Showing papers on "Sodium chlorate published in 1978"
TL;DR: Growth and dissolution rates of sodium chlorate in a pure diffusion regime are about one hundred times lower than in a free convection regime as discussed by the authors, which is the state of the art.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the radiolysis of NaClO3, sodium chlorate, using the standard Mg (Kα) anode [1,254 eV, λ ≃ 10A] in the AEI ES200B photoelectron spectrometer was studied.
Abstract: X-RAY Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) has many advantages for studying, in situ, the photo-induced decomposition of inorganic molecular ions; this is shown by our data on the radiolysis of NaClO3, sodium chlorate, using the standard Mg (Kα) anode [1,254 eV, λ ≃ 10A] in our AEI ES200B photoelectron spectrometer. We have already examined1 the decomposition kinetics of NaClO4 and NaClO3, when the final products of irradiation were found to be a defect NaCl phase together with molecular oxygen (detected by mass spectrometry). We report here some further low temperature XPS studies on the NaClO3 system, where strong evidence for the presence of trapped oxygen species in the initial stages of irradiation has emerged.
15 citations
Patent•
19 May 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, the proportion of chlorine dioxide to chlorine in aqueous solutions formed from gaseous mixtures of the two gases was improved over conventional separation techniques by using a mixture of a stoichiometric quantity of sodium hydroxide and a stochastic quantity of chlorine.
Abstract: The proportion of chlorine dioxide to chlorine in aqueous solutions formed from gaseous mixtures of chlorine dioxide and chlorine is improved over conventional separation techniques. The gaseous product stream from a chlorine dioxide generator is scrubbed with an aqueous salt mixture containing an approximately stoichiometric quantity of sodium hydroxide, which reacts preferentially with the chlorine, yielding chlorine dioxide of high purity. The absorption system is operated under such conditions that the chlorine is converted to sodium chlorate and sodium chloride, which may then be recirculated to the chlorine dioxide generating system. The scrubbing salt solution is adjusted so as to produce an R-2 mixture upon reaction with the chlorine in the chlorine/chlorine dioxide stream.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a mixture of acetic acid and formic acid (8 : 1 by volume) has selective etching action on the (100) surface, while a combination of amyl acetate and formica has no selective etch action on (110) and (111) faces.
10 citations
Patent•
01 Jun 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, a process for producing chlorine dioxide is described, which consists of feeding hydrochloric acid and an excess on a stoichiometric basis of sodium chlorate produced in an electrolytic cell for producing sodium chloride into a reaction zone for making chlorine dioxide.
Abstract: A process for producing chlorine dioxide which comprises (1) feeding hydrochloric acid and an excess on a stoichiometric basis of sodium chlorate produced in an electrolytic cell for producing sodium chlorate into a reaction zone for producing chlorine dioxide; (2) reacting the hydrochloric acid and the sodium chlorate in the reaction zone to form a gaseous reaction product containing chlorine dioxide and chlorine and so that sodium chloride produced is precipitated to form a slurry-like residual reaction mixture containing the precipitated sodium chloride; (3) continuously removing the chlorine dioxide as the gaseous reaction product; (4) simultaneously withdrawing the slurry-like residual reaction mixture containing the precipitated sodium chloride continuously from the reaction zone; (5) feeding water to the withdrawn residual reaction mixture to dissolve the sodium chloride and form a solution containing sodium chloride; (6) blowing air or an inert gas through the solution containing sodium chloride to remove any residual chlorine dioxide and chlorine from the solution; and (7) then recycling the solution to an electrolytic cell for the production of sodium chlorate.
8 citations
Patent•
17 May 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, a reaction product comprising alkali metal chloride, chlorate and hypochlorite is prepared by mixing and chemically reacting an alkyl metal hydroxide solution with chlorine under conditions which favor and promote the conversion of the alkaline metal hypochemite formed during the initial chemical reaction to alkyli metal chlorate without the need for further dilution and acidification of the mixture during the chemical reaction.
Abstract: Both crystals and solutions containing alkali metal chlorates are continuously prepared by chemical followed by electrochemical steps whereby a reaction product comprising alkali metal chloride, chlorate and hypochlorite is prepared by mixing and chemically reacting an alkali metal hydroxide solution with chlorine under conditions which favor and promote the conversion of the alkali metal hypochlorite formed during the initial chemical reaction to alkali metal chlorate without the need for further dilution and acidification of the mixture during the chemical reaction. A portion of the chemical product is electrolyzed in an electrolytic cell to increase the concentration of chlorate for making sodium chlorate crystals and/or R-2 solution, and a portion of the chemical product is also recycled for further use in the chemical reaction with chlorine and alkali metal hydroxide for the continuous preparation of alkali metal chlorate.
6 citations
6 citations
Patent•
19 Apr 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed to obtain high purity neutral anhydrous sodium sulfate by adding (bi)sulfite ion to an aq. soln, a byproduct of exhaust gas desulfurization to decompose sodium chlorate.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain high purity neutral anhydrous sodium sulfate by adding (bi)sulfite ion to an aq. soln. of sodium sulfate, a by-product of exhaust gas desulfurization to decompose sodium chlorate and oxidizing the remaining (bi)sulfite ion.
1 citations