Showing papers on "Social psychology (sociology) published in 1994"
24 Apr 1994
TL;DR: Five experiments provide evidence that individuals’ interactions with computers are fundamentally social, and show that social responses to computers are not the result of conscious beliefs that computers are human or human-like.
Abstract: This paper presents a new experimental paradigm for the study of human-computer interaction, Five experiments provide evidence that individuals’ interactions with computers are fundamentally social. The studies show that social responses to computers are not the result of conscious beliefs that computers are human or human-like. Moreover, such behaviors do not result from users’ ignorance or from psychological or social dysfunctions, nor from a belief that subjects are interacting with programmers. Rather, social responses to computers are commonplace and easy to generate. The results reported here present numerous and unprecedented hypotheses, unexpected implications for design, new approaches to usability testing, and direct methods for verii3cation.
1,324 citations
Book•
12 Aug 1994
TL;DR: Galaskiewicz and Wasserman as discussed by the authors presented a review of the social and behavioral sciences from social network analysis and applied it in the field of computer-mediated communication systems (CMSs).
Abstract: Introduction - Joseph Galaskiewicz and Stanley Wasserman Advances in the Social and Behavioral Sciences from Social Network Analysis PART ONE: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND DIFFUSION Network Studies of Social Influence - Peter V Marsden and Noah E Friedkin Epidemiology and Social Networks - Martina Morris Modeling Structured Diffusion Statistical Models for Social Support Networks - Michael E Walker, Stanley Wasserman and Barry Wellman Social Cognition in Context - Philippa Pattison Some Applications of Social Network Analysis PART TWO: ANTHROPOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION Anthropological Contributions to the Study of Social Networks - Jeffrey C Johnson A Review Primate Social Networks - Donald Stone Sade and Malcolm M Dow Network Analysis and Computer-Mediated Communication Systems - Ronald E Rice PART THREE: POLITICS AND ORGANIZATIONS Intraorganizational Networks - David Krackhardt and Daniel J Brass The Micro Side Networks of Interorganizational Relations - Mark S Mizruchi and Joseph Galaskiewicz Marketing and Social Networks - Phipps Arabie and Yoram Wind Networks of Elite Structure and Decision Making - David Knoke
537 citations
Book•
03 Mar 1994
TL;DR: The Durkheimian tradition has been studied in a wide range of contexts, e.g. in the context of social science, economics, and social anthropology as discussed by the authors, where it has been used in the development of social sciences.
Abstract: PROLOGUE: THE RISE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES Social Thought in the Agrarian Empires Medieval Universities Create the Modern Intellectual Economics: The First Social Science The Rise of Public Schools and the University Revolution The Development of the Disciplines And Finally Sociology I: THE CONFLICT TRADITION The Pivotal Position of Karl Marx Friedrich Engels, the Sociologist in the Shadows Max Weber and the Multidimensional Theory of Stratification The Twentieth Century Intermingles Marxian and Weberian Ideas Appendix: Simmel Coser, and Functionalist Conflict Theory II: THE RATIONAL/UTILITARIAN TRADITION The Original Rise and Fall of Utilitarian Philosophy Bringing the Individual Back In Sociology Discovers Sexual and Marriage Markets The Paradoxes and Limits of Rationality Economics Invades Sociology, and Vice Versa The Rational Theory of the State The New Utilitarian Policy Science III: THE DURKHEIMIAN TRADITION Sociology and the Science of Social Order Two Wings: The Macro Tradition The Second Wing: The Lineage of Social Anthropology Ritual Exchange Networks: The Micro/Macro Linkage The Future of the Durkheimian Tradition IV: THE MICROINTERACTIONIST TRADITION A Native American Sociology The Pragmatism of Charles Sanders Peirce Society is in the Mind: Cooley George Herbert Mead's Sociology of Thinking Blumer Creates Symbolic Interactionism The Sociology of Consciousness: Husserl, Schutz, and Garfinkel Erving Goffman's Counterattack A Summing Up
452 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors synthesize a diverse set of emerging ideas and approaches to understand better dynamic community-level social processes of prehistoric material culture production, including scale, context, and materiality of technology.
Abstract: Technology is not only the material means of making artifacts, but a dynamic cultural phenomenon embedded in social action, worldviews, and social reproduction. This paper explores the theoretical foundations for an anthropology of technology that is compatible with this definition. Because of its focus on social agency, practice theory provides an appropriate starting point for a social theory of technology. In addition, three other themes require explicit attention: scale, context, and the materiality of technology. Four case studies demonstrate how archaeologists are beginning to take technology beyond its material dimensions, and additional questions are proposed stemming from the theoretical issues raised in the paper. The purpose of this essay is to synthesize a diverse set of emerging ideas and approaches to understand better dynamic community-level social processes of prehistoric material culture production.
