Showing papers on "Social psychology (sociology) published in 2000"
TL;DR: Among the many traditions of research on "identity", two somewhat different yet strongly related strands of identity theory have developed as mentioned in this paper, reflected in the linkages of social structures with identities.
Abstract: Among the many traditions of research on "identity," two somewhat different yet strongly related strands of identity theory have developed. The first, reflected in the work of Stryker and colleagues, focuses on the linkages of social structures with identities. The second, reflected in the work of Burke and colleagues, focuses on the internal process of self-verification. In the present paper we review each of these strands and then discuss ways in which the two relate to and complement one another Each provides a context for the other: the relation of social structures to identities influences the process of self-verification, while the process of self-verification creates and sustains social structures. The paper concludes with examples of potentially useful applications of identity theory to other arenas of social psychology, and with a discussion of challenges that identity theory must meet to provide a clear understanding of the relation between self and society. The language of "identity" is ubiquitous in contemporary social science, cutting across psychoanalysis, psychology, political science, sociology, and history. The common usage of the term identity, however, belies the considerable variability in both its conceptual meanings and its theoretical role. Even when consideration is restricted to sociology and social psychology, variation is still considerable.'
2,982 citations
TL;DR: The authors argued that the Internet by itself is not a main effect cause of anything, and that psychology must move beyond this notion to an informed analysis of how social iden tity, social interaction, and relationship formation may be different on the Internet than in real life.
Abstract: Just as with most other communication breakthroughs before it, the initial media and popular reaction to the Internet has been largely negative, if not apocalyptic. For example, it has been described as “awash in pornography”, and more recently as making people “sad and lonely.” Yet, counter to the initial and widely publi cized claim that Internet use causes depression and social isolation, the body of ev idence (even in the initial study on which the claim was based) is mainly to the con trary. More than this, however, it is argued that like the telephone and television before it, the Internet by itself is not a main effect cause of anything, and that psy chology must move beyond this notion to an informed analysis of how social iden tity, social interaction, and relationship formation may be different on the Internet than in real life. Four major differences and their implications for self and identity, social interaction, and relationships are identified: one's greater anonymity, the greatly reduced i...
1,427 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a subjective uncertainty reduction model of motivation associated with social identity process and group and intergroup behavior is developed and described, based on social identity theory and self-categorization theory.
Abstract: A motivational extension of social identity theory is proposed: the uncertainty reduction hypothesis. Building on social identity theory and self-categorization theory, a subjective uncertainty reduction model of motivation associated with social identity process and group and intergroup behavior is developed and described. Contextually generated subjective uncertainty about important, usually self-conceptually relevant, matters motivates uncertainty reduction. The processes of self-categorization and prototypical depersonalization responsible for social identification and group behaviors are well suited to subjective uncertainty reduction; they contextually assimilate self to a prescriptive prototype that guides and consensually validates perception, cognition, affect and behavior. Group membership, social category-based self-conceptualization, group behavior, and intergroup relations are motivated by uncertainty reduction. Contextual uncertainty can be reduced by group membership and group action. This ...
848 citations
Book•
20 Oct 2000
TL;DR: This book discusses the history and actuality of social representation, the Dreyfus Affair, Proust and Social Psychology, and the role of language in the development of social consciousness.
Abstract: Acknowledgements. Introduction: the Power of Ideas by Gerard Duveen. Chapter 1: The Phenomenon of Social Representations. Chapter 2: Society and Theory in Social Psychology. Chapter 3: The History and Actuality of Social Representations. Chapter 4: The Concept of Themata (with G. Vignaux). Chapter 5: The Dreyfus Affair, Proust and Social Psychology. Chapter 6: Social Consciousness and its History. Chapter 7: Ideas and the Development: a Dialogue between Serge Moscovici and Ivana Markova. References. Index
783 citations
TL;DR: Support seeking was highest for diseases viewed as stigmatizing and was lowest for less embarrassing but equally devastating disorders, such as heart disease, and implications for social comparison theory and its applications in health care are discussed.
