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Showing papers on "Social network published in 1988"


Book
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: The social identity approach: context and content 3. Intergroup behaviour 4. From stereotyping to ideology 5. Intragroup behaviour: Processes within the groups 6. Social presence and social performance 7. Collective behaviour 8. Conformity and social influence 9. Language, speech, and communication 10. Conclusions References as mentioned in this paper
Abstract: Foreward. Preface. 1. Introduction 2. The social identity approach: context and content 3. Intergroup behaviour 4. From stereotyping to ideology 5. Intragroup behaviour: Processes within the groups 6. Social presence and social performance 7. Collective behaviour 8. Conformity and social influence 9. Language, speech, and communication 10. Conclusions References. Author index. Subject index.

2,775 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The theory of social representations occupies a place apart in social psychology both by the problems it raises and the scale of the phenomena with which it deals as mentioned in this paper, which provokes many a criticism and misunderstanding.
Abstract: The theory of social representations occupies a place apart in social psychology both by the problems it raises and the scale of the phenomena with which it deals. This provokes many a criticism and misunderstanding. Such a theory may not correspond with the model of social psychology as it is defined at present. One attempts however to show that it answers important social and scientific questions, in what it differs from the classical conception of collective representations and, from the very beginning, adopts a constructivist perspective which has spread in social psychology since. Several trends of research have confirmed its vision of the relations between social and cognitive phenomena, communication and thought. More detailed remarks aim at outlining the nature of social representations, their capacity to create information, their function which is to familiarize us with the strange, according to the categories of our culture. Going farther, one insists on the diversity of methodological approaches. If the experimental method is useful to understand how people should think, higher mental and social processes must be approached by different methods, including linguistic analysis and observation of how people think. No doubt, social representations have a relation with the more recent field of social cognition. But inasmuch as the former depend on content and context, i.e. subjectivity and sociability of people, they approach the phenomena differently from the latter. Referring to child psychology and anthropology, one can contend, despite appearances, that it is also a more scientific approach. There is however much to be learned from criticisms and there is still a long way to go before we arrive at a satisfactory theory of social thinking and communication.

1,727 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the recent literature on social support and health and its relation to preexisting research and theory in the areas of social networks and social integration is presented, focusing on the need to better understand the structures and processes through which social relationships affect human health and well-being.
Abstract: This chapter reviews the recent literature on social support and health and its relation to preexisting research and theory in the areas of social networks and social integration. We identify crucial directions for future theoretical and empirical work, focusing on the need to better understand the structures and processes through which social relationships affect human health and well-being. Two elements of social relationship structure are distinguished: (a) social integration, which refers to the existence or quantity of social relationships, and (b) social network structure, referring to the structural properties that characterize a set of relationships. We further identify three social processes through which these structures may have their effects: (i) social support, which pertains to the emotionally or instrumentally sustaining quality of social relationships; (ii) relational demands and conflict, referring to the negative or conflictive aspects of social relationships; and (iii) social regulation...

1,723 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that organizations with a particular social network structure are more effective than most organizations in responding to crises and that the effective structure does not occur naturally, but must be designed consciously and carefully.
Abstract: This paper argues that organizations with a particular social network structure are more effective than most organizations in responding to crises. Further, it is argued that the effective structure does not occur naturally, but must be designed consciously and carefully. A theory is developed based on well-founded principles of social science, most notably work on formal structure, conflict, friendships, and organizational crises. The paper concludes with an experimental test of one of the four propositions deduced from the theory. Six trials of the experiment found significant support for this proposition.

1,141 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied social networks and aggressive behavior in school in two cohorts of boys and girls in the 4th and 7th grades (N = 695) and found that aggressive subjects tended to affiliate with aggressive peers.
Abstract: Studied social networks and aggressive behavior in school in 2 cohorts of boys and girls in the 4th and 7th grades (N = 695). Measures of social networks yielded convergent findings. Highly aggressive subjects (both boys and girls) did not differ from matched control subjects in terms of social cluster membership or in being isolated or rejected within the social network. Peer cluster analysis and reciprocal "best friend" selections indicated that aggressive subjects tended to affiliate with aggressive peers. Even though highly aggressive children and adolescents were less popular than control subjects in the social network at large, they were equally often identified as being nuclear members of social clusters. Aggressive subjects did not differ from matched control subjects in the number of times they were named by peers as "best friend," nor did the two groups differ in the probability of having friendship choices reciprocated by peers.

