Showing papers on "Social psychology (sociology) published in 1980"

The Social Psychology of Leisure and Recreation

Abstract: PrefaceThis book is a direct outgrowth of two social psychological courses I havenbeen teaching at The University of Iowa since the Fall of 1976. One ofnthese courses is an undergraduate class entitled qIntroduction to SocialnPsychology of Leisure,q and the other is a graduate class bearing the title qAdvanced Theory and Methods of Social Psychology of Leisure.q The contentnand approach taken in these courses are a result of my strong dissatisfactionnwith past attempts to explain leisure and recreation behaviornby sociological approaches using such variables as occupation, income,nand social class. The book is based upon the lectures of both classes andntherefore represents a combination of introductory and advanced material.When starting this project, my goal was to write a book which wouldnbe sufficiently simple to be comprehended by students with little or nonknowledge of social psychology and research, and sufficiently complexnto interest students familiar with the approach and concepts of this area.nTo the degree that this objective is achieved, the book can serve as antextbook for undergraduate and graduate students taking introductoryncourses in the psychological and social psychological aspects of leisurenand recreation. The book can also be used as a supplement to otherntextbooks and journal articles for advanced undergraduate and graduatenstudents. While the book was written with students of recreation in mind, Inbelieve that it is also applicable to courses in related fields such asnpsychology and physical education.In addition to college and university students, the book is intendednfor recreation practitioners. While it contains some material irrelevant tonthe actual delivery of leisure and recreation services, the work presentsnessential information to practitioners. For example, research reviewed onnchildren's play clearly condemns the present practice of furnishing playgroundsnwith standard equipment such as swings and slides. Furthermore,nbased upon theoretical and empirical research, I developed the point thatnLittle League baseball players should be randomly divided into teams before the season, and no recruitment should be allowed. Research reviewednin the chapter on leisure needs and motives shows that socialninteraction is as important as (if not more important than) equipment andnphysical areas where recreational participation takes place. Yet, attentionnis typically centered on the physical aspects of recreational activitiesnwhen delivering leisure services. On the other hand, this is hardly surprisingnin light of the fact that recreation curricula throughout the country arenorganized around such courses as parks and recreation facility management.nTo state it bluntly, it seems to be more important to know wherenvolleyball nets are put after a game than to know how to best facilitatensocial interaction and feelings of competence during the game! It seemsnto be more important to first build recreation centers and programs andnthen worry later about people, rather than vice versa.To give still another example of relevance of this book to practitioners,nconsider the finding (discussed in the chapter on therapeutic recreation)nthat lack of perceived responsibility and control over life has detrimentalneffects on psychological and physical well-being of the institutionalizednaged; it has also been found that these factors increase thenmortality rate among the institutionalized elderly. In view of such drasticnimpact of lack of personal responsibility and control, it is hard for me tonsee how we can permit our students to work as therapeutic recreationnspecialists in nursing homes and other settings, without knowledge ofnthese influencing processes. To stretch the point to the extreme, it may benstated that through the provision of leisure services therapeutic recreationnspecialists are in fact manipulating their patients' perceived responsibilitynand control and thereby affecting the death rate of patients. In addition tonthis area, social psychological research was reviewed on such relevantnand q appliedq topics as drug abuse, vandalism, and littering. In sum,ndespite its theoretical orientation, the book spells out practical implications.nSince practitioners, in most cases, are qsocial psychologistsq whonuse leisure and recreation services as tools of improving people's qualitynof life, they should be familiar with a social psychological analysis of leisurenand recreation behavior.Finally, this book is intended to be of heuristic value for researchers. Inhave not only reviewed past research on each topic as thoroughly as Incould but have pointed out weaknesses of previous studies. In doing so Inhave attempted to be a constructive critic, in that new directions for futurenresearch have been identified in many areas. Past research is frequentlyncriticized, not to minimize the work of individual researchers, but to helpnadvance the field. This work presents new ideas, hypotheses and modelsnwhich should be subjected to rigorous empirical testing. If the book isnable to stimulate theoretical and empirical research, it has achieved onenof its objectives.n n n n n

Measuring Organizational Strategies: Some Theoretical and Methodological Problems

Abstract: In this article we address the major theoretical and methodological problems encountered in attempts to arrive at valid and reliable measures of organizational strategy. Our discussion is based on a series of empirical studies of the strategic behaviors of nearly 200 organizations in ten industries. In these studies, four different approaches for measuring strategy have been employed. We describe each approach and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.

