Showing papers on "Social psychology (sociology) published in 1968"
Book•
01 Jun 1968
340 citations
329 citations
Book•
01 Dec 1968
TL;DR: The "Middle Age and Aging" as mentioned in this paper is an attempt to organize and select from the proliferation of material available in this field, which emphasizes some of the major topics that lie closest to the problem of what social and psychological adaptations are required as individuals move through the second half of their lives.
Abstract: The process of aging is receiving an increasing amount of attention from behavioral scientists. "Middle Age and Aging" is an attempt to organize and select from the proliferation of material available in this field. The selections in this volume emphasize some of the major topics that lie closest to the problem of what social and psychological adaptations are required as individuals move through the second half of their lives. Major attention is paid to the importance of age-status and age-sex roles; psychological changes in the life-cycle; social-psychological theories of aging; attitudes toward health; changing family roles; work, retirement, and leisure; certain other dimensions of the immediate social environment such as friendships, neighboring patterns, and living arrangements; differences in cultural settings; and perspectives of time and death.
308 citations
Book•
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01 Jan 1968
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a set of rules for the use of a large number of different types of data points in a large group of tasks, such as the following:
Abstract: ~ t h e w y a n d a t h e r ~ a f t h e w y ~ * ~ p o M k a l t h c o r y ~ W ~ p s y d s l o g l r W t h e a y a n d t h c ~
274 citations
TL;DR: Galtung's four-cell scheme is not merely a condensation of Boulding's eight abstract types, but rather a partial condensation combined with the addition of new types as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: classification. For example, industrial conflict (employer vs. employed) can appear under any of the abstract types, since either party can be a person, group, or organization (Boulding, 1962, p. 213). International conflict can fall under either homogeneous or heterogeneous organization conflict, depending on whether the parties (which may be tribes, feudal states, universal agricultural empires, industrial powers, or superpowers) are equal, unequal, or hopelessly unequal (pp. 227-229). The conflict of ideological systems is partly ecological, partly organizational (p. 278). In Boulding’s view, these empirical types (which do not represent an exhaustive list) are different enough from each other to require separate treatment. Whether this dual classification implies 8 -f4 special theories, 8 X 4 special theories, or some intermediate or larger number, is not at all clear. The mode of abstraction represented in Boulding’s eight-type scheme has been carried a step further. One need only distinguish two types of parties-individuals vs. collective entities (e.g., Sorokin’s distinction between persons and groups). Similarly, the structural relations between parties can be reduced to a simple dichotomy : either the conflicting parties are members of a larger system or else they are separate, autonomous entities which happen to interact in a common environment. This latter distinction has appeared (under various labels) in many schemes: distinctions such as those between intragroup and intergroup conflict (Simmel, 1955; Coser, 1956), intraparty and interparty conflict (Mack and Snyder, 1957), conflict within a social unit and conflict between social units (Levinger, 1957), or internal conflict (&dquo;quandaries&dquo;) and conflicts between parties (Boulding, 1957), all reflect the same basic dichotomy. By combining these two basic dichotomies, one arrives at a simple classification containing four types of conflict, as illustrated by Galtung (1965b, p. 348), who presents the following table: By ignoring the differences among concrete types which could appear in the bottom row, this table implies a smaller number of special theories than any scheme so far discussed. Galtung’s four-cell scheme is not merely a condensation of Boulding’s eight abstract types, but rather a partial condensation combined with the addition of new types. On one axis (nature of parties), Galtung has simply ignored Boulding’s distinction between groups and organizations, replacing these with a single category, i.e., &dquo;collectivities.&dquo; Furthermore, he ignores the distinction between homogeneous and heterogeneous pairs of parties. The result is that one of Boulding’s types of conflict (interpersonal) is retained in Galtung’s scheme, while the remaining seven types are apparently subsumed under a single category (intersystem, collective level). Thus Galtung’s scheme reduces Boulding’s eight types to only two by ignoring certain distinctions. On the other axis (structural relations between parties), Galtung introduces new types by attending to an aspect (intrasystem vs. intersystem) which is at best only implicit in Boulding’s scheme. Thus intrapersonal conflict is not one of Boulding’s eight types (even though he does discuss intrapersonal conflict as a factor which influences the behavior of indi-
229 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Perceptual distortion of height as a function of Ascribed Academic Status was discussed. But the authors focused on academic status and did not consider the effect of academic status on the perception of height.
Abstract: (1968) Perceptual Distortion of Height as a Function of Ascribed Academic Status The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol 74, No 1, pp 97-102
TL;DR: The development of interpersonal relationships: social Penetration Processes as mentioned in this paper was a seminal work in the field of social psychology, focusing on the relationship between individuals and their social relations. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 75, No. 1, pp 79-90.
Abstract: (1968). The Development of Interpersonal Relationships: Social Penetration Processes. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 79-90.
