Showing papers on "Sodium chlorate published in 2007"
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the stirring rate on the crystallization of sodium chlorate was studied in more than 200 experiments using a set-up that allows to perform sets of 20 simultaneous experiments.
29 citations
TL;DR: Paraquat could be an effective desiccant for rice, but dose, application timing, and cultivar must be taken into account prior to its use.
23 citations
TL;DR: Sodium molybdate buffer works effectively during the electrolytic process by maintaining pH at 5.9, and will lower the overpotential of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by 100 mV, although the average off-gas oxygen content is noticeably compromised.
Abstract: Sodium dichromate is commonly used in sodium chlorate production to maintain high current efficiency; however, it is also a well documented carcinogen. To reduce the environmental impact, identification of a suitable alternative with similar buffering characteristics to dichromate and without adverse effect on the electrolytic performance of sodium chlorate production is important; sodium molybdate is a good candidate. Molybdate ion and its conjugated acid work as a buffer pair at pH 5–6, a lower and slightly narrower pH window than the typical buffer region of dichromate. Nonetheless, the molybdate buffer works effectively during the electrolytic process by maintaining pH at 5.9. Although the use of molybdate buffer will lower the overpotential of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by 100 mV, the average off-gas oxygen content is noticeably compromised at 3.6–4.6%, measured using a pilot cell operated at 3 kA m−2and 80 °C during a 3-day trial. The resulting current efficiency of 91 92% is significantly lower than when dichromate is employed as the process additive (> 96%). Mixtures of different dichromate and molybdate ratio were also investigated in terms of the resulting cathode surface potential.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the vapour pressure of water over saturated solutions of sodium acetate, potassium acetate and potassium perchlorate was determined over the (278 to 318) K temperature range and compared with available literature data.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new cleaner production process for producing sodium chlorite by reducing sodium chlorate with hydrogen peroxide was presented, where the by-produced sodium sulfate in sulfuric acid was minimized and reclaimed.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of metal fuel in the combustion mechanism of NaClO3 was investigated and thermal analysis was conducted in argon flow for binary NaCl O3/Me mixtures, where Me = Al, Fe, Co, Ni, and Sn.
Abstract: Chemical compositions for emergency oxygen generators typically include sodium chlorate (NaClO3) as the oxygen source, transition metal oxide as catalyst for NaClO3 decomposition, and metal fuel to provide energy for self-sustained combustion. To clarify the role of metal fuel in the combustion mechanism, potential catalytic effects of metals on NaClO3 decomposition are investigated. Thermal analysis was conducted in argon flow for binary NaClO3/Me mixtures, where Me = Al, Fe, Co, Ni, and Sn, as well as in oxygen flow for metal powders alone and mixtures of NaClO3 with Sn and Co. The experiments show that catalytic effects of metals on NaClO3 decomposition range from negligible for Al and Sn, to significant for Co and Ni, while Fe exhibits moderate catalytic activity. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that replacement of Sn with Co or Ni does not significantly alter combustion characteristics, which determine product oxygen flow rate. Replacing Sn with Co or Ni may decrease the number of ingredients in ...
13 citations
TL;DR: Ultimately, absorption of chlorate removes it from its desired site of action, the lower gastrointestinal tract, thereby reducing its efficacy, and further research is needed to develop a chlorate formulation that will allow passage to theLower gastrointestinal tract.
Abstract: The recently recognized potential of sodium chlorate as a possible preharvest food safety tool for pathogen reduction in meat animals has spurred interest in the pharmacokinetics of intraruminally dosed chlorate. Six Loala cattle were assigned (one heifer and one steer per treatment) to one of three intraruminal doses of radiolabeled sodium [36Cl]chlorate (21, 42, or 63 mg/kg body weight) administered in four equal aliquots over a 24-h period. Blood and serum were collected (29 samples in 48 h). Total radioactive residues were measured and the radioactive moieties were speciated. Chlorate appeared rapidly in blood and serum after dosing. For animals administered a dose of 42 or 63 mg/kg, the half-life of absorption was estimated at 0.6-0.9 h. Serum chlorate concentrations progressively increased with aliquot administration until peaking at 6-21 parts per million at 26 h. Between aliquot administrations, serum chlorate levels typically peaked in 3.5 h or less. The half-life of chlorate elimination ranged between 6.9 and 11 h, depending on the dose. Ultimately, absorption of chlorate removes it from its desired site of action, the lower gastrointestinal tract, thereby reducing its efficacy. Further research is needed to develop a chlorate formulation that will allow passage to the lower gastrointestinal tract.