Abstract: More Americans try to change their health behaviors through self-help than through all other forms of professionally designed programs. Mutual support groups, involving little or no cost to participants, have a powerful effect on mental and physical health, yet little is known about patterns of support group participation in health care. What kinds of illness experiences prompt patients to seek each other's company? In an effort to observe social comparison processes with real-world relevance, support group participation was measured for 20 disease categories in 4 metropolitan areas (New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Dallas) and on 2 on-line forums. Support seeking was highest for diseases viewed as stigmatizing (e.g., AIDS, alcoholism, breast and prostate cancer) and was lowest for less embarrassing but equally devastating disorders, such as heart disease. The authors discuss implications for social comparison theory and its applications in health care.
728 citations
TL;DR: This article reviewed the social psychological underpinnings of identity, emphasizing social cognitive and symbolic interactionist perspectives and research, and then turned then to key themes of current work on identity: social psychological, sociological, and interdisciplinary.
Abstract: In this chapter I review the social psychological underpinnings of identity, emphasizing social cognitive and symbolic interactionist perspectives and research, and I turn then to key themes of current work on identity—social psychological, sociological, and interdisciplinary. I emphasize the social bases of identity, particularly identities based on ethnicity, race, sexuality, gender, class, age, and (dis)ability, both separately and as they intersect. I also take up identities based on space, both geographic and virtual. I discuss struggles over identities, organized by social inequalities, nationalisms, and social movements. I conclude by discussing postmodernist conceptions of identities as fluid, multidimensional, personalized social constructions that reflect sociohistorical contexts, approaches remarkably consistent with recent empirical social psychological research, and I argue explicitly for a politicized social psychology of identities that brings together the structures of everyday lives and t...
718 citations
TL;DR: This study contributes to this project by presenting a sympathetic but critical evaluation of research on place-identity, arguing that such research is valuable in that it has established the importance of place for creating and sustaining a sense of self.
Abstract: Questions of 'who we are' are often intimately related to questions of 'where we are', an idea captured in the environmental psychological concept of place-identity. The value of this concept is that it attends to the located nature of subjectivity, challenging the disembodied notions of identity preferred by social psychologists. The topic of place identity would thus seem to be a productive point around which the sub-disciplines of social and environmental psychology might meet, answering calls for greater disciplinary cross-fertilization. This study contributes to this project by presenting a sympathetic but critical evaluation of research on place-identity. It argues that such research is valuable in that it has established the importance of place for creating and sustaining a sense of self. However, drawing on recent developments in discursive approaches to social psychology, the authors identify several limitations with existing work on place-identity. This critique is then developed through analysis of an ongoing research programme located in the changing landscapes of the new South Africa.
553 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that farmers with greater environmental awareness, members of the Farming and Wildlife Advisory Group, are more influenced by conservation-related concerns and less by farm management concerns than other farmers.
479 citations
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: Eckes and Trautner as mentioned in this paper proposed an evolutionary life-history model of gender differences and similarities, which they used to understand the development of gender in the human brain.
Abstract: Contents: Preface. Part I: Introduction. T. Eckes, H.M. Trautner, Developmental Social Psychology of Gender: An Integrative Framework. Part II: Theoretical Approaches. D.T. Kenrick, C.L. Luce, An Evolutionary Life-History Model of Gender Differences and Similarities. B.I. Fagot, C.S. Rodgers, M.D. Leinbach, Theories of Gender Socialization. C.L. Martin, Cognitive Theories of Gender Development. A.H. Eagly, W. Wood, A.B. Diekman, Social Role Theory of Sex Differences and Similarities: A Current Appraisal. Part III: Gender Categorization and Interpersonal Behavior. B. Hannover, Development of the Self in Gendered Contexts. S.E. Zemore, S.T. Fiske, H-J. Kim, Gender Stereotypes and the Dynamics of Social Interaction. P. Glick, L. Hilt, Combative Children to Ambivalent Adults: The Development of Gender Prejudice. B. Krahe, Sexual Scripts and Heterosexual Aggression. Part IV: Gender, Group, and Culture. L.L. Carli, D. Bukatko, Gender, Communication, and Social Influence: A Developmental Perspective. J.S. Eccles, C. Freedman-Doan, P. Frome, J. Jacobs, K.S. Yoon, Gender-Role Socialization in the Family: A Longitudinal Approach. A.E. Abele, A Dual-Impact Model of Gender and Career-Related Processes. J.L. Gibbons, Gender Development in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Part V: Conclusions. H.M. Trautner, T. Eckes, Putting Gender Development Into Context: Problems and Prospects.
