Showing papers on "Social network published in 1990"

Foundations of Social Theory

Abstract: Suggests a new approach to describing both stability and change in social systems by linking the behavior of individuals to organizational behavior.

Changing Patterns or Patterns of Change: The Effects of a Change in Technology on Social Network Structure and Power.

Abstract: Network Structure and Power Author(s): Marlene E. Burkhardt and Daniel J. Brass Source: Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 1, Special Issue: Technology, Organizations, and Innovation (Mar., 1990), pp. 104-127 Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. on behalf of the Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2393552 . Accessed: 12/11/2013 03:43

Social influence and opinions

Abstract: In this paper we describe an approach to the relationship between a network of interpersonal influences and the content of individuals’ opinions. Our work starts with the specification of social pr...

Foundations of Social Theory.

Abstract: Suggests a new approach to describing both stability and change in social systems by linking the behavior of individuals to organizational behavior.

Social Psychology: Sociological Perspectives

Abstract: "A valuable compendium: broad In scope, rich In detail: It should be a most useful reference for students and teachers." This is how Alex Inkeles of Stanford University described this text. It is made more so in this paperback edition aimed to reach a broad student population in sociology and psychology. The new Introduction written by Rosenberg and Turner brings the story of social psychology up to date by a rich and detailed examination of trends and tendencies of the 1980s. Although social psychology is a major area of specialization in sociology and psychology, this text Is the first comprehensive and authoritative work that looks at the subject from a sociological perspective. Edited by two of the foremost social psychologists in the United States, this book presents a synthesis of the major theoretical and empirical contributions of social psychology. They treat both traditional topics such as symbolic interaction, social exchange theory, small groups, social roles, and intergroup relations, and newer approaches such as socialization processes over the life cycle, sociology of the self, talk and social control, and the sociology of sentiments and emotions. The result is an absolutely Indispensable text for students and teachers who need a complete and ready reference to this burgeoning field.

Dual Exchange Theory, Social Networks, and Informal Social Support

Abstract: Recent developments in the field of social exchange may prove very useful to social support researchers as they begin to analyze the relationships between social structure, interaction, and perceptions of "support" in the event of crisis or need. Particularly promising here is "dual exchange theory," as represented in Ekeh's elaboration of Levi-Strauss's conception of elementary exchange. Using data from a small-scale ethnographic study of social network mobilization among low-income black women in the event of job loss, this paper investigates two tenets of dual exchange theory: (1) informal support exchanges in natural settings take the form of "generalized" and "restricted" exchange, and (2) generalized exchange systems are associated with greater degrees of solidarity and social support. The data support the dual exchange thesis, with some modification of Ekeh's dichotomized conceptualization of exchange. The Study reinforces the utility of network analysis and exchange concepts in the analysis of soc...

Human Behavior in the Social Environment

Abstract: Part One: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SOCIAL SYSTEMS. 1. A Critical Perspective. 2. A Systems Approach to Human Behavior: The Individual as a System. 3. Person in Environment: Social Systems and Social Roles. Part Two: COMMUNITIES IN SOCIETY. 4. Diversity in Community Life. 5. A Social History of Ethnic Communities in the United States. 6. The New Arrivals. 7. Ethnic Community Relations in American Society. Part Three: FAMILY LIFE. 8. The Family as a Social Institution. 9. Diversity in Family Lifestyles. 10. The Family as a Social Organization: Identifying Well-Being. 11. The Family as a Social Organization: Analyzing Well-Being. Part Four: LARGE AND SMALL GROUPS. 12. Social Interaction in Groups and Organizations. 13. Social Interaction: Social Exchange and Marxian Theories. 14. Social Interaction: Anomie and Symbolic Interactionism. Part Five: INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN. 15. Three Psychological Perspectives: Psychodynamic, Cognitive Development, and Learning. 16. Life-Span Development: Prenatal Influences and Early Life. 17. Life-Span Development: Childhood and Adolescence. 18. Life-Span Development: Early, Middle, and Later Adulthood.

A Social Psychology of Reputation

Abstract: (1990). A Social Psychology of Reputation. European Review of Social Psychology: Vol. 1, European Review of Social Psychology, pp. 171-193.