897 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the use of local phonological variables in adolescence is determined by a social structure within the age cohort, dominated by two opposed, and frequently polarized, school-based social categories.
Abstract: Detailed participant observation among Detroit area adolescents provides explanations for the mechanisms of the spread of sound change outward from urban areas and upward through the socioeconomic hierarchy. The use of local phonological variables in adolescence is determined by a social structure within the age cohort, dominated by two opposed, and frequently polarized, school-based social categories. These categories, called "Jocks" and "Burnouts" in the school under study, embody middle-class and working-class cultures respectively, and articulate adolescent social structure with adult socioeconomic class. Differences between Jock and Burnout cultures entail differences in social network structure and in orientation to the urban area, and hence to urban sound changes. Parents' socioeconomic class is related to, but does not determine, category affiliation, and while category affiliation is a significant predictor in phonological variation, parents' socioeconomic class is not. (Variation, sound change, adolescents,

298 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The conclusion of this assessment suggests the need to clarify the essential elements of social support and social networks in order to better distinguish between the behavioral (support) and structural (network) variables that may be affecting health status.

266 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Preliminary results from a sample of mature students show that the Significant Others Scale has good six-month test-retest reliability, and significantly distinguishes between depressed and non-depressed respondents.
Abstract: A description is presented of the development of a new scale to measure social support which is called the Significant Others (SOS) Scale. The scale measures different functional resources of social support that may be provided by a number of significant role relationships within an individual's social network. Preliminary results from a sample of mature students show that the scale has good six-month test-retest reliability, and significantly distinguishes between depressed and non-depressed respondents. Details of a short form of the scale currently being developed are also presented.

241 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Level theory is meta-theoretical, for it is presuppositional to substantive or "sectors" theory, while substantive theory looks for causal connections within and among the levels as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: This paper will locate and examine the micro-macro problem in the context of the larger problem of levels, the latter tending to include solutions to the former. Levels theory is meta-theoretical, for it is presuppositional to substantive or "sectors" theory. Levels theory constitutes the levels and therefore the "kinds" of social reality, while substantive theory looks for causal connections within and among the levels. The priority of levels over sectors theory, however, is only analytic. Historically the influence can be reversed, as levels shift in power relative to each other. The rise of Durkheim's sacred self in the Nineteenth century or Luhmann's social system in the Twentieth are dramatic examples of these shifts. But despite the intimate connection between levels and sectors-the vertical and the horizontal, so to speak-I will simplify the discussion and attempt to treat the former with a minimum of reference to the latter.

222 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors found that an inadequate social network is associated with high distress over the course of bereavement, and intervention aimed at increasing social support can decrease the distress of spouse bereavement.
Abstract: Spousal bereavement involves a social network crisis. The individual's response is influenced by prebereavement personality factors and preexisting social network characteristics. The impact of the loss on the individual and other network members, and the presence or absence of concurrent stressors, will determine the “goodness of fit” between the support offered and the needs of the bereaved and perception of the environment as helpful or unhelpful. An inadequate social network is associated with high distress over the course of bereavement. Intervention aimed at increasing social support can decrease the distress of bereavement.

Journal ArticleDOI
Dove Izraeli1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the ethical beliefs and behavior of a sample of Israeli managers (n=97) and comparable data from the United States, concluding that the best predictor of respondents' ethical behavior is their beliefs and perceptions concerning their peers' behavior.
Abstract: This study examines the ethical beliefs and behavior of a sample of Israeli managers (n=97) and comparable data from the United States. Israeli managers rated themselves both highly ethical and more ethical than their peers. These results are similar to those found for the U.S., and indicate that the best predictor of respondents' ethical behavior is their beliefs and perceptions concerning their peers' behavior. In addition, this study examines the managers' predisposition to promote social responsibility by joining social networks of managers and other business people, established for that purpose. Seventy-eight percent are of the opinion that networks for the promotion of social responsibility in business are needed and 57% are ready to join them.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper will distil some of the recent empirical developments in the literature on social support, particularly in those areas that have received less attention in prior reviews.
Abstract: Early research on life-stress grappled with the question of whether significant life-events bring about changes in health status. The emphasis has now shifted to the identification of factors that explain why some people seem to be so severely affected by life's adversities and others are not. From a class of what might be called 'vulnerability variables' (Kessler, 1979), support from one's social network has emerged as a significant factor that can account for at least some of the vulnerability differences between groups of stressed individuals. Since Cassel's (1974) review of the evidence linking social upheavals to adverse health consequences for both humans and animals, hundreds of empirical studies have been completed that assess the direct and indirect effects of social support on mental and physical health. This literature is so voluminous as to require several books devoted to reviews of various aspects of it (e.g. Cohen & Syme, 1985; Gottlieb, 1981; and Gottlieb, 1983). In this paper we will distil these as well as highlight some of the recent empirical developments, particularly in those areas that have received less attention in prior reviews. Social support has been defined as the presence of others, or the resources provided by them, prior to, during, and following a stressful event. While there is no general agreement on a single definition, the variety has spawned a number of typologies attempting to organize the literature (e.g. Cohen & Syme, 1985; Cohen & Wills, 1985; Gottlieb, 1983; House & Kahn, 1985). Most of these typologies initially distinguish between functional and structural operationalizations of social support.




