Showing papers on "Social psychology (sociology) published in 1990"

Foundations of Social Theory

Abstract: Suggests a new approach to describing both stability and change in social systems by linking the behavior of individuals to organizational behavior.

Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons and Evaluative Criteria

Abstract: Using grounded theory as an example, this paper examines three methodological questions that are generally applicable to all qualitative methods. How should the usual scientific canons be reinterpreted for qualitative research? How should researchers report the procedures and canons used in their research? What evaluative criteria should be used in judging the research products? We propose that the criteria should be adapted to fit the procedures of the method. We demonstrate how this can be done for grounded theory and suggest criteria for evaluating studies following this approach. We argue that other qualitative researchers might be similarly specific about their procedures and evaluative criteria.

The Fair Wage-Effort Hypothesis and Unemployment

Abstract: This paper introduces the fair wage-effort hypothesis and explores its implications. This hypothesis is motivated by equity theory in social psychology and social exchange theory in sociology. According to the fair wage-effort hypothesis, workers proportionately withdraw effort as their actual wage falls short of their fair wage. Such behavior causes unemployment and is also consistent with observed cross-section wage differentials and unemployment patterns.

Positive-Negative Asymmetry in Evaluations: The Distinction Between Affective and Informational Negativity Effects

Abstract: (1990). Positive-Negative Asymmetry in Evaluations: The Distinction Between Affective and Informational Negativity Effects. European Review of Social Psychology: Vol. 1, European Review of Social Psychology, pp. 33-60.

Altruism: A Review of Recent Theory and Research

Abstract: The literature on altruism in social psychology, and to a lesser degree in sociology, economics, political behavior and sociobiology since the early 1980’s is reviewed. The authors take the position that in all of these areas, there appears to be a “paradigm shift” away from the earlier position that behavior that appears to be altruistic must, under closer scrutiny, be revealed as reflecting egoistic motives. Rather, theory and data now being advanced are more compatible with the view that true altruism—acting with the goal of benefitting another—does exist and is a part of human nature. Research in social psychology during the 80’s had a decreased emphasis on situational determinants of helping. Rather, it has focussed mainly on the following topics: the existence and nature of the altruistic personality, the debate concerning the nature of the motivation underlying helping behavior, and the nature of the process of the development of altruism in children and adults. During this time there has also been...

Cultural psychology: The culture of acquisition and the practice of understanding

Abstract: When I began research on craft apprenticeship among Vai and Gola tailors in Liberia 15 years ago, the community of scholars who worked on cross-cultural comparative studies of education and cognitive development had definite opinions about “informal education.” Learning through apprenticeship was assumed to be concrete, context-embedded, intuitive, limited in the scope of its application, mechanical, rote, imitative, not creative or innovative – and out of date. Views have changed. There is considerable interest, currently, in situated learning, embodied knowledge, and the mutual constitution of the person and the lived-in world. The math-learning research community, which certainly claims a stake in debates about crucial forms of thinking and knowing, has begun to explore apprenticeship learning, or “the new cognitive apprenticeship.” By this they mean that it might be possible to learn math by doing what mathematicians do , by engaging in the structure-finding activities and mathematical argumentation typical of good mathematical practice (e.g., Brown, Collins, and Newman, in press; Schoenfeld, 1985). They emphasize the situated character of problem-solving activity while focusing on learning in doing. There is agreement, then, about the situated character of learning and knowing in apprenticeship, while the significance of this fact has become subject to quite different valuation over time. Indeed, those same math-learning researchers are likely to describe conventional school math learning as the all too mechanical transmission of a collection of facts to be learned by rote, a process devoid of creative contributions by the learner.

Social Psychology: Sociological Perspectives

Abstract: "A valuable compendium: broad In scope, rich In detail: It should be a most useful reference for students and teachers." This is how Alex Inkeles of Stanford University described this text. It is made more so in this paperback edition aimed to reach a broad student population in sociology and psychology. The new Introduction written by Rosenberg and Turner brings the story of social psychology up to date by a rich and detailed examination of trends and tendencies of the 1980s. Although social psychology is a major area of specialization in sociology and psychology, this text Is the first comprehensive and authoritative work that looks at the subject from a sociological perspective. Edited by two of the foremost social psychologists in the United States, this book presents a synthesis of the major theoretical and empirical contributions of social psychology. They treat both traditional topics such as symbolic interaction, social exchange theory, small groups, social roles, and intergroup relations, and newer approaches such as socialization processes over the life cycle, sociology of the self, talk and social control, and the sociology of sentiments and emotions. The result is an absolutely Indispensable text for students and teachers who need a complete and ready reference to this burgeoning field.