TL;DR: The sociology of deviance faces two basic and interrelated problems: how and/or why some people engage in deviant acts and how to specify the interaction and integrate explanations of behavior and social definitions as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The sociology of deviance faces two basic and interrelated problems: How and/or why some people engage in deviant acts. The meaning of these two problems, the nature of theories and research revolving around them, and their implications for the future direction of the sociology of deviance are explored. The goal is not to account for either social definitions or deviant behavior, but rather to account for both and ultimately to specify the interaction and integrate explanations of behavior and social definitions. T fe conflict criminologist, George Vold reminded us some years ago that the phenomenon of crime involves two major dimensions-the behavioral and the defini-
TL;DR: In this paper, unique personal names as a social adjustment factor are used as an adjustment factor in the context of social adjustment in social psychology, and they are shown to be useful in social adjustment.
Abstract: (1968). Unique Personal Names as a Social Adjustment Factor. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 107-110.
TL;DR: The frustration-aggression hypothesis is the easiest and by far the most popular explanation of social violence whether political turmoil, the hot summers of riot and disorder, or robberies and juvenile delinquency as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: AUTHOR’S NOTE: This is a slightly revised version of a paper delivered at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September, 1967. The research reported in this paper has been sponsored by grants GS 1228 and GS 1737 from the National Science Foundation. N The frustration-aggression hypothesis is the easiest and by far the most popular explanation of social violence whether political turmoil, the hot summers of riot and disorder, or robberies and juvenile delinquency. We are all familiar with this formulation, and there is no need to spell out once again the great number of economic, social, and psychological frustrations that have been indicted as the source of aggression and domestic instability. Espoused in the social world primarily by political and economic liberals, this notion contends that the cause of civil tranquility is best served by eliminating barriers to the satisfaction of human needs and wants. Indeed, in the version that has attracted the greatest attention, the
TL;DR: The Strength, Relevance, and Source of Beliefs about an Object in Fishbein's Attitude Theory is discussed in this article, where the author discusses the importance of an object in attitude theory.
Abstract: (1968). The Strength, Relevance, and Source of Beliefs about an Object in Fishbein's Attitude Theory. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 55-67.
TL;DR: In this article, the Internal-External Control and the Need to Control were discussed in terms of the need to control and the internal-external control in the context of social psychology.
Abstract: (1968). Internal-External Control and the Need to Control. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 43-48.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe personality characteristics of very bright adults and show that bright adults are more likely to be introverted than introverted ones, while being less likely to seek extracurricular activities.
Abstract: (1968). Personality Characteristics of Very Bright Adults. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 119-126.
TL;DR: In this article, Dogmatism and Authoritarianism are considered in the context of social psychology and dogmatism is investigated in terms of dogmatisms and authoritarians.
Abstract: (1968). Dogmatism and Authoritarianism. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 89-95.
TL;DR: In this paper, contact as a variable in the perception of disability is discussed, and contact is used as a predictor of the perceived disability of a person with a disability. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 117-126
Abstract: (1968). Contact as a Variable in the Perception of Disability. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 117-126.
Book•
01 Jan 1968
TL;DR: A Hundred Years of Sociology as discussed by the authors traces the development of scientifi c sociology from Comte to the present and describes the convergence of two major streams of sociological thought: a speculative and philosophical tradition and a reformist, fact-filling tradition.
Abstract: Tracing the development of scientifi c sociology from Comte to the present, A Hundred Years of Sociology is a concise, narrative history of the major fi gures, ideas, and schools that lie behind the work of contemporary sociologists. Covering both theoretical and empirical contributions, the book describes the convergence of two major streams of sociological thought: a speculative and philosophical tradition and a reformist, fact-fi nding tradition. Throughout the volume, the author is as much concerned with the content of ideas as with their labels and chronology. The important developments in both American and European sociology are considered in full, and special attention is given to the emergence of social anthropology and social psychology and to the profound infl uence of World War II on current work in the field.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of source on responses to negative information about one's self were studied and the effect of source information on negative information on positive information about self was discussed.
Abstract: (1968). The Effects of Source on Responses to Negative Information about One's Self. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 74, No. 2, pp. 215-224.
TL;DR: The concept of socialization was coined by the sociologist E. A. Ross to describe the molding of the individual's feelings and desires to suit the needs of the group as discussed by the authors, but it did not achieve widespread use until just before World War II, when it came to center on child-rearing practices and the transmission of the cultural heritage to the child.
Abstract: T HE concept "socialization," and the body of research and theory subsumed under this heading, would appear to be almost indefinitely expansible. Initially employed by the sociologist E. A. Ross to designate "the moulding of the individual's feelings and desires to suit the needs of the group," the concept did not achieve widespread use until just before World War II, when it came to center on child-rearing practices and the transmission of the cultural heritage to the child.' For the next two decades, the great bulk of writing in this area related to child socialization, but, as Sewell noted in these pages five years ago, socialization has more recently come to embrace role-learning at any age, and increasingly to relate the development of the person to his position in the social organization and to examine the process in the context of social change.2 The characteristics of socialization settings, as such, have also been highlighted in recent research.
TL;DR: In this article, a cross-cultural equivalence of personality measures is discussed. But the cross-cultural equivalence is not considered in the present paper, as discussed in Section 3.1.
Abstract: (1968). Cross-Cultural Equivalence of Personality Measures. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 3-9.