The Black Woman

Abstract: PART 1: SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS PART 2: THE BLACK WOMAN AND HER FAMILY PART 3: POLITICAL, EDUCATIONAL, AND ECONOMICINSTITUTIONS AND THE BLACK WOMAN PART 4: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF THE BLACK WOMEN

Deprivation of Control and the Attribution Process

Abstract: SummaryThe present study was designed as a firstattempt to manipulate the degree of controlmotivation, which has generally been assumedto be the prime reason for making attribu-tions. The results indicate that such manipu-lations are feasible and that variations in ex-perience with lack of control do affect subse-quent attributional tendencies. These findingsopen the way for further investigations of thenature of control-deprivation-attributional-activity relationships in specific, and of therelatively neglected topic of motivational an-tecedents of attribution processes in general.Reference Note 1. Snyder, M. L., Smoller, B., Strenta, A., & Frankel,A. A comparison of egotism, negativity, andlearned helplessness as explanations for poor per-formance after unsolvable problems. Unpublishedmanuscript, Dartmouth College, 1979. References Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E. P., & Teasdale,J. D. Learned helplessness in humans: Critiqueand reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychol-ogy, 1978, 87, 49-74.Bern, D. J. Self-perception: An alternative interpre-tation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. Psycho-logical Review, 1967, 74, 183-200.Berglas, S., & Jones, E. E. Drug choice as a self-handicapping strategy in response to noncontingentsuccess. Journal of Personality and Social Psy-chology, 1978, 36, 405-417.Bersheid, E., Graziano, W., Monson, T., & Dermer,M. Outcome dependency: Attention, attribution,and attraction. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 1976, 34, 978-989.Brehm, J. W. A theory of psychological reactance.New York: Academic Press, 1966.Chaikin, A. L., & Cooper, J. Evaluation as a func-tion of correspondence and hedonic relevance.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1973,9, 257-264.Frankel, A., & Snyder, M. L. Poor performance fol-lowing unsolvable problems: Learned helplessnessor egotism? Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 1978, 36, 1415-1423.Heider, F. The psychology of interpersonal relation-ships. New York: Wiley, 1958.Heller, J. F. Attribution theory: Self and other at-tributions as a determinant of attitude change.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University ofIowa, 1972.Jones, E. E., & Berglas, S. Control of attributionsabout the self through self-handicapping strategies:The appeal of alcohol and the role of under-achievement. Personality and Social PsychologyBulletin, 1978, 4, 200-206.Jones , E. E. & Davis K From acts to disposi-tions: The attribution in person perception. InL. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in ExperimentalSocial Psychology (Vol. 2). New York: AcademicPress, 1965.Jones, E. E., & McGillis, D. Correspondent infer-ences and the attribution cube: A comparative re-appraisal. In J. Harvey, W. Ickes, & R. Kidd(Eds.), New directions in attribution research(Vol. 1). Hillside, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1976.Jones, E. E., & Nisbett, R. E. The actor and theobserver: Divergent perception s or the cause fbehavior. In E. E. Jones et al. (Eds.), Attribution:Perceiving the causes of behavior. New York:General Learning Press, 1971.Kelley, H. H. Attribution theory in social psychology.In D. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Mo-tivation (Vol. 15). Lincoln: University of NebraskaPress, 1967.Kelley, H. H. Attribution theory in social interaction.In E. E. Jones et al. (Eds.), Attribution: Per-ceiving the causes of behavior. New York: Gen-eral Learning Press, 1971.Kiesler, C. A., Nisbett, R. E., & Zanna, M. On in-ferring one's beliefs from one's behavior. Journalof Personality and Social Psychology, 1969, 11,321-327.Langer, E. J. The illusion of control. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 1975, 32, 311-

The Management Theory Jungle Revisited

Abstract: The various schools of or approaches to management theory that I identified nearly two decades ago, and called “the management theory jungle,” are reconsidered. What is found now are eleven distinct approaches, compared to the original six, implying that the “jungle” may be getting more dense and impenetrable. However, certain developments are occurring which indicate that we may be moving more than people think toward a unified and practical theory of management.

The Meek Shall Not Inherit the Earth: Self-Evaluation and the Legitimacy of Stratification

Abstract: Stratified social orders are maintained through a wide variety of mechanisms, one being broad-based legitimation of the notion of unequal distribution of primary resources. My attempt to develop a set of propositions provides at least a partial explanation of how such legitimation is generated and maintained. I argue that both conflict and functional theory point, at least implicitly, to the importance of the effect of unequal distribution of resources on the development of the self-constructing my argument through application of Mead' s theory of the self to the case of stratification. This application is shown, in turn, to be compatible with several lines of theorizing in social psychology, including equity and status attribution theory. Once basic propositions are developed, I discuss ways in which major social institutions maintain legitimacy through their effect on the self and explore some possible sources of delegitimation.