383 citations
TL;DR: The authors illustrates how some basic social psychological tenets can substantially enrich the analysis of the division of labor in organizations, the assignment of wages to positions, and the process through which individuals are matched with work roles.
Abstract: Structural explanations of the production of inequality in organizations often mimic economics in their choice of both variables and theoretical accounts. The «new structuralism» typically has neglected important social psychological processes such as social comparison, categorization, and interpersonal attraction and affiliation. This paper illustrates how some basic social psychological tenets can substantially enrich the analysis of the division of labor in organizations, the assignment of wages to positions, and the process through which individuals are matched with work roles
298 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a longitudinal investigation of alternative sources of social influence and the role of interpersonal relationships in spreading beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors in an organization following a technological change was conducted.
Abstract: This study was a longitudinal investigation of alternative sources of social influence and the role of interpersonal relationships in spreading beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors in an organization following a technological change. Network analysis techniques were used to test the relationships of belief, attitude, and behavior difference matrixes with structural matrixes depicting interaction distance and similarity in patterns of interaction (structural equivalence). The majority of the findings show that the individuals with whom a person interacts directly influence beliefs about personal mastery, but attitudes and behaviors are more affected by structurally equivalent co-workers. Self-monitoring moderated the extent to which interaction with others influenced individuals. Technological change has received a wealth of both theoretical and empirical attention. However, longitudinal research examining the processes by which people come to understand the technologies they employ is sparse. Research and theory on social influence may help illuminate these processes. Several authors (Berger & Luckmann, 1967; Festinger, 1954; Salancik & Pfeffer, 1978; Weick, 1969; Zalesny & Ford, 1990) have addressed the impact of social influence on the development of attitudes and behaviors. They have suggested that individuals develop attitudes and behaviors in part as a result of the social information available to them. However, little research has investigated changes in attitudes and behaviors following an organizational change. In addition, although research has established a relationship between attitudes and social influence, there is little evidence to imply causality, or that social context affects attitudes and behaviors. It is just as likely that people with similar attitudes and behaviors come to socialize with one another. Or perhaps the relationship between attitudes and social relations is spurious. Investigating whether social influence processes do indeed occur and determining their role in the development of attitudes and behaviors regarding a technological change requires longitudinal investigation.
284 citations
TL;DR: This article reviewed the book "Social Psychology in Organizations: Advances in Theory and Research, edited by J. Keith Murninghan" and found that the book is a good introduction to organizational psychology.
Abstract: The article reviews the book “Social Psychology in Organizations: Advances in Theory and Research,” edited by J. Keith Murninghan.
255 citations
Book•
13 Dec 1994
TL;DR: Explaining Health and Illness An Introduction Illness, the Patient and Society Ideas about Health and Staying Healthy Recognizing Symptoms and Falling Ill The Healing Relationship Doctors, Patients and Nurses Illness and Gender Studying Women's Health Chronic Illness Stress, Illness And Social Support Promoting Health and Preventing Disease
Abstract: Explaining Health and Illness An Introduction Illness, the Patient and Society Ideas about Health and Staying Healthy Recognizing Symptoms and Falling Ill The Healing Relationship Doctors, Patients and Nurses Illness and Gender Studying Women's Health Chronic Illness Stress, Illness and Social Support Promoting Health and Preventing Disease
225 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: Social cognition and classic issues in social psychology as discussed by the authors, DL Hamilton, PG Devine and TM Ostrom a personal perspective on social cognition, RP Abelson impression formation - from recitals to symphonie fantastique, J-P Leyens and ST Fiske social cognition contributions to attribution theory and research, ER Smith the role of trait constructs in person perception - a historical perspective, RS Wyer Jr and AJ Lambert social cognition of the self, PW Linville and DE Carlston the cognitive foundations of attitudes - it's a wonderful construct.
