories or desires.
TL;DR: Giddens as mentioned in this paper has brought what he calls &dquo;time-space relations into the centre of his discussion of modern social theory, by this term he means the temporal and spatial dimensions of life which, in his opinion, are essential components of all social behaviour.
Abstract: In his last two books, Central Problems In Social Theory and A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, Giddens has brought what he calls &dquo;time-space relations&dquo; into the centre of his discussion of modern social theory. By this term he means the temporal and spatial dimensions of life which, in his opinion, are essential components of all social behaviour. They are said to be essential not just because they provide a backdrop to events, but because they are constitutive elements of all social action and interaction. According to Giddens, much recent sociological theory (particularly functionalism and structuralism) has systematically excluded time-space relations from serious consideration. The result has been a widespread misunderstanding of certain aspects of social life due to the misperception or outright neglect of these two integral aspects of social experience. One could briefly summarise Giddens’ main points with reference to time-space relations as follows.
TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that social networks play a role in determining help-seeking behavior, although empirical studies have reported inconsistent findings, it is still widely believed that social network plays a role.
Abstract: Although it is widely believed that social networks play a role in determining help-seeking behavior, empirical studies have reported inconsistent findings. It is argued here that social network te...
01 Jul 1982
TL;DR: The concept of social network appears to be gaining acceptance, understanding, and applicability in social work circles as mentioned in this paper, and some practitioners believe that it is of greater importance to social work in rural areas.
Abstract: The concept of social network appears to be gaining in acceptance, understanding, and applicability in social work circles. Although this concept is germane to the profession in general, some practitioners believe that it is of greater importance to social work in rural areas. This article provides an overview of the concept, discussing its applicability in rural areas and making recommendations for social work and social work education.
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey of the literature on social problems in the Psychological Abstracts from 1971 to 1980 revealed that social psychologists are currently serving both theoretical and practical ends, but the analysis of social problems is evidently underrepresented.
Abstract: The present study was designed to map out the area of research in experimental social psychology during the past decade. First of all, we found a broad range of topics that can be grouped info 21 general content domains. Theories in Social Psychology, Group Processes and Social Interaction, Social Judgement, Personality Variables and Specific Social Behaviour as well as Attitudes were the jive most widely researched fields of study. During the ten-year period 1971–1980 Attribution Theory showed a significant increase in the number of articles published. Cooperation and Conflict as well as Risky-Ship are lines of research which have nearly been abandoned. Finally, in rigorous experimental social psychology the analysis of Social Problems is evidently underrepresented. But a survey of the literature on Social Problems in the Psychological Abstracts from 1971 to 1980 revealed that social psychologists are currently serving both theoretical and practical ends.
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: The classic medical model, which has been criticized as inadequate for dealing with mental health issues, largely presumes unique causes and may be inadequate for medicine as well as discussed by the authors, and there is evidence that stressful life events are closely related to disease processes.
Abstract: The behavioral sciences are currently undergoing what may be a paradigm shift (Kuhn, 1970). Systems approaches and ecological models are replacing simple causal explanations with systems of reciprocal interdependences. The classic medical model, which has been criticized as inadequate for dealing with mental health issues, largely presumes unique causes and may be inadequate for medicine as well. There is evidence that stressful life events are closely related to disease processes (Holmes & Masuda, 1974). External Stressors, however, can be mediated by successful coping strategies (Felton, Brown, Lehmann, & Liberatos 1980; Pearlin & Schooler, 1977). Social affiliation is a major coping resource whether for hunting, warfare, or personal well-being. Recognition of the importance of these factors for the understanding of behavior has stimulated new areas of research. One such area that is receiving a good deal of attention is that of social networks and social supports: the variety of social contacts that an individual maintains and their function in aiding adaptation and adjustment.
01 Jan 1982