10 citations
TL;DR: The data indicate that microbial-dependent or chemical-dependent, or both, reduction of chlorate occurs in bovine ruminal fluid and that dietary concentrate had a negligible effect on chlorate reduction.
Abstract: Sodium chlorate effectively reduces or eliminates gram-negative pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tracts of live cattle. Limitations to the in vivo efficacy of chlorate are its rapid absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and its presumed reduction to chloride within the gastrointestinal tract. We hypothesized that chlorate would be reduced via ruminal bacteria in a ruminal in vitro system and that the reduction of chlorate would be influenced by the dietary for-age:concentrate ratio; thus, 4 ruminally cannulated steers were fed 20 or 80% concentrate diets in a crossover design. Ruminal fluid was collected in 2 periods and dispensed into in vitro tubes containing sodium [36Cl]chlorate, which was sufficient for 100 or 300 mg/L final chlorate concentrations. The tubes were incubated for 0, 1, 4, 8, 16, or 24 h; autoclaved, control ruminal fluid, fortified with sodium [36Cl]chlorate, was incubated for 24 h. Chlorate remaining in each sample was measured by liquid scintillation counting after [36Cl]chloride was precipitated with silver nitrate. A preliminary study indicated that chlorite, a possible intermediate in the reduction of chlorate, had a half-life of approximately 4.5 min in freshly collected (live) ruminal fluid; chlorite was, therefore, not specifically measured in ruminal incubations. The chlorate dose did not affect in vitro DM digestion (P > or = 0.11), whereas in vitro DM digestibility was decreased (P or = 0.18) on chlorate reduction; however, when chlorate reduction was expressed on a percentage basis, chlorate reduction tended to be greater (P > or = 0.09) at 8 and 16 h in the incubations containing the low-concentrate diet. Chlorate remaining in autoclaved controls at 24 h was intermediate (P < 0.01) between chlorate remaining in live ruminal fluid samples incubated for 0 or 24 h. Attempts to isolate chlorate-respiring bacteria from 2 sources of ruminal fluid were not successful. These data indicate that microbial-dependent or chemical-dependent, or both, reduction of chlorate occurs in bovine ruminal fluid and that dietary concentrate had a negligible effect on chlorate reduction.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the affinity of cationic cobaltammine [trans-Co(en)2(NO2)2]+ as an anion receptor with oxoanions diclofenac and chlorate ions has been investigated.
7 citations
TL;DR: The conductivity of butadiene polymer and styrene-butadiene (SBR) with sodium chlorate (VII) can be used at industrial scale as miniature batteries as discussed by the authors.
7 citations
Patent•
29 Aug 2007
TL;DR: In this article, a gas washing device is used to transfer chlorine to chlorine dioxide to gain high purity chlorine dioxide gas, which is used for sterilization, and it has high yield of chlorine dioxide, and the purity could reach 98%, yield could reach 95%.
Abstract: The invention relates to a chlorine dioxide gas generating device that includes a reactor, gas washing device and air aeration head. Under the condition of passing hot air into reactor through air aeration head, the sodium chlorate solution would take reaction with hydrochloric acid to generate mixture gas of chlorine and chlorine dioxide. CPVC material filled with sodium chlorite solid is installed in gas washing device, which is used to transfer chlorine to chlorine dioxide to gain high purity chlorine dioxide gas. The gas washing device is multilevel structure that installs detonation separating board between gas washing device and reactor. The invention has high yield of chlorine dioxide, and the purity could reach 98%, yield could reach 95%. The high purity chlorine dioxide could be used for sterilization.
Patent•
31 Oct 2007
TL;DR: In this article, a normal temperature liquid phosphide in surface chemical technical domain, which comprises the following steps: allocating with mass ratio as 2.0-8.0 and getting the product.