Naturalistic Social Cognition: Empathic Accuracy in Mixed-Sex Dyads

Abstract: The research paradigm that Ickes and his colleagues developed for the study of naturalistic social cognition was used to explore the phenomenon of empathic accuracy in the initial, unstructured interactions of 38 mixed-sex (male-female) dyads. The results indicated that an important aspect of empathic accuracy—content accuracy—could be measured reliably (a = .94) with the procedure used. The results further indicated that content accuracy was, to a large extent, an emergent product of social interaction processes occurring at the level of the dyad. Although many of the findings could be explained in informational terms, some significant motivational influences were observed as well. For example, content accuracy was influenced by the partner's physical attractiveness and, more generally, by the perceiver's apparent interest in the partner (as indexed by various thought/feeling measures). The individual difference variables of grade point average and selfmonitoring also predicted the subjects' levels of content accuracy; however, gender and self-report measures of empathic skills and empathic accuracy did not. If the study of subjective phenomena involving or occurring within a single conscious mind is the domain of mainstream cognitive psychology, it follows logically that the study of intersubjective phenomena involving or occurring between at least two conscious minds is the proper domain of cognitive social psychology (Ickes, Tooke, Stinson, Baker, & Bissonnette, 1988). The logic of this conclusion has been consensually validated by both present and past reviewers of social cognition research. For example, Markus and Zajonc (1985) ended their Handbook chapter on cognitive social psychology by stating that "the properties of social perception and social cognition that make them distinct are reciprocity and intersubjectivity" (p. 213). They noted that "many earlier authors, such as Mead (1934), Merleau-Ponty (1970), Asch, (1952), and Heider (1958)," have drawn essentially the same conclusion. In general, intersubjective phenomena can be characterized as those involving some form of interdependence between the contents or processes of at least two conscious minds (cf. Wegner, Giuliano, & Hertel, 1985). Given this definition, intersubjective phenomena are clearly not the most frequently studied phenomena in cognitive social psychology (Ickes et al., 1988). In most studies of human social cognition, researchers have not inquired how the contents and processes of one mind are interdependent with those of another. Instead, using as their models the studies conducted in more traditional areas of psychology, they have inquired how the contents and processes of

Social Identification, Self-Categorization and Social Influence

Abstract: (1990). Social Identification, Self-Categorization and Social Influence. European Review of Social Psychology: Vol. 1, European Review of Social Psychology, pp. 195-228.

Cultural psychology: Indexicality and socialization

Abstract: Introduction As long as society has been an object of interest and inquiry, scholars have been struggling to understand the process of socialization, roughly defined as a process in which a novice transitions toward becoming a member of a social group (Cicourel, 1973; Wentworth, 1980). In addition, societies the world over have promoted their own folk views about how novices become competent participants in the social group. Both scholarly and folk views of socialization strongly reflect and encode notions of human nature. These notions cover a wide range. For example, in 19th-century Europe, in consonance with the philosophy of Hobbes, human nature was thought to be aggressive and self-centered and socialization to be the process by which this asocial nature was transformed into a pro-social disposition. In contrast, functionalist theories of this century (Parsons, 1937, 1951; Merton, 1949) saw individuals as social by nature and the process of socialization not as a battle between the individual and society, but rather as a smooth and gradual conformity to and internalization of social values and expectations. Currently the process of socialization is receiving considerable attention as a result of a renewed interchange between social and cognitive psychology and a renewed interest, in philosophy and the social sciences, in how individuals construct a sense of reality through ordinary day-to-day social practices (see Bakhtin, 1981; Bourdieu, 1977; Cole, 1985; Giddens, 1979, 1984; Griffin & Cole, 1984; Heath, 1983; Miller, 1982; Much & Shweder, 1978; Ochs & Schieffelin, 1984; Schieffelin & Ochs, 1986a, 1986b; Vygotsky, 1978; Wentworth, 1980; Wertsch, 1985).

Crimes of obedience: Toward a social psychology of authority and responsibility.

