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Showing papers on "Social psychology (sociology) published in 1976"



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Ethics and Politics of Social Research as mentioned in this paper is a collection of articles on the subject of human inquiry and science, with a focus on the formalization, operationalization, and measurement of research design.
Abstract: Part I: AN INTRODUCTION TO INQUIRY. 1. Human Inquiry and Science. 2. Paradigms, Theory, and Social Research. 3. The Ethics and Politics of Social Research. Part II: THE STRUCTURING OF INQUIRY: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE. 4. Research Design. 5. Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement. 6. Indexes, Scales, and Typologies. 7. The Logic of Sampling. Part III: MODES OF OPERATION: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE. 8. Experiments. 9. Survey Research. 10. Qualitative Field Research. 11. Unobtrusive Research. 12. Evaluation Research. Part IV: ANALYSIS OF DATA: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE. 13. Qualitative Data Analysis. 14. Quantitative Data Analysis. 15. The Logic of Multivariate Analysis. 16. Statistical Analyses. 17. Reading and Writing Social Research. APPENDICES. A. Using the Library. B. GSS Household Enumeration Questionnaire. C. Random Numbers. D. Distribution of Chi Square. E. Normal Curve Areas. F. Estimated Sampling Error. Preface. Acknowledgments.

3,381 citations


Book
01 Jun 1976

2,728 citations


01 Sep 1976
TL;DR: Leventhal and Leventhal as mentioned in this paper discussed what should be done with equity theory in social relations and proposed a new approach to the study of fairness in social relationships, based on social exchange theory.
Abstract: AUTHOR Leventhal, Gerald S TITLE What Should Be Done with Equity Theory? New Approaches to the Study of Fairness in Social Relationships SPONS AGENCY National Science Foundation, Washington, DC PUB DATE Sep 76 GRANT GS-3171 NOTE 52p;,To appear as a chapter in Gezgen, KO, Ed, And Others, "Social Exchange Theory," John Wiley, 1977 AVAILABLE FROM Dr Gerald S Leventhal, Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202 (free)

2,140 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A relationship between two or more organizations is a social action system because it exhibits the basic properties of any organized form of collective behavior as discussed by the authors, and it is defined as a social structure and process that defines and evaluates the characteristics of interorganizational relationships.
Abstract: A relationship between two or more organizations is a social action system because it exhibits the basic properties of any organized form of collective behavior. Dimensions commonly used to examine social structure and process are appropriate for defining and evaluating the characteristics of inter-organizational relationships. A theory is developed on how and why relationships between organizations voluntarily emerge and are maintained.

750 citations


Book
01 Jan 1976

636 citations


Book
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: The Perspectives on Cognitive Dissonance is a valuable contribution to the field of Social Psychology as mentioned in this paper. But it is not suitable for the use with children's cognitive disissonance.
Abstract: Published in 1976, Perspectives on Cognitive Dissonance is a valuable contribution to the field of Social Psychology.

552 citations


Book
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a detailed guide for students who will design and implement their own independent research. But the approach of the book is primarily practical, it also confronts substantive issues such as ethics, design, validity, and measurement.
Abstract: Here is a detailed guide for students who will design and implement their own independent research. It examines the complete process of experimentation: asking the right question and translating it into a workable design, setting the stage for data collection, designing dependent variable measures, avoiding bias, conducting the post-experimental interview, and writing up the results. Although the approach of the book is primarily practical, it also confronts substantive issues such as ethics, design, validity, and measurement.

497 citations



Book
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce social psychology and Symbolic interactionism, and define reality and accounting for behavior in the context of role-making and role-taking in routine situations.
Abstract: IN THIS SECTION: 1.) BRIEF 2.) COMPREHENSIVE BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter 1 Introducing Social Psychology and Symbolic Interactionism Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of Symbolic Interactionism Chapter 3 Identity, Social Settings and the Self Chapter 4 Defining Reality and Accounting for Behavior Chapter 5 Understanding and Constructing Social Order Chapter 6 Applications of the Symbolic Interactionist Perspective COMPREHENSIVE TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter 1 Introducing Social Psychology and Symbolic Interactionism What is Social Psychology? What is Symbolic Interactionism? Other Theoretical Approaches Learning Theory Psychoanalytic Theory Exchange Theory Phenomenology and Ethnomethodology Social Cognition Social Constructionism Postmodernism Major Tenets of Symbolic Interactionism Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of Symbolic Interactionism Symbols The Nature of Symbols The Consequences of Symbols Objects What is an Object? Objects and Language Acts and Social Acts Phases of the Act Self and the Control of Behavior Self as Object Self as Process Roles and the Definition of Situations Situations Role Role Making and Role Taking Role Taking as a Generalized Skill The Place of Emotions Chapter 3 Identity, Social Settings and the Self Learning the Social World Stages of Socialization Everyday Experience, Self and Impression Management Performances as Cumulative Expectations Conning Consciousness and Individual Agency Identity: The Self as a Social Object How We Produce Situated Identities The Experience of Situated Identity Social and Personal Identity Social Identity Personal Identity Self-Image: Knowing the Self Self-Esteem The Self, Motive, and Motivation Identity and Motivation Self-Esteem and Motivation The Self and the Social Order Limitations on the Choice of Roles Limitations on the Choice of Others Limitations on the Choice of Stories The Self in Contemporary Society Chapter 4 Defining Reality and Accounting for Behavior Role-Making and Role-Taking in Routine Situations Reality Is Not Just There-We Define What Is Real The Cognitive Bases of Role Making and Role Taking Typification Cognitive Theories and Inferential Heuristics Causality Means and Ends Normative Standards Substantive Congruency Aligning Actions Disclaimers Accounts Emotions and Social Interaction Constraint and Social Interaction Chapter 5 Understanding and Constructing Social Order Social Order as Coordinated Activity Influence Creating Social Bonds Solving Problems and Trust The Negotiated Order Talking Explaining Disorder Social Problems Chapter 6 Applications of the Symbolic Interactionist Perspective Variations on Total Institutions