Abstract: The invention discloses a normal temperature liquid phosphide in surface chemical technical domain, which comprises the following steps: allocating with mass ratio as 2. 0-8. 0 phosphoric acid, 0. 4-6 zinc oxide, 0. 5-5 zinc nitrate, 3. 0-5. 0 nickel nitrate, 0. 2-7. 0 sodium fluoroborate, 2. 0-8. 0 sodium chlorate, 0. 5-2. 0 citric acid, 1-4 sodium nitrite and 45-60 softened water; getting the product. This invention can be used to proceed phosphate treatment for metallic surface.
Patent•
29 Aug 2007
TL;DR: In this article, a gas washing device for high purity production of high purity chlorine dioxide gas is presented. But the method is not suitable for the high purity of chlorine dioxide and it requires a detonation separating board between the washing device and the reactor.
Abstract: The invention relates to a producing method for high purity chlorine dioxide gas and the device to realize the method. It uses sodium chlorate solution and hydrochloric acid as raw material, and taking reaction. The mixture gas of chlorine and chlorine dioxide would pass through gas washing device of CPVC material filled with sodium chlorite solid and transfer chlorine to chlorine dioxide to gain high purity chlorine dioxide gas. The gas washing device is multilevel structure that installs detonation separating board between gas washing device and reactor. The invention has high yield of chlorine dioxide, and the purity could reach 98%, yield could reach 95%. The high purity chlorine dioxide could be used for sterilization.
Patent•
19 Sep 2007
TL;DR: In this article, a preparation method of poly-ferric sulfate was proposed, in which ferrous sulfate or the solution containing ferrous sulphate, concentrated oil of vitriol, sodium chlorate and water are injected into the reactor in turn, and ozone is fed into the reaction, which are reacted for 25~35 minutes at normal temperature and pressure so as to obtain the poly-FERRIC sulfate.
Abstract: The present invention relates to a preparation method of poly-ferric sulfate. The ferrous sulphate or the solution containing ferrous sulphate, concentrated oil of vitriol, sodium chlorate and water are injected into the reactor in turn, and ozone is fed into the reactor, which are reacted for 25~35 minutes at normal temperature and pressure so as to obtain the poly-ferric sulfate; wherein the mass ratio of each raw material is that: ferrous sulphate is 60~70%, concentrated oil of vitriol is 6.0~7.0%, sodium chlorate is 1.5~2%, the balance is water; the dosage of ozone occupies 0.1~0.2% of the total mass of the reactant. The raw material of the present invention has a wide source and a low cost without toxicity, endanger and side effect, and the iron content and the basicity of the raw material can be adjusted according to the requirements. The reaction is carried out at normal temperature and pressure without heating or cooling. The using of ozone can improve the total iron value and the basicity of the product, and reduce the dosage of sodium chlorate and concentrated oil of vitriol. The composite cost is reduced, the production efficiency is improved, the product quality is excellent, the effect of turbidity removal, color removal and water purification of the inventive poly-ferric sulfate is better than the ordinary poly-ferric.
Patent•
21 Nov 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the laminated circuit board is cleaned by chemical liquids made of sulfuric acid, potassium permanganate, sodium chlorate and water, which can remove overflow glue on surface of circuit board products.
Abstract: A method for cleaning circuit-board surface chemically is simple and effective. The laminated circuit-board is cleaned by chemical liquids made of sulfuric acid, potassium permanganate, sodium chlorate and water. It can remove overflow glue on surface of circuit board products.
Patent•
31 Oct 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors disclosed a phosphating additive before tinting of metallic surface in surface chemical technical domain, which comprises the following steps: allocating with mass ratio as 3-7 phosphoric acid, 2-8 zinc dihydrogenphosphate, 1-6 zinc nitrate, 0.3 nickel nitrate and 50-65 soften water; getting the product.
Abstract: The invention discloses a phosphating additive before tinting of metallic surface in surface chemical technical domain, which comprises the following steps: allocating with mass ratio as 3-7 phosphoric acid, 2-8 zinc dihydrogenphosphate, 1-6 zinc nitrate, 1-3 nickel nitrate, 0. 1-3 sodium fluoroborate, 0. 5-4 sodium chlorate, 1-3 citric acid, 1-4 sodium nitrite and 50-65 soften water; getting the product. This invention can be used to proceed phosphate treatment for metallic surface.
05 Jan 2007