440 citations
TL;DR: Barbara F. West, Candace and Sarah Fenstermaker as mentioned in this paper proposed the notion of "feeling and thinking": Preferences Need No Inferences." American Psychologist 35 (2): 151-75.
Abstract: BARBARA F. RESKIN Harvard University Giddens, Anthony. 1984. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press. Goffman, Erving. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. . 1963. Behavior in Public Places: Notes on the Social Organization of Gatherings. New York: Free Press. Heider, Fritz. 1958. The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley. Heimer, Carol, and Lisa R. Staffen. 1998. For the Sake of the Children: The Social Organization of Responsibility in the Hospital and the Home. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 1983. The Managed Heart Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press. Latane, Bibb and John M. Darley. 1970. The Unresponsive Bystander. New York: Meredith. Rollins, Judith. 1985. Between Women: Domestics and Their Employers. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Rossi, Alice S., and Peter H. Rossi. 1990. Of Human Bonding. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter. Rubin, Zick. 1973. Liking and Loving: An Invitation to Social Psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Schegloff, Emanuel A. 1968. "Sequencing in Conversational Openings." American Anthropologist 70: 1075-95. 1996. "Confirming Allusions: Toward an Empirical Account of Action." American Journal of Sociology 104 (1): 161-216. Smith, Dorothy E. 1987. The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist Sociology. Boston: Northeastern University Press. . 1990. The Conceptual Practices of Power: A Feminist Sociology of Knowledge. Boston: Northeastern University Press. Tavuchis, Nicholas. 1991. Mea Culpa: A Sociology of Apology and Reconciliation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. West, Candace 1996. "Goffman in Feminist Perspective." Sociological Perspectives 39 (Fall): 353-69. West, Candace and Sarah Fenstermaker. 1995. "Doing Difference." Gender and Society 9: 8-37. West, Candace and Don H. Zimmerman. 1987. "Doing Gender." Gender and Society 1: 125-51. White, Harrison C. and Vilhelm Aubert. 1959. "Sleep: A Sociological Interpretation." Acta Sociologica 4, fasc 3: 1-16. Zajonc, Robert B. 1980. "Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences." American Psychologist 35 (2): 151-75. Zimmerman, Don H. and Candace West. 1975. "Sex Roles, Interruptiolls and Silences in Conversation." Pp. 105-29 in Language and Sex, edited by B. Thorne and N. Henley. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
TL;DR: The concept of community participation plays a central role in policies and interventions seeking to reduce health inequalities as discussed by the authors, and it is suggested that social identities, social representations and power are crucial elements for constructing a social psychology of participation.
Abstract: The concept of ‘community participation’ plays a central role in policies and interventions seeking to reduce health inequalities. This paper seeks to contribute to debates about the role of participation in health by suggesting how social psychological concepts can add to the theorisation of participation. It criticises traditional concepts of development and introduces some of the challenged that are present for development and community theorists in conditions of rapid globalisation. The paper proceeds to demarcate the space which a social psychology of participation occupies within the terrain of existing research into the health-society interface. The concepts of empowerment and social capital are identified as important starting points to address the relative lack of social psychological attention to community-level determinants of health. It is suggested that social identities, social representations and power are crucial elements for constructing a social psychology of participation. The paper concludes by highlighting the vital link that should exist between the development of theory and practical interventions. Paulo Freire's notion of conscientisation is a guiding notion throughout the paper. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Book•
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: Sharing Beliefs in groups: A History of the Study of Shared Beliefs as discussed by the authors The history of shared belief formation, dissemination, maintenance, and change of shared beliefs in groups.