Extending Families: The Social Networks of Parents and their Children

Abstract: Foreword U. Bronfenbrenner Preface Part I. Ideas and Themes: 1. Personal networks in the ecology of human development M. Cochran Part II. Settings, Methods and Illustrations: 2. Settings and methods D. Riley et al 3. The social networks interview L. Gunnarsson 4. Descriptive illustrations M. Cochran and C. R. Henderson, Jr. Part III. The Influences of Race, Class and Culture: 5. Social networks, race and ethnicity W. E. Cross, Jr 6. The social networks of married mothers in four cultures M. Cochran et al 7. The social support networks of single parents: Sweden and the United States M. Cochran and L. Gunnarsson Part IV. Impacts on Perceptions and Performance: 8. Network influences upon perception of the child: solo parenting and social support M. Cochran and C. R. Henderson, Jr. 9. Network influences on father involvement in childrearing D. Riley 10. The social networks of six-year-olds: context, content and consequence M. Cochran and D. Riley Part V. Changes in Networks Over Time: 11. Changes in network resources and relationships over time M. Larner 12. Local residential mobility and its effects on social networks: a cross-cultural comparison M. Larner 13. Formal supports and informal social ties: a case study M. Cochran and C. R. Henderson, Jr. Part VI. Social Networks and Human Development: 14. The network as an environment for human development M. Cochran 15. Environmental factors constraining network development M. Cochran 16. Factors influencing personal social initiative M. Cochran 17. Personal networks and public policy M. Cochran Appendix 1. The social network interviews Endnotes References.

Battered Women as Survivors

Abstract: Part 1 Battered women - private struggles against a public problem: reconciling the personal and the political through collaborative research battered women - what life experience reveals women in violent relations - why they stayed from victim to survivor - how they left. Part 2 Battered women and their social networks: social network members' responses to battered women the women's interaction with formal network members social network members' values. Part 3 Social life without violence - struggles and visions: the shelter experience rites of passage to life without violence after shelter - poor and homeless women and children the children and work of battered women. Part 4 Conclusions, implications, follow-up: summary and conclusions five years later.

The Social Network Map: Assessing Social Support in Clinical Practice:

Abstract: The authors describe the development and pilot use of a procedure for assessing social support. The social network map takes into account both the structure and function of the client's personal so...

Social Structure and Self-Direction: A Comparative Analysis of the United States and Poland

Abstract: Introduction - a rationale for cross-national inquiry into the relationship of social structure and personality the methodology of the research social class and social stratification in capitalist and socialist societies class, stratification and psychological functioning occupational self-direction as a crucial explanatory link between social structure and personality issues of causal directionality in the relationships of class and stratification with occupational self-direction and psychological functioning social structure and the transmission of values in the family interpreting the cross-national differences a re-evaluation of the thesis and its implications for understanding the relationship between social structure and personality.

Social networks in time and space : Homeless women in Skid Row, Los Angeles.

Abstract: Social networks operate within a specific time-space fabric. This paper develops a theoretical framework for understanding the role of social networks among the homeless. The concept of time-space discontinuity is offered as a way to conceptualize the impacts of homelessness on social network formation, daily paths, life paths, personal identity and self-esteem. Ethnographic research among homeless women in Skid Row, Los Angeles is used to illustrate the theoretical framework. Results indicate that homeless women develop both peer and “homed'’social networks as a means of coping with their circumstances and reestablishing time-space continuity. Network relationships can also serve as substitutes for place-based stations in the daily path such as home and work. The characteristics of social networks and daily time-space paths appear to have affected the identities and self-esteem of the homeless women.

Gender differences in social networks.

Abstract: Researchers of peer relations in late middle childhood and early adolescence have often neglected to examine the context in which social relations occur. The present study was designed to examine one aspect of the context of peer relations-the social networks of males and females. Fourth- and fifth-grade children were asked to rate their peers using friendship and play rating scales and to describe their same-sex peers in open-ended interviews. Although males and females did not differ in the number of best friends they reported, males were found to have larger social networks than females. Further, for males, position in a social network was more highly linked with acceptance by the peer group. Finally, males were concerned with attributes that could be construed as important for status in the peer group, and females were concerned with attributes that appeared essential to relationships with a few friends.

Modern Social Work Theory: A Critical Introduction

Abstract: The Social Construction of Social Work Theory - Using Social Work Theory in Practice - Psychodynamic Models - Crisis Intervention and Task-Centred Models - Behavioural Models - Systems and Ecological Models - Social Psychological and Communication Models - Humanist and Existential Models - Cognitive Models - Radical and Marxist Approaches - Empowerment and Advocacy - Assessing Social Work Theories

The social support networks of gay men with AIDS

Abstract: Twenty-five gay men with AIDS were interviewed about their social support networks and completed a measure of psychological well-being. The networks were primarily composed of gay, male friends and usually contained one other person with AIDS (PWA). Network characteristics most highly correlated with psychological well-being included the degree to which the PWA felt he reciprocated support to network members, amount of emotional and informational support received, number of close relationships, and percentage of friends—versus relatives —in his network. Friends and fellow PWAs tended to be the greatest sources of fun and relaxation. Fellow PWAs offered the greatest opportunity for reciprocity and were highly rated as sources of informational support. In contrast, professional helpers provided high informational support but little opportunity to reciprocate. All categories of network members were rated as providing fairly high levels of emotional support. The findings demonstrate the value of social network assessment in identifying PWAs at risk for psychological problems.