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results show that a substantial proportion of the age-based decrease in level of activity in social networks was due to declines in resources, but similar analyses for the sources of participation in networks showed effects of age that persisted after controlling for resources.
Abstract: Differences in participation in social networks were analyzed as a function of age, drawing on a theoretical model of substitution processes. Using an empirical approach from the study of participation in voluntary organizations, I separated the direct effects of age from indirect effects via age-based declines in resources. The results show that a substantial proportion of the age-based decrease in level of activity in social networks was due to declines in resources, but similar analyses for the sources of participation in networks showed effects of age that persisted after controlling for resources. These results point to some important distinctions among measures of social networks.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The social organization of Afro-American urban communities has often been viewed in a negative manner as discussed by the authors as an alternative to traditional approaches to urban social organization that stress “patholog...
Abstract: The social organization of Afro-American urban communities has often been viewed in a negative manner. As an alternative to traditional approaches to urban social organization that stress “patholog...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the convergence of social network analysis with structuration theory on the principle of methodological individualism is discussed, and a new role for network analysis in the methodological restructuring of modern social theory is suggested.

Journal ArticleDOI
Joan Thirsk1
TL;DR: The explanation of ideology family structures and social systems History of European Ideas: Vol 9, No 6, pp 725-727 as mentioned in this paper was the first work to explore the relationship between ideology and family structures.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new method is proposed for the statistical analysis of dyadic social interaction data measured over time based on loglinear models for the probabilities for various dyad (or actor pair) states and generalizes the statistical methods proposed by Holland and Leinhardt (1981), Fienberg, Meyer, & Wasserman (1985), and Wasserman (1987) for social network data.
Abstract: A new method is proposed for the statistical analysis of dyadic social interaction data measured over time. The data to be studied are assumed to be realizations of a social network of a fixed set of actors interacting on a single relation. The method is based on loglinear models for the probabilities for various dyad (or actor pair) states and generalizes the statistical methods proposed by Holland and Leinhardt (1981), Fienberg, Meyer, & Wasserman (1985), and Wasserman (1987) for social network data. Two statistical models are described: the first is an “associative” approach that allows for the study of how the network has changed over time; the second is a “predictive” approach that permits the researcher to model one time point as a function of previous time points. These approaches are briefly contrasted with earlier methods for the sequential analysis of social networks and are illustrated with an example of longitudinal sociometric data.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a theoretical framework for the study of the relationships between cognition, power and discourse, illustrated on the example of meist attitudes and conversations, is proposed, where the social power of dominant groups and their members can be expressed, enacted or legitimated in discourse only through ideologically framed social cognitions.
Abstract: This interdisciplinary paper proposes a theoretical framework for the study of the relationships between cognition, power and discourse, illustrated on the example of meist attitudes and conversations. It is argued that cognitions have important social dimensions, to be accounted for in a theory of social cognition. However, current approaches to social cognition lackboth an explic· it cognitive theory of the structures and processes of social representations, and a proper social theory for the acquisition and uses o f such cognitions in social situations and social macrostructures. It is shown how the structures and strategies of ethnic prefudices can be made explicit in tenns ofgeneral cognitive attitude Schemata and concrete Situation models, and how these structures are conditioned by their social functions. Discourse about ethnic minorities is monitored by these Schemata and models, äs well äs by models of communicative contexts, which explain the Strategie nature of such talk (I'm not a racist, but. ..'/ More generally, it is argued that the social power of dominant groups and their members can be expressed, enacted or legitimated in discourse only through ideologically framed social cognitions.