Abstract: Sharing Beliefs in Groups A History of the Study of Shared Beliefs Nature of Societal Beliefs Formation, Dissemination, Maintenance and Change of Societal Beliefs Societal Beliefs about Patriotism Societal Beliefs about Security Societal Beliefs about Siege Societal Beliefs about Delgitimization The Ethos of a Society Societal Beliefs and Ethos Contribution to Societal Psychology
Book Chapter•
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: This paper examined institutional confidence in 17 trilateral democracies from the early 1980s to the early 1990s and concluded that social trust and confidence in government and its institutions are strongly associated with each other.
Abstract: Is there a widespread loss of faith in the core institutions of representative democracy? Based on a comparison of 17 trilateral democracies this study examines institutional confidence from the early 1980s to the early 1990s then considers explanations based on the social psychology of trusting personalities, cultural accounts based on life experiences, and theories of institutional performance. The study concludes that at national level, social trust and confidence in government and its institutions are strongly associated with each other. Social trust can help build effective social and political institutions, which can help governments perform effectively, and this in t urn encourages confidence in civic institutions.
TL;DR: The relationship between social presence and the social learning theory is examined and is required to enhance and foster on-line social interaction, which is the major vehicle of social learning.
TL;DR: For example, this article found that students who perceive high supportiveness from all three sources of support, as opposed to none, one, or two, have better attendance; spend more hours studying; avoid problem behavior more; have higher school satisfaction, engagement, and self-efficacy; and obtain better grades.
Abstract: This investigation compares school outcomes for students who differ in the extent to which they perceive their parents, friends, and teachers—each alone and in combination—as important sources of social support. Findings indicate that middle and high school students who perceive high supportiveness from all three sources of support, as opposed to none, one, or two, have better attendance; spend more hours studying; avoid problem behavior more; have higher school satisfaction, engagement, and self-efficacy; and obtain better grades. Positive school outcomes are promoted when teacher support is perceived in combination with perceived support from parents and friends. Implications of the results for human service providers are presented.
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In this article, Bielby et al. discuss the relationship between gender, status, and the social psychology of expectation, and propose a theory of gender vertigo, which is based on the concept of social construction of status value.
Abstract: WILLIAM T. BIELBY University of California, Santa Barbara bielbyw@Rsssf: ucsb. ed u Assessment of Yob Applicants." Social Psychology Quarterly 57: 326-339. Glass, Xennifer. 2000. "Envisioning the Integration of Family and SVork: Toward a Kinder, Gentler Workplace." Contemporary Sociology 29: 129-43.. Harrod, Wendy J. 1980. "Expectations from Unequal Rewards." Social Psychology (;2uarterly 43: 126-30. Hochschild, Arlie R. 1997. The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work. New York: Metropolitan Books. Kessler, Suzanne and Wendy McKenna. 1978. Gender: An Ethnomethodological Approach. New York: Wiley. Lorber, Yudith. 1994. Paradoxes of Gender. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Major, Brenda. 1989. "Gender Differences in Comparisons and Entitlement: Implication for Comparable Worth." Joumal of Social lssues 45: 99-115. Markovsky, Barry, LeRoy F. Smith, and Joseph Berger. 1984. "Do Status Interventions Persist?" American Sociological Review 49: 373-82. Miller, Dale T. and W. Turnbull. 1986. "Expectancies and Interpersonal Processes." Annual Review of Psychology 37: 233-56. Pugh, Meredith D. and Ralph Wahrman. 1983. "Neutralizing Sexism in Mixed
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: The first book to examine the psychological motivations underlying people's attitudes, as well as why people form attitudes, the authors presents empirical research describing theoretical perspectives and practical applications, and examines the topics of attitude function persuasion, individual-differences approaches, and the role of motivation within a variety of psychological disciplines.
