Showing papers on "Sodium chlorate published in 1999"

Comparative study of nanocrystalline Ti2RuFe and Ti2RuFeO2 electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution in long-term chlorate electrolysis conditions

Abstract: Ti2RuFe and Ti2RuFeO2 nanocrystalline alloys were prepared by high energy ball-milling and used as cathodes for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in the process of sodium chlorate synthesis. Ti2RuFe is almost single phase with the B2 structure. In contrast, Ti2RuFeO2 is made of a mixture of Ti2RuFe and TiOx phases. Tests in chlorate electrolysis conditions did not show any sign of degradation of Ti2RuFeO2 over a 300 h period, while Ti2RuFe breaks down after less than 100 h. The degradation of Ti2RuFe occurs because of hydrogen absorption and desorption during alternating hydrogen discharge and open-circuit conditions. Various hypotheses to explain the increase stability of the O containing alloy are considered.

Sustained release chlorine dioxide-containing liquid agent having excellent preservation stability

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain the subject stable liquid agent having excellent antimicrobial and deodorizing forces originating from the oxidative force of chlorine dioxide itself and sustaining the effects by adding dissolved chlorine dioxide gas, chloric acid, etc. SOLUTION: This sustained release chlorine dioxide-containing liquid agent contains (A) dissolved chlorine dioxide gas, (B) chloric acid and/or a chlorate, preferably an alkali (alkaline earth) metal salt (for example, sodium chlorate), (C) a chlorite, preferably an alkali (alkaline earth) metal salt (for example, sodium chlorite), and (D) a pH-adjusting agent, preferably an inorganic acid or an organic acid (for example, citric acid). The components A, B and C are preferably contained in amounts of 1.0-2,900 ppm, 5-10,000 ppm and 100-40,000 ppm, respectively. A chlorine dioxide-containing gel-like composition containing the liquid agent and a gelling agent is useful for retaining the freshness of fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables.

Calculation of the current efficiency of the electrolytic sodium chlorate cells

Abstract: The objectives of this brief communication are: (i) to derive a rigorous expression for gClO3 , following a material balance formation similar to that employed for diaphragm and membrane cell chlor-alkali operations [4] and for mercury cells [5]; (ii) to extend the expression for gClO3 to electrolytic sodium chlorate cells operating with oxygen cathodes; and (iii) to address the limitations of Equations 2 and 3. 2. Theory

Using hydrogen peroxide in a methanol-based chlorine dioxide generation process

Abstract: The effect of adding hydrogen peroxide on a methanol-based chlorine dioxide generation process was studied. We found that the rate of chlorine dioxide generation is increased and that chlorine, usually present as a byproduct in the chlorine dioxide solution, can be largely eliminated when hydrogen peroxide is present as a coreducing agent. A possible explanation to account for these observations was given. An implication of these experimental findings for the operation of commercial chlorine dioxide generators was suggested.

Large specific surface area nanocrystalline Ti-Ru-Fe cathode materials for sodium chlorate

Abstract: Ball-milled nanocrystalline Ti3RuFe powders were mixed with 1, 2, 4, 10 and 20 equivalents of Al and the mixtures were milled again for 20 h. The amount of Al atoms dissolved into the B2 structure of Ti3RuFe does not exceed 8–9 at %, the remaining being present as elemental Al into the powder mixture. During a subsequent treatment of the composite powder in alkaline solutions, the elemental Al is leached out, while Al solutes in the B2 structure are not affected. An examination of the surface by scanning electron microscopy reveals that the leached powder has a highly porous surface structure. Surface area measurements performed by BET measurements show that there is a tenfold increase in the effective surface area. Activated electrodes made from these porous materials show a significant decrease of the cathodic overpotential for hydrogen evolution in typical chlorate electrolysis conditions of about 80 mV.

Growth Rates Of Sodium Chlorate Crystals Grown From Aqueous Solution In Relation To Internal Strain

Abstract: Observations of growth kinetics of crystals of sodium chlorate with cubic {100} macromorphology in relation to growth conditions and dislocation structure of the newly grown parts of the crystals with supersaturation applied during the process of regeneration of the seed are reported. It was found that at lower initial supersaturations applied during regeneration of the seed the density of dislocation propagating into the growing crystal and then growth rate of (100) face, at supersaturation constant for all experiments, are lower. Thus, the supersaturation applied during regeneration of the seed is a critical factor in determining the dislocation structure at the seed-crystal interface.

Chlorine dioxide disinfectant generator

Abstract: The utility model relates to a chlorine dioxide disinfectant generator, mainly comprising a sodium chlorate solution storage tank, a hydrochloric acid solution storage tank, a host body and a water ejector, wherein, a reaction still, a gas storage chamber of chlorine dioxide mixed gas, an air storage chamber and a heating water box, and a multistage reaction pipe is arranged in the reaction still; the sodium chlorate solution and the hydrochloric acid solution flow into the reaction still through the multistage reaction pipe under the normal work condition of the water ejector, the chlorine dioxide mixed gas generated after full reaction is conveyed to the water to be treated by negative pressure generated by the water ejector through an outlet of the gas storage chamber of the chlorine dioxide mixed gas. The chlorine dioxide disinfectant generator has the advantages of convenient and safe utilization and full reaction.