Book
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: From Crib to College: An Overview of Studies of the Social Networks of Children, Adolescents, and College Students as mentioned in this paper, is an overview of studies of the social networks of children, adolescents, and college students.
Abstract: Contents: From Crib to College: An Overview of Studies of the Social Networks of Children, Adolescents, and College Students. Part I: The Social Networks of Toddlers. S. Salzinger, J. Hampson, Social Networks of Mother and Child: An Examination of Their Function in Developing Speech. J. Hampson, Individual Differences in Style of Language Acquisition in Relation to Social Networks. Part II: The Social Networks of Preschool and School-Age Children. G.W. Ladd, C.H. Hart, E.M. Wadsworth. B.S. Golter, Preschoolers' Peer Networks in Non-school Settings: Relationship to Family Characteristics and School Adjustment. C. Feiring, M. Lewis, The Child's Social Network from Three to Six Years: The Effects of Age, Sex, and Socioeconomic Status. M. Cochran, D. Riley, Mother Reports of Children's Personal Networks: Antecedents, Concomitants, and Consequences. S.M. McHale, W.C. Gamble, The Social Networks of Children with Disabled and Nondisabled Siblings. Part III: The Social Networks of Adolescents. D.A. Blyth, C. Traeger, Adolescent Self-Esteem and Perceived Relationships with Parents and Peers. J. Vondra, J. Garbarino, Social Influences on Adolescent Behavior Problems. Part IV: The Social Networks of College Students. J.S. Antrobus, R. Dobbelaer, S. Salzinger, Social Networks and College Success, or Grade Point Average and the Friendly Connection. L.R. Culbert, J.L. Good, J.R. Lachenmeyer, The Social Networks of the Commuting College Student. Part V: Cross-Cultural Work on Children's Social Networks. L. Gutwirth-Winston, Domestic and Kinship Networks of Some American Born Children of Haitian Immigrants. M. Hammer, C. Sutton, The Social World of the Yoruba Child.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: A review of network approaches illustrates their power and generality but reveals serious deficiencies at all levels of analysis as mentioned in this paper, including intra-organizational ties, interorganizational relations, and bibliometric networks (linkages of technical products rather than personnel).
Abstract: Summary Studies of science and technology have used the social network concept beginning with the idea of a “scientific community.” An increase in the use of quantitative network analysis has characterized the past two decades, as techniques have diffused into the field from mainstream sociology and from communication research. Three main classes of studies are considered: (1) those which focus on intra-organizational ties; (2) those which focus on interorganizational relations (including quantitative studies of “specialties”); (3) bibliometric networks (linkages of technical products rather than personnel). Our review of network approaches illustrates their power and generality but reveals serious deficiencies at all levels of analysis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Higher neighborhood risk and less time spent by the boys with their parents were linked with greater propensity for self-reported alcohol use and illegal activity and more educated parents and larger numbers of nonkin adults in the boy's network were related to better school performance, less absenteeism, and more positively evaluated social behavior.
Abstract: The focus of this study is on the ecology of pro- and antisocial behavior. The study was conducted in Stavanger, Norway, with a representative sample of ninety-two 16-year-old boys. Data collected included socioeconomic background, neighborhood risk level, amount of time spent with parents and peers, maps of social network relations, self-reports of alcohol use and criminal activity, and school reports of academic performance, truancy, school motivation, and social behavior. Analysis of results produced two models linking background and process with outcome variables: (A) higher neighborhood risk and less time spent by the boys with their parents were linked with greater propensity for self-reported alcohol use and illegal activity, and (B) more educated parents and larger numbers of nonkin adults in the boy's network were related to better school performance, less absenteeism, and more positively evaluated social behavior. Discussion of these findings centers on the neighborhood and family processes involved in social control, and on adult network members in their roles as positive models, norm reinforcers, and sources of information for adolescent boys.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors conclude that a multimethod approach for assessing environmental support is preferred over a single-item index because a supportive interpersonal environment is important for patients and family, both as a preventive agent and as a protective buffer against the impact of ESRD related stress.