Abstract: Social cognition and classic issues in social psychology, DL Hamilton, PG Devine and TM Ostrom a personal perspective on social cognition, RP Abelson impression formation - from recitals to symphonie fantastique, J-P Leyens and ST Fiske social cognition contributions to attribution theory and research, ER Smith the role of trait constructs in person perception - a historical perspective, RS Wyer Jr and AJ Lambert social cognition of the self, PW Linville and DE Carlston the cognitive foundations of attitudes - it's a wonderful construct, TM Ostrom, JJ Skowronski and A Nowak the social cognition analysis of social influence - contributions to the understanding of persuasion and conformity, DM Mackie and JJ Skelly social cognition and the study of stereotyping, SJ Stroessner and DM Driscoll prejudice and prejudice reduction - classic challenges, contemporary approaches, MJ Monteith, JR Zuwerink and PG Devine cognitive processes and intergroup relations - a historical perspective, M Rothbart and S Lewis
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the differentiation of history and theory, and the notion of the past and the rise of social history in the context of social change and the convergence of theory and history.
Abstract: * Preface *1 THEORISTS AND HISTORIANS * A Dialogue of the Deaf * The Differentiation of History and Theory * The Dismissal of the Past * The Rise of Social History * The Convergence of Theory and History *2 MODELS AND METHODS * Comparisons * Models * Quantitative Methods * The Social Microscope *3 CENTRAL CONCEPTS * Roles and Performances * Sex and Gender * Family and Kinship * Communities and Identities * Class and Status * Social Mobility and Social Distinction * Consumption and Exchange * Social and Cultural Capital * Patrons and Clients * Power and the Public Sphere * Centres and Peripheries * Hegemony and Resistance * Social Protest and Social Movements * Mentalities, Ideologies, Discourses * Communication and Reception * Postcolonialism and Cultural Hybridity * Orality and Textuality * Memory and Myth *4 CENTRAL PROBLEMS * Rationality versus Relativism * Concepts of Culture * Consensus versus Conflict * Facts versus Fictions * Structures versus Agents * Functionalism * The Example of Venice * Structuralism * The Return of the Actor *5 SOCIAL THEORY AND SOCIAL CHANGE * Spencera s Model * Marxa s Model * A Third Way? * Essays in Synthesis * Patterns of Population * Patterns of Culture * Encounters * The Importance of Events * Generations *6 POSTMODERNITY AND POSTMODERNISM * Destabilization * Cultural Constructions * Decentering * Beyond Eurocentrism? * Globalization * To Conclude * Bibliography * Index
TL;DR: In this article, the personal needs of individuals and the situational affordances of social life interactively define strategic solutions to life task problems and provide an illustration of a common language for personality and social psychologies.
Abstract: An analysis of life task problem solving provides an illustration of a common language for personality and social psychologies. The personal needs of individuals and the situational affordances of social life interactively define strategic solutions to life task problems. Research on situations that encourage a gentic or communal goals in late adolescents' pursuit of the intimacy life task and on three achievement strategies in which social support takes different forms to serve different individuals' needs exemplifies the coordination of what people need to do and what situations afford to be done in daily-life problem solving.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated trends in social psychological research on groups and found that interest in groups fell during the late 1970s, remained low during most of the 1980s, and then rose again during the 1990s.
Book•
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: The case of Beethoven's Initial Recognition Ageism and the Deployments of 'Age' - Christopher L Bodily A Constructionist View Cocaine Careers - Karl E Scheibe Historical and Individual Constructions A Sociocultural Construction of 'Depressions' - Morton Wiener and David Marcus Constructing Family - James A Holstein and Jaber F Gubrium Descriptive Practice and Domestic Order as mentioned in this paper The Many and Varied Social Constructions of Intelligence - Milton L Andersen Some Constructionist Observations on 'Anxiety' and its History - Richard S
Abstract: Prologue - Theodore R Sarbin and John I Kitsuse PART ONE: PUBLIC DOCUMENTS AS SOURCES OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONS The Social Construction of Personal Histories - Mary Gergen Gendered Lives in Popular Autobiographies The Social Construction of Pregnancy and Fetal Development - Carol Brooks Gardner Notes on a Nineteenth-Century Rhetoric of Endangerment Correspondents' Images of Martin Luther King Jr - Stephen J Lilley and Gerald M Platt An Interpretive Theory of Movement Leadership PART TWO: SOCIOPOLITICAL FACTORS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIAL CATEGORIES Practices of Truth-Finding in a Court of Law - Kim Lane Scheppele The Case of Revised Stories Gender, Science and Sexual Dysfunction - Mary Boyle The Many and Varied Social Constructions of Intelligence - Milton L Andersen Some Constructionist Observations on 'Anxiety' and its History - Richard S Hallam PART THREE: THE DECONSTRUCTION OF POPULAR CONCEPTIONS Genius - Tia DeNora and Hugh Mehan A Social Construction, the Case of Beethoven's Initial Recognition Ageism and the Deployments of 'Age' - Christopher L Bodily A Constructionist View Cocaine Careers - Karl E Scheibe Historical and Individual Constructions A Sociocultural Construction of 'Depressions' - Morton Wiener and David Marcus Constructing Family - James A Holstein and Jaber F Gubrium Descriptive Practice and Domestic Order
TL;DR: The authors addressed the application of positioning theory, a new emerging theoretical scheme on the issue of cultural stereotyping, to analyze the concept of cultural stereotypes in social psychology, and demonstrated how positioning theory can be used to analytically refine the concept.