Abstract: The My Lai massacre, Watergate, the Iran-Contra affair: these are examples of the tendency for people to commit illegal acts when so ordered by authority. This book examines these events and the public's response to them, presenting a major analysis of the rationale behind "crimes of obedience." "This book explains how individuals in authority can abuse their power by failing to distinguish between discipline and blind obedience. CRIMES OF OBEDIENCE should be required reading for every American citizen."-Senator Daniel K. Inouye "This is a major book in social psychology that deserves the attention of both sociological and psychological traditions. With its focus on concepts such as legitimacy and responsibility that bridge the individual and the social system, it is firmly rooted in an interdisciplinary vision of social psychology. In its recognition that resistance to crimes of obedience depends on collective processes, it makes a major contribution to the social psychology of social movements."-William A. Gamson, American Journal of Sociology "A patently original, socially compelling, thoroughly scholarly dissection of actions in response to commands by authorities that are morally repugnant to some or many of the participants and the rest of us."-Leonard W. Doob, The Key Reporter

The Minimal Group Paradigm: Theoretical Explanations and Empirical Findings

Abstract: (1990). The Minimal Group Paradigm: Theoretical Explanations and Empirical Findings. European Review of Social Psychology: Vol. 1, European Review of Social Psychology, pp. 263-292.

Television and child development

Abstract: Television continues to play a major role in the lives of most children and adolescents, but current research also reflects the explosive growth in new technologies and their widespread use by young people. Integrating information from communication literature as well as from child development and other psychological domains, author Judith Van Evra presents a summary and synthesis of what is currently known about the media's impact on children's physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development, to help discern the complex and significant interplay between other forces in a child's life and the use of various media. This third edition contains updated and expanded coverage of research findings and a review of changing trends in media use including computers, the Internet, books and magazines, music videos, and video games as well as television. New chapters focus on basic research designs and methodologies; cultural diversity; health-related matters and lifestyle choices; media's impact on various social-emotional aspects of a child's development; the use of technology for information and for entertainment; and intervention possibilities, parent strategies, and education. An overall conclusions section at the end of the book provides a cogent summary of findings to date and stimulates discussion of questions and ideas for future research. Television and Child Development explores how, and to what extent, television and other media actually affect children, and what role other variables may play in mediating their impact, so that we can maximize technology's potential for enriching children's cognitive, social, and emotional development, while at the same time minimizing any negative influence. This text is appropriate for researchers, teachers, and students in communications, developmental and social psychology, and education, as well as in areas of advertising, leisure studies, family studies, and health promotion.

Social representations and the development of knowledge

Abstract: List of figures List of tables Acknowledgements 1. Introduction Gerald Duveen and Barbara Lloyd 2. The underlife of the nursery school: young children's social representations of adult rules William A. Corsaro 3. A semiotic analysis of the development of social representations of gender Barbara Lloyd and Gerald Duveen 4. Children's representations of social relations Nicholas Emler, Jocelyne Ohana and Julie Dickinson 5. Social representations of childhood: an implicit theory of development Maria D'Alessio 6. What is in an image? The structure of mothers' images of the child and their influence on conversational styles Luisa Molinari and Francesca Emiliani 7. The acquisition of reflexive social emotions: the transmission and reproduction of social control through joint action Gun R. Semin and Kalliroi Papadopoulou 8. From social cognition to social representations in the study of intelligence Felice F. Carugati 9. Prototypes of the psychologist and professionalisation: diverging social representations of a developmental process Paola De Paolis 10. Social psychology and developmental psychology: extending the conversation Serge Moscovici Author index Subject index.

The sociology of agriculture

Abstract: Preface Introduction: Three Eras of Rural Sociological Research on Agriculture Rural Sociological Research on the Structure of Agriculture, 1900 to the Early 1950s Rural Sociological Research on the Structure of Agriculture, the Early 1950s to the Early 1970s: Behaviorism and the Social Psychology of Agricultural Activities The New Sociology of Agriculture, I: The Political Economy and Social Structure of Farms, Farm Households, and Farm Labor The New Sociology of Agriculture, II: The Environment of Agriculture The New Political Economy of Agriculture: An Evaluation Rural Sociological Research on Agriculture: A Backward Glance Toward the Future Name Index Subject Index