Abstract: As the first book to examine the psychological motivations underlying people's attitudes, as well as why people form attitudes, this volume presents empirical research describing theoretical perspectives and practical applications. The editors assembled the leaders in the field to examine the topics of attitude function persuasion, individual-differences approaches, and the role of motivation within a variety of psychological disciplines, including social, personality, consumer, and environmental.
TL;DR: Social identity theory is a nonreductionist account of the relationship between collective self and social group as discussed by the authors, which can be seen as an alternative to cognitive-motivational processes that affect, and are affected by, group, intergroup, and societal processes.
Abstract: Social identity theory is a nonreductionist account of the relationship between collective self and social group. Cognitive-motivational processes affect, and are affected by, group, intergroup, and societal processes, to make people behave and think about themselves and others in ways that are generally characteristics of groups and specifically shaped by the social context. The development and current status of social identity theory is described historically, as part of the debate between collectivistic and individualistic perspectives on social psychology, the social group, and the self-concept. The authors trace the debate from Wundt through Durkheim, LeBon, McDougall, Mead, and the 'crisis in social psychology' and show how the development of European social psychology framed the development of social identity theory. The article concludes with a critical discussion of the collectivistic credentials of social identity theory.
TL;DR: In this paper, the core of each discipline can be conceptualized as a moral order that defines the basic beliefs, values and norms of the local culture, and the analysis of students' accounts demonstrates essential differences regarding how the virtues and vices of studying are understood and what kinds of social identities are constructed in these fields.
Abstract: Based on qualitative data gathered in one Finnishuniversity, the article examines disciplinary culturesof four study fields: computer science, libraryscience and informatics, public administration, andsociology and social psychology. It is suggested thatthe core of each discipline can be conceptualized asa moral order that defines the basic beliefs, valuesand norms of the local culture. Following this frameof reference, the analysis of students' accountsdemonstrates essential differences regarding how thevirtues and vices of studying are understood and whatkinds of social identities are constructed indifferent fields. The implications of the results forthe quality assessment and the development ofuniversity teaching are discussed.
TL;DR: The authors proposed that one potential unifying theme underlying much of the recent research on groups is social sharedness: the degree to which cognitions, preferences, identities, etc. are shared and are being shared within groups.
Abstract: Although much of the research on small groups in social psychology has emphasized cognitive, information-processing tasks (decision-making and problem solving), only recently have groups been conceptualized as information-processing systems. Partially due to this new conceptualization, group research is on the rise, yet much of this research is discipline specific. Few attempts have been made to integrate this research to provide common themes or frameworks across disciplinary boundaries. We propose that one potential unifying theme underlying much of the recent research on groups is ‘social sharedness’: the degree to which cognitions, preferences, identities, etc. are shared and are being shared within groups. Through a targeted review of the literature, we attempt to demonstrate that social sharedness is central to understanding group decision-making, provides a tie between past and current group research, and can serve a unifying function for future endeavors.
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: Social identity theory as discussed by the authors is a theory of the social group that originated in Europe in the very early 1970s, and that now has a significant and still burgeoning profile in contemporary social psychology.
Abstract: Social comparison is a pervasive and fundamental feature of group life. People compare themselves with fellow group members, they compare themselves with people in other groups, and they compare their own group with other groups. From these comparisons emerge group norms, group structure, and intergroup relations, which in turn provide the framework for group-based social comparisons. Any theory of the social group therefore would be a strange theory indeed if it did not deal with social comparison processes. In this chapter, I discuss social identity theory; a theory of the social group that originated in Europe in the very early 1970s, and that now has a significant and still burgeoning profile in contemporary social psychology.
TL;DR: In this paper, the benefits and costs of both sides of social cognition are discussed, i.e., the cognition of social psychology principles of organization, explanation, knowledge activation and use; and the social psychology of cognition principles of shared reality role enactment, social positions and identities and internal audiences.