Abstract: This paper addresses the application of positioning theory, a new emerging theoretical scheme on the issue of cultural stereotyping. First, a critical conceptual analysis of the words‘cultural stereotype’is presented. Secondly, the basic tenets of positioning theory are outlined. Finally, it will be demonstrated how the framework of positioning theory can be used to analytically refine the concept of cultural stereotype. The main upshot of the article is that within social psychology, the concept of cultural stereotype is used in a conceptually vague and blurred way and that, with the necessary conceptual refinements, other research-agendas on stereotypes will have to be tackled if social psychologists want to contribute anything to the societal efforts of changing stereotypes.
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a social psychology of special education and a framework for research and educational practice based on Vygotsky, Bakhtin, Davdov and Zinchenko.
Abstract: Preface Harry Daniels 1. Reading Vygotsky Tony Burgess 2. A social psychology of special education Peter Evans 3. The individual and the organization Harry Daniels 4. Continuing the dialogue: Vygotsky, Bakhtin, and Lotman James V. Wertsch and Ana Luiza Bustamante Smolka 5. Vygotsky's contribution to the development of psychology V.V. Davdov and V.P. Zinchenko 6. Peer interaction and the development of mathematical understandings: A new framework for research and educational practice Geoffrey B. Saxe, Maryl Gearhart, Mary Note and Pamela Paduano 7. The practice of assessment Ingrid Lunt 8. Learning in primary school Andrew Pollard 9. Learning English as an additional language in multilingual classrooms Josie Levine
Book•
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the prevailing methods being used in social psychological research on health and safety, comparing the Health Belief Model with the Theory of Planned Behaviour, and conclude that the health belief model is more accurate than the theory of planned behaviour.
Abstract: This work, based upon a conference of the European Association of Experimental Social Psychology, examines the prevailing methods being used in social psychological research on health and safety. It compares the Health Belief Model with the Theory of Planned Behaviour.
TL;DR: The main chapter argues that a consideration of the evolutionary literature is not only a potentially useful tool in generating hypotheses about social psychological phenomena but that it is also an essential framework for a full understanding of the phenomena.
Abstract: Publisher Summary The main chapter argues that a consideration of the evolutionary literature is not only a potentially useful tool in generating hypotheses about social psychological phenomena but that it is also an essential framework for a full understanding of the phenomena. The other goal is to show that social psychological methods and findings can help provide essential pieces of the puzzle connecting evolutionary psychology and cognitive science. The chapter summarizes the general principles of evolutionary social psychology. The chapter considers a number of studies conducted in the area of gender differences in attraction and mate selection that wed the traditional evolutionary and social psychological approaches. Perhaps because of the importance of individual differences and differential reproduction to evolutionary theory, mate selection is one of the research areas that have resulted in a great deal of fruitful cross-fertilization. The chapter discusses that the implications of these and related findings should concern all social psychologists, and not only those studying heterosexual relationships. Several researchers working in the areas of aggression, altruism, and group processes have considered the ultimate implications of their findings.
TL;DR: An in-depth case study was undertaken to assess the effects of what Kitwood has termed ‘malignant social psychology’ on the observed behaviour of an Alzheimer's disease sufferer, finding the sufferer's behaviour was found to be affected not only by the extant neuropathology, but also by social relationships.
Abstract: An in-depth case study was undertaken to assess the effects of what Kitwood has termed ‘malignant social psychology’ on the observed behaviour of an Alzheimer's disease sufferer. Interviews were conducted with the spouse and observations were made in an adult day-care centre, where staff members were also interviewed. Abilities that the spouse reported to be absent at home were readily observed at the day-care centre, lending support to Brody's idea of excess disability, i.e. disability not due to disease alone. Furthermore, forms of malignant social psychology existed in the home environment but did not exist in the day-care centre. Excess disability and its absence coincided with the presence and absence of aspects of malignant social psychology. The sufferer's behaviour was found to be affected not only by the extant neuropathology, but also by social relationships.