Collaboration and the Quality of Research

Abstract: Does collaboration improve the quality of scientific research? Editorial decision on papers submitted to a leading social psychology journal was cross-classified by number of authors. A small relationship in the predicted direction was obtained and it persisted in the face of two relevant controls.

Towards a Theory of Religion: Religious Commitment

Abstract: W e are launched on the immodest task of constructing a general theory of religion. We propose to deduce from a small set of axioms about what humans are like and how they behave, and from a larger number of definitions, a series of propositions explaining why religions exist, how they originate, how religious movements are transformed - indeed, answers to the whole list of classic questions. In our judgment, this task is both necessary and possible. It is necessary because, while the past several decades have produced an amazing array of new and well-tested facts about religion, we lack theories to organize these facts and tell us which are relevant to what. Current theories are little more than glosses on the work of nineteenth century social theorists. The task seems possible because, while little theorizing has gone on in the social-scientific study of religion (and indeed in much of sociology), important progress has been made in micro-economics, social psychology, and anthropology. We propose to ransack these riches for a theory of religion. This paper is the pivotal work in a series of papers, published and forthcoming,

Sexuality and the Workplace

Abstract: (1980). Sexuality and the Workplace. Basic and Applied Social Psychology: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 255-265.

Urban-Nonurban Differences in Social Behavior and Social Psychological Models of Urban Impact.

Abstract: An examination of urban-nonurban differences in several aspects of social behavior shows that urbanites are different only in limited ways from their less urban counterparts. In an urban environment, there does appear to be less social contact between neighbors and less helpfulness and consideration shown toward strangers, while social contact between relatives and between friends is no different from what is found in smaller-sized communities. These findings are most consistent with the urban impact models proposed by Milgram and Fischer, while they disconfirm Wirth's model. A fourth model developed by Gans seems also disconfirmed by this pattern of urban-nonurban differences, though the Gans model is less firmly tied to the expectation of overall urban-nonurban differences. A case is made in the paper that the city's influence on social behavior seems mediated by situational forces rather than by alterations of individual personalities. The paper concludes with an account of recent research on urban social behavior in Turkey. This study found urban-nonurban differences on a number of measures, as well as differences within Turkish cities between an urban sample and a sample of squatter settlement residents, who resembled the town dwellers in their social behavior.

Self-help groups: The members' perspectives

Abstract: The emergence of self-help groups as an important source of help-giving for persons with psychological problems has occurred without a systematic attempt to tap an important source of information about this phenomenon: the members themselves. Eighty members of nine self-help groups were surveyed. The results of this study suggest that self-help groups serve a different population than do professional therapists, that the help-giving processes are mainly supportive in nature, and that an optimistic attitude toward increased collaboration between professional care-givers and self-help groups is justified. Questions for further research are discussed.

Responsibility of a Rape Victim in Relation to her Respectability, Attractiveness, and Provocativeness

Abstract: (1980). Responsibility of a Rape Victim in Relation to her Respectability, Attractiveness, and Provocativeness. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 112, No. 1, pp. 153-154.

Advances in applied social psychology

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Levels of explanation in the European Journal of Social Psychology

Abstract: The nature of explanation in experimental social psychology is the subject of much controversy. To advance the debate, the present article provides a grid of analysis allowing a more [thorough study of experimental social psychologists] work. Four levels of explanation are distinguished as works can be seen as studying intra-individual processes (level 1), interindividual but intra-situational dynamics (level 2), effects of social position in a situational interaction (level 3) and intervention of general beliefs (level 4). An important characteristic of experimental work is the possibility of combining different levels of analysis in the same study, and of surpassing, in this way, the old dichotomy between [psychologizing] and [sociologizing] explanations. Experiments published in the first seven volumes of the European Journal of Social Psychology were explored within this framework.

Administered Politics: Elite Political Culture in Sweden

Abstract: 1 The First New Society.- 2 Public Authority and Social Structure.- 3 Pathways to Satisfaction.- 4 The "Ordinary" Civil Servant: Soft Activist.- 5 Managing Politics and Politicians.- 6 Images of Society and Power.- 7 Sweden Compared.- 8 No Place to Hide: Political Skill and the Social Psychology of Consensus.- 9 Postscript: On the Politics of Accommodation.- Appendix A: Sample Selection.- Notes.

The meaning of sociology

Abstract: THE NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY. The Discipline of Sociology. Sociology as a Perspective: How Sociologists Think. THE NATURE OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION. Humans Are Embedded in Social Organization. Social Structure. Inequality in Society. Culture. Social Institutions. The Interrelationships among Organizations. ORDER AND POWER IN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION. Social Order, Social Control, and Social Deviance. Social Power. THE DYNAMIC NATURE OF HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE. Symbols, Self and Mind: Our Active Nature. Social Change. CONCLUSION. The Meaning and Uses of Sociology.