Max Weber's construction of social theory

Abstract: Part 1 The formation of Weber's world-view: religious faith in an intellectual's world reason and the indiviudal - the Kantian Unity the Nietzschean challenge the scientist in search of salvation towards a science of social reality. Part 2 Constructing an empirical social science: the scholarly and polemical context the meaning of rationality from premises to constructs - modelling social life the structure of collective action the historical development of rationality. Part 3 Explorations in Weberian social theory: understanding and social structure the empirical study of values society and the market from social theory to sociology.

Living with the stigma of AIDS

Abstract: This article uses interview data to explore how 23 gay and bisexual men who had AIDS were affected by and managed stigma. The article describes how stigma affects the relationships of persons with AIDS to their families, friends, lovers, colleagues, and health care providers. It explores how persons with AIDS avoid or reduce stigma by concealing their illnesses, learning when and to whom they should reveal their illnesses, changing their social networks, educating others about AIDS, developing nonstigmatizing theories of illness causation, and using bravado to convince others that they are still functioning social beings.

Hospitalization and the Composition of Mental Patients' Social Networks

Abstract: Social networks of 310 chronically mentally ill patients in Chicago-area State mental hospitals were examined to assess the relationship between the number of hospitalizations and network size and composition. As the number and length of admissions increases, although network size remains stable, there are fewer relatives and friends in the network. The networks of patients with frequent admissions are composed primarily of people met through the mental health system and those known for a short time. These differences are neither related to diagnosis nor to severity of mental illness. The results suggest that the process of hospitalization is related to patients' sources of social support. Implications for readmissions are discussed.

The TAPS Project. 4: An Observational Study of the Social Life of Long-Stay Patients

Abstract: Observations of long-stay patients in a club in a psychiatric hospital were carried out unobtrusively over several months. Much of the social activity that went on was stimulated by an economy based around the purchase and exchange of tea and cigarettes, and the borrowing and lending of small change. Most patients could be fitted into one of four social categories: helpers, friends, nuisances, and the asocial. The inter-rater reliability of the observations was found to be 0.95. A close correspondence emerged between the observations of patients' social behaviour and material reported by patients when interviewed with the Social Network Schedule.

Social inequalities in dental health. Towards a theoretical explanation.

Abstract: The analysis of social inequality is one of the predominant concerns of sociology. Inequalities in general health or utilization of health care services are nearly universal. The purpose of the paper is to describe inequalities in dental health in Denmark. Recent empirical findings are reviewed. Longitudinal data on the number of adults with few or no teeth left show remarkable differences between low and high social classes in 1976 and 1986. Among the younger individuals some reduction in the social differences has been observed over time. This was ascribed to the establishment of a public child dental health service. The level of dental caries and unmet treatment need is higher among workers than officials. Studies of industrial workers also indicate that dental illness or diseases are induced by environmental working factors. The association between health-related behavior and dental health status has been demonstrated as well as the effects of social network relations and lifestyle. Finally, theoretical explanations of the inequalities in dental health are outlined: artefact explanations, theories of natural or social selection, materialist or structuralist explanations, and cultural/behavioral explanations. Arguments for the relevance of the materialist/structuralist and the cultural/behavioral approaches are given and a combined model on dental health is presented. The practical implications of the various models are discussed.

Defending Laws in the Social Sciences

Abstract: This article defends laws in the social sciences. Arguments against social laws are considered and rejected based on the "open" nature of social theory, the multiple realizability of social predica...

Religious Belief and Practice: A Potential Asset in Helping Families

Abstract: Over 200 married adults were selected purposively from the 20 major U.S. religious denominations in two midwestern cities and surveyed via self-report questionnaires as to the influence of religious belief and practice on family satisfaction. The majority of respondents reported that religion was helpful to family life. Assistance was primarily in the form of enhancing the family's social network and by encouraging family members to petition God for help with family problems. Those who reported more social support and divine intervention reported higher levels of family satisfaction. Implications are suggested for use by family professionals.

Social support networks and formal help seeking: differences between applicants to social services and a nonapplicant sample.

Abstract: Measures of social network strength have been shown to be positively correlated with the health and well-being of a range of populations, including older adults. This study compares the network structure and the support available to a group of elderly applicants for public social service assistance with those of a group of elderly persons who had not sought help (also taking into account predisposing characteristics and functional impairment). The applicant group was found to have significantly smaller networks and less affective support, even when controlling for age and physical capacity.

The adaptation of black graduate students: a social network approach.

Abstract: Despite the importance of increasing the number of graduate degrees awarded to members of minority groups, there has been little research on how minority students adapt to the graduate school environment The present study examined how social integration and social support were related to academic performance and psychological well-being among 89 black graduate and professional students. Findings indicate that black graduate students were not well integrated into their academic environment. Students in relatively more integrated departments were better adjusted, had higher grades, and perceived themselves to be making good progress in their graduate work. These students were also less likely to have considered dropping out of school. Frequency of out-of-school contact with black faculty and the number of black students in the department were important social integration and social support variables. The implications of these findings for minority student retention are discussed.