TL;DR: For instance, the authors found that those whose commitment to their faith was internalized and whose religious group had a norm of prejudice were indeed prejudiced; those whose religious norms included tolerance were tolerant.
Abstract: G. W. Allport referred to religious intrinsicness as an “orientation.” The scales in Allport and J. M. Ross reflect that concern, including items that illustrate not only affect and values in the religious domain but also behavior, such as church attendance. The results were as predicted from a motivational theory of intrinsic religiousness and were directly counter to Allport’s position: Those whose commitment to their faith was internalized and whose religious group had a norm of prejudice were indeed prejudiced; those whose religious norms included tolerance were tolerant. Cognitive theories are only indirectly motivational, but they do seek to explain some of the same phenomena. The affect/value distinction is useful for hypothesizing which motivational theory relates to what part of religious commitment. Debates over attributions of causation are widely known in psychology. In social psychology, attributing a cause to a personal source rather than to environmental forces is referred to as the fundamental attribution error.
TL;DR: This article gave an overview of faculty development in the United States during the past 30 years and suggested what remains to be done before this movement becomes fully institutionalized in American higher education, and gave a detailed overview of the challenges faced by higher education.
Abstract: This report gives an overview of faculty development in the United States during the past 30 years and suggests what remains to be done before this movement becomes fully institutionalized in American higher education.
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: The authors reexamine the meaning of occupational prestige scores from the social psychological perspective of identity theory using comparable data for Canada and the United States, and analyze the impact of prestige scores on job performance.
Abstract: This research reexamines the meaning of occupational prestige scores from the social psychological perspective of identity theory. Using comparable data for Canada and the United States, it analyze...
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of unidirectional causal explanations in conceptions of rationality is analyzed and some heuristic perspectives that Social Representation Theory can offer regarding these issues are discussed.
Abstract: This paper analyses the problem of unidirectional causal explanations in conceptions of rationality First, three classical conceptions in social science are presented: the cultural-ideological conception, the formal logical conception and the theory of games Second, the problem of the consistency between beliefs and decisions is discussed with regard to expectancy-value models We consider that social psychology's approaches to rational choice are framed within methodological individualism The model of social representations offers the possibility to analyze in depth the relations between the macro and micro processes playing a role in rational choice It helps us to embed rational choice in a more social context The analysis of the relationship between belief systems and behaviour in social sciences in general and in social psychology specifically has been as productive and heuristic as it has been confusing and problematic It is productive and heuristic because a substantial number of concepts, theories and processes developed in social psychology are based on the relationship between beliefs and behaviour According to this approach, which is anchored in common sense and founded on Indo-European thought (McGuire 1986) there is a relationship between what people (say they) think and what they (say they) do This 'rationality' that human behaviour supposedly has is also confusing and problematic and from the beginning of modern social science it has been severely criticized at the meta- theoretical, methodological and theoretical levels What is understood by 'rational' when discussing belief systems and their relationship to behaviour(al decisions) can still be considered as 'a problem to be solved' Lukes (1970), for example, emphasizes that 'the use of the term rational and its cognates has caused great confusion and obscurity', as it conveys different meanings and semantic uses (for example: rational decision making, rational behaviour, etc) In fact, this term has become one of the most complex terms of social sciences (Seliktar 1986) This paper focuses on identifying the problems inherent in unidirectional causal explanatory models when applied to rationality and to models of consistency between beliefs and behaviours Later, some heuristic perspectives that Social Representation Theory can offer regarding these issues will be discussed
TL;DR: This article argued that psychology journals are "depopulated" texts; strategies for ''repopulating" them are discussed; and the procedure of median case reconstruction is suggested. But these rhetorical devices are not discussed as methodological defects, but as means for accomplishing depopulation.
Abstract: The author of this academic article writes about the way that psychology, especially social psychology, is written in academic journals. It is argued that the journals are `depopulated' texts; strategies for `repopulating' them are discussed. Two issues of the European Journal of Social Psychology are examined in detail, in order to show how social psychological texts rhetorically transform individuals into interchangeable subjects. Several rhetorical devices are outlined: for instance, `variable vagueness' in describing subjects, unmarked expressions for describing group differences, and the routine absence of individual data. These rhetorical devices are not discussed as methodological defects, but as means for accomplishing depopulation. The result of these conventional practices of writing is that psychologists tend to produce general descriptions which are not instantiated in particular cases. To remedy this, the procedure of Median Case Reconstruction is suggested. Not only would Median Case Reconst...