422 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a view of science as a social theory based on positivism and realist philosophy of science, with a focus on the explantion and understanding of social action.
Abstract: Part one Conceptions of science 1. Positivist philosophy of science 2. Realist philosophy of science 3. Forms of conventionalism Part two Conceptions of science as social theory 4. Sociology and positivism 5. Marx and realism 6. Structure and structuralism Part 3 Meaning and ideology 7. The explantion and understanding of social action 8. Reification and realism 9. Values theory and reality








Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of consumer choice models of choice can be found in this article, where the authors present a discussion of psychological models for consumer choice in general before turning to models of consumer choices.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Unlike economists, psychologists have not been directly concerned with consumer behavior. Psychological theory has been applied to the study of consumer choice by marketing students, who have worked with models developed in such areas as social psychology, motivational psychology, environmental psychology, and educational psychology. Furthermore, psychologists do not have one theory of choice behavior. Instead, they have a number of different theories, many of which may be applied to the study of consumers. Therefore, the topic "psychological models of consumer choice" can be approached from two different angles: One can ask, "What kind of psychological models exist that could be used in the study of consumer choice?" or one can ask, "What kind of psychological models are actually applied by students of consumer choice?" Ideally, one should arrive at the same answers regardless of the question raised, but that is not the case. The first question calls for a review of different areas of psychology, whereas the second question implies that marketing and other students' applications of psychological theory be analyzed. In this chapter, the second approach dominates. However, to provide a broader frame of reference, the review begins with a discussion of psychological models of choice in general before turning to models of consumer choice.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A. P. Sindler as discussed by the authors studied demographic and economic change in the South, 1940-1960, and found that the South was more conservative than other parts of the United States.
Abstract: 1974 "Forming composite scales and estimating their validity through factor analysis." Social Forces 5 3: 168-80. Spengler, Joseph J. 1963 "Demographic and economic change in the South, 1940-1960." Pp. 26-63 in A. P. Sindler (ed.), Change in the Contemporary South. Durham: Duke University Press. Srole, Leo 1956 "Social integration and certain corollaries: an exploratory study." American Sociological Review 21:709-16. Stouffer, Samuel A. 1955 Communism, Conformity, and Civil Liberties: A Cross-Section of the Nation Speaks Its Mind. New York: Doubleday. Stouffer, Samuel A., L. Guttman, E. A. Suchman, P. F. Lazarsfeld, S. A. Star and J. A. Clausen 1949 Studies in Social Psychology in World War II. Vol. 1. The American Soldier: Adjustment During Army Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Thompson, Edgar T. 1963 "The South and the second Emancipation." Pp. 93-118 in A. P. Sindler (ed.), Change in the Contemporary South. Durham: Duke University Press. White, Theodore H. 1961 The Making of the President 1960. New York: Atheneum. Williams, J. Allen, Jr. 1966 "Regional differences in authoritarianism." Social Forces 45:273-7. Williams, Robin M., Jr. 1964 Strangers Next Door: Ethnic Relations in American Communities. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