Abstract: Social-cognitive principles underlie people's learning about what matters in the social world. The benefits of these social-cognitive principles reveal essential aspects of what it means to be human. But these social-cognitive principles also have inherent costs, which highlight what it means to be ‘only human’. Social cognition is ‘social’ because what is learned concerns the social world, and where the learning takes place is in the social world. This paper reviews the benefits and costs of both sides of social cognition: (1) the cognition of social psychology principles of organization, explanation, knowledge activation and use; and (2) the social psychology of cognition principles of shared reality role enactment, social positions and identities and internal audiences. The fact that there are inherent costs of the same social-cognitive principles for which there are essential benefits affords a new perspective on social-cognitive costs that is different from either the classic ‘conflict’ perspective or the more current ‘limited capacity’ and ‘dual-process’ perspectives. This ‘trade-off’ perspective deepens both our understanding of the true nature of these principles and our appreciation of our common humanity. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: A review of social psychological theories relating to political identity and group behavior can be found in this article, where the authors define individual and social identity, examine the main social psychological explanations of social identity and discuss work on intergroup relations, boundaries, and conflict.
Abstract: This chapter reviews social psychological theories relating to political identity and group behavior. We define individual and social identity, examine the main social psychological explanations of social identity, and discuss work on intergroup relations, boundaries, and conflict. We suggest several particular substantive political debates that would benefit from knowledge of this literature.
Book•
01 May 2000
TL;DR: Brown and Capozza as discussed by the authors proposed a multidimensional model of identity for social identity theory in the context of group interaction and social discrimination, which is based on the notion of individual and group identities.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION Social Identity Theory in Retrospect and Prospect - Rupert Brown and Dora Capozza PART ONE: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES Models, Meanings and Motivations - Kay Deaux A Multidimensional Model of Identity - Stephen Worchel, Jonathan Iuzzini, Dawna Coutant, and Manuela Ivaldi Relating Individual and Group Identities to Intergroup Behaviour PART TWO: INGROUP BIAS: MEASURES AND CONDITIONS Valence-Dependent Probability of Ingroup Favouritism between Minimal Groups - Sabine Otten and Am[ac]elie Mummendey An Integrative View on the Positive-Negative Asymmetry in Social Discrimination From Incorrect Deductive Reasoning to Ingroup Favouritism - Nathalie Scaillet and Jacques-Philippe Leyens Individualism, Collectivism and Social Identity Theory - Dora Capozza, Alberto Voci, and Orazio Licciardello Comparative Identity, Category Salience and Intergroup Relations - Maria Ros, Carmen Huici, and Angel G[ac]omez Measuring Prejudice - Anne Maass, Luigi Castelli, and Luciano Arcuri Implicity versus Explicit Techniques PART THREE: SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY AND CHANGE IN INTERGROUP RELATIONS Superordinate Goals versus Superordinate Identity as Bases of Intergroup Cooperation - Marilynn B Brewer The Common Ingroup Identity Model for Reducing Intergroup Bias - Samuel L Gaertner, John F Dovidio, Jason A Nier, Brenda S Banker, Christine M Ward, Melissa Houlette, and Stephanie Loux Progress and Challenges Multiple Categorization and Social Identity - Richard J Crisp and Miles Hewstone Categorization and Intergroup Anxiety in Intergroup Contact - Katy Greenland and Rupert Brown CONCLUSION New Trends in Theory and Research - Dora Capozza and Rupert Brown
TL;DR: This paper proposed a new response model and demonstrate that a minimum of 4 dimensions is necessary to adequately provide for such influence phenomena as conformity, minority influence, compliance, contagion, independence, and anticonformity in a single model.
Abstract: Descriptive models of social response attempt to identify the conceptual dimensions necessary to define and distinguish various types of influence. Building on previous approaches, the authors propose a new response model and demonstrate that a minimum of 4 dimensions is necessary to adequately provide for such influence phenomena as conformity, minority influence, compliance, contagion, independence, and anticonformity in a single model. In addition, the proposed model suggests 5 potential types of response that have not been previously identified. These new types suggest directions for future research and theoretical development. Selected empirical evidence is reviewed in support of the validity and integrative power of the proposed model. Social influence is central to the field of social psychology. In fact, social psychology can almost be defined as the study of social