Deconstructing Social Psychology

Abstract: Introduction. Part 1: Texts and Rhetoric. 1. Prefacing Social Psychology: A Textbook Example, Peter Stringer . 2 Crisis what crisis? Discourses and narratives of the 'social' pyschology, Corrine Squire 3. Rhetoric of Social Psychology, Michael Billig 4. The rhetoric of Pseudoscience, Celia Kitzinger 5. 'I gotta use words when I talk to you': Deconstructing the Theory of Communication, Antony Easthope . Part 2: Power and Science. 6. The abstraction and representation of social psychology, Ian Parker 7. Psychology as a 'social' science, Nikolas Rose 8. Social psychology and Social Control, Edward Sampson 9. All Hail the Great Abstraction: Star Wars and the politics of cognitive psychology, John Bowers 10. What's power got to do with it: empowerment and social research, Kum-Kum Bhavnani Part 3: Subjectivity and Individuality 11. Social Individuality versus possessive individualism: The sounds of silence, John Shotter 12. Intergroup Theory and Deconstruction, Mike Michael 13. Researching psychotherapy in Britain: the limits of a psychological approach, David Pilgrim 14. Psychoanalytical Feminism - Deconstructing Power in Theory and therapy, Janet Sayers 15. Differing with Deconstruction: a feminist critique, Erica Burman.

Research Methods in Personality and Social Psychology

Abstract: Editors' Introduction - Clyde Hendrick and Margaret S Clark Research Methods in Personality and Social Psychology Implementing and Using the Dyadic Interaction Paradigm - William Ickes et al Using Electrodermal and Cardiovascular Measures of Arousal in Social Psychological Research - Jim Blascovich and Robert M Kelsey A Practical Guide to the Use of Response Latency in Social Psychological Research - Russell H Fazio Assessing Frequency Reports of Mundane Behaviors - Norbert Schwarz Contributions of Cognitive Psychology to Questionnaire Construction Computer Simulation of Social Interaction - Garold Stasser Meta-Analysis and the Integrative Research Review - Harris Cooper Design Issues in Dyadic Research - David A Kenny Covariance Structure Modeling in Personality and Social Psychological Research - Michael D Coovert, Louis A Penner and Robert MacCallum An Introduction Theory Testing in Personality and Social Psychology with Structural Equation Models - J S Tanaka et al A Primer in 20 Questions Personal Design in Social Cognition - Norman H Anderson Within-Person Correlational Design and Analysis - John L Michela Idiographic and Nomothetic Perspectives on Research Methods and Data Analysis - James Jaccard and Patricia Dittus

Determinants of Social Support Provision in Personal Relationships

Abstract: Social support is discussed as dyadic interactions in which one person is experiencing distress and the other person attempts to provide support. Drawing from helping research in social psychology as well as social-support research, four sets of variables are presented which influence the likelihood of support attempts: stress factors, recipient factors, relationship factors and provider factors. We also present partial results of a pilot study of support intentions which suggests that the extent of past experience with major stressful conditions is significantly and positively associated with a willingness to provide support to peers themselves experiencing stressful problems.

Social Structure and Self-Direction: A Comparative Analysis of the United States and Poland

Abstract: Introduction - a rationale for cross-national inquiry into the relationship of social structure and personality the methodology of the research social class and social stratification in capitalist and socialist societies class, stratification and psychological functioning occupational self-direction as a crucial explanatory link between social structure and personality issues of causal directionality in the relationships of class and stratification with occupational self-direction and psychological functioning social structure and the transmission of values in the family interpreting the cross-national differences a re-evaluation of the thesis and its implications for understanding the relationship between social structure and personality.

Exemplar and Prototype Use in Social Categorization

Abstract: Categorizing people into social groups mediates many processes of interest to social psychology, including stereotyping as well as perceivers' affective and behavioral reactions to the categorized target persons. Though researchers have often assumed that categorization depends on the similarity of the target to an abstracted category prototype, exemplar-based categorization may also be important under some circumstances. We demonstrate that prototype- and exemplar-based social categorization can be empirically distinguished and that socially realistic manipulations can lead perceivers to weight one or the other process more heavily. Perceivers who learn about group prototypes before encountering individual group members (as might occur through social learning of a stereotype) engage in more prototype-based processing, relative to perceivers who encounter group members at the outset. Implications for person memory and social categorization processes, as well as for intergroup relations, are discussed.