Book
20 May 1976
TL;DR: The pure theory of rational choice and rational choice theory applied in the theory of groups as mentioned in this paper have been studied in a wide range of contexts. But the main focus of this paper is on the relation between rational choice, price theory, and collective action.
Abstract: Preface 1. Introduction Part I: 2. The pure theory of rational choice 3. Exchange and power in social life 4. The logic of collective action 5. The social psychology of exchange 7. Emergent processed Part II: 8. Rational choice revisited 9. Rational choice theory applied 10. Exchange and power again 11. The theory of price 12. Problems in the theory of groups 13. Rights, deserts and need 14. Gifts, favours and donations 15. Social norms - final and efficient causes 16. Conclusions Bibliography Index.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Van de Ven, Andrew H. and Andre L. Delbecq as mentioned in this paper proposed a task contingent model of work unit structure, which is based on the theory of general theory of action.
Abstract: 1971 "Organizational technology and organizational structure." Administrative Science Quarterly 16:444-59. Parsons, Talcott 1962 Toward a General Theory of Action. New York: Free Press. Pennings, Johannes 1974 "Interdependence and complementarity." Paper presented at American Sociological Association Annual Conference, Montreal. Perrow, Charles 1967 "A framework for the comparative analysis of organizations." American Sociological Review 32:194-208. 1970 Organizational Analysis: A Sociological View. Belmont, Ca.: Wadsworth. Rosengren, William 1964 "Communication, organization, and conduct." Administrative Science Quarterly 9:70-90. Shaw, M. E. 1964 "Communication network and distribution of 'weight' of group members as determinants of group effectiveness." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 4:302-14. Simpson, Richard L. 1962 "Vertical and horizontal communications in formal organizations." Administrative Science Quarterly 4:188-96. Tannenbaum, Arnold 1974 Hierarchy in Organization. New York: Wiley. Thompson, James D. 1967 Organization in Action. Chicago: McGrawHill. Urwick, L. 1943 The Elements of Administration. New York: Wiley. Van de Ven, Andrew H. 1975 "Group decision making and effectiveness." Organization and Administrative Sciences 6:1-108. Van de Ven, Andrew H. and Andre L. Delbecq 1974 "A task contingent model of work unit structure." Administrative Science Quarterly 19: 183-97. Weber, Max 1947 The Theory of Social and Economic Organizations. Tr. by A.M. Henderson and Talcott Parsons. New York: Free Press.

Journal ArticleDOI
Donn Byrne1
TL;DR: For instance, the authors describes a progressive evolution from less taboo concerns (animal behavior, studies of primitive cultures, and abnormality) to the succession of "shocks" that attended the extension of sexual knowledge to the normal, contemporary human sphere with Freud, Kinsey, and Masters and Johnson.
Abstract: Past research on sexual behavior may be viewed as a progressive evolution from less taboo concerns (animal behavior, studies of primitive cultures, and abnormality) to the succession of "shocks" that attended the extension of sexual knowledge to the normal, contemporary human sphere with Freud, Kinsey, and Masters and Johnson. Social psychologists were attracted to this area by the revolutionary societal changes in attitudinal permissiveness and in actual behavior, by the research initiated by the Commission on Obscenity and Pornography, and by a pressing applied interest in solving the problems of unwanted and unneeded conception. Sex research is of special value to our field because it has built-in experimental impact, its technology includes the direct nonverbal assessment of a motivational-emotional state, and it is of obvious relevance to innumerable real- life issues. Upon examination, many of the traditional principles and research paradigms of social-personality psychologists may be perceived as b...

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: Sociology has become both established and disestablished more or less concurrently as discussed by the authors, and sociologists have been a necessary condition for the establishment of the discipline itself, which is a paradox.
Abstract: paradox; it has become both established and disestablished more or less concurrently. The establishment is unquestionable - recognition in universities and colleges throughout most of the world for sociology as a subject with academic standing and with legitimate research functions - a rapid growth in the range of accredited and well-funded research institutes; definitive recognition through direct sponsorship from major funding organizations and through public grant-awarding bodies. The establishment of research in sociology has been a necessary condition of the establishment of the discipline itself. Only by demonstrating, empirically that there are laws governing human behaviour in societies could sociology substantiate its claim for a legitimate separate existence either from literature with its established capacity to describe and interpret human interaction, or from history with its established strategies of analysing unique events and their consequencesl. The battle for scientific recognition of this kind was first fought by the psychologists, successfully but at considerable cost to the development of the subject - where the crudities of behaviourism, having the manner of approved scientific method, were tolerated, while the existing but largely untestable hypotheses in the field of psychoanalysis presented continuous embarrassment. The rigorous formalism of the British Psychological Society, still largely modelled on the prestigious pure science organizations, points to a continuing belief in a need for scientific respectability. Sociology was spared some of these traumas. The recognition of psychology opened the path for the recognition of sociology even though it was along a path that had been laid down by the psychologists. But at least some of the exertions to establish it could be avoided by sociologists who were able to devote somewhat more of their time to exploring sociological as opposed to scientific perspectives. In this they were helped by the standing of anthropological study as a distinct and acceptable even if somewhat remote area of study. Yet the influence of the psychological interpretation of the pure science model on sociology is regularly to be seen, and Swift (1973) has noted that sociologists in Britain still find themselves "forced" into doing social psychology'. He suggests that many of the problems in the way of a fruitful relationship between sociology and psychology spring from the psychology determined path of recognition that has had to be trodden by sociologists. There are many examples in present day sociology that reaffirm this history. The almost

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors take to task a series of widely held views, relating above all to Durkheim's writings, of the past development of social theory and show that these views are myths.
Abstract: My aims in this essay are both iconoclastic and constructive. An iconoclast, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is a ‘breaker of images’, ‘one who assails cherished beliefs’. I begin by taking to task a series of widely held views, relating above all to Durkheim’s writings, of the past development of social theory. These views, as I have tried to show elsewhere,1 are myths; here I try not so much to shatter their images of the intellectual origins of sociology as to show that they are like reflections in a hall of distorting mirrors. I do not, however, propose to analyse the development of classical nineteenth- and early twentieth-century social theory for its own sake alone, but wish to draw out some implications for problems of sociology today.