Showing papers on "Sodium chlorate published in 2009"

The effects of sodium chloride and potassium chloride supplementation in drinking water on performance of broilers under tropical summer conditions.

Abstract: It is well known that water is an essential nutrient in poultry, especially during hot environmental temperature. The increase in water consumption benefits the bird by increasing amount of heat dissipated by evaporative cooling through the respiratory tract (BELAY and TEETER, 1993; VAN KAMPEN, 1981), and survival in a hot environment depends on the consumption of large volumes of water (FOX, 1951). Increased survivability during heat stress has been shown to correlate with water consumption (DEYHIM and TEETER, 1991). In the past, there were many studies on heat stress and the role of water intake in domestic chicken. WILSON (1949) showed that feed consumption at 37.8°C was only 42% of that at 26.5°C, while water consumption increased to 135% and body temperature was about 2°C higher at 37.8°C than at 26.5°C. MAY and LOTT (1992) kept hens under cyclic ambient temperature (24–35–24°C) and constant condition (24°C). At day one and two of the cyclic temperature, water intake increased at the time of peak temperature and thereafter. At day three, the birds anticipated the heat stress by an increase of water intake prior to the raise of temperature. When the ambient temperature was raised continuously from 26.7 to 40.8°C, the peak of water intake preceded peak temperature and the lowest feed consumption occurred after the peak of heat stress. BESSEI (1998) revealed that birds showing high voluntary water intake under moderate temperature seem to better cope with episodic heat stress. Heat stress increases excretion of potassium through urine resulting in the decrease in plasma potassium (K) (AIT-BOULAHSEN et al., 1989; HUSTON, 1978; SMITH and TEETER, 1987) and adversely influenced mineral metabolism of broiler (BELAY and TEETER, 1996; BORGES et al., 2004). Heat stress causes respiratory alkalosis leading to an excess of blood bicarbonate, which is eliminated through

Electrochemistry method for simultaneously producing sodium chlorate and alkaline peroxide

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrochemical method which produces sodium chloride and alkaline hydrogen peroxide simultaneously. The method can improve the use efficiency of the two poles of the electricity, and lower the production cost. The method adopts an electrolytic tank consisting of an anode, a cation exchange membrane, an anion exchange membrane and a cathode, wherein, the electrodes combine with the membranes in sequence to form an anode chamber, an intermediate chamber and a cathode chamber; sodium chloride solution and sodium chlorate solution are circulated to the anode chamber, sodium hydroxide solution and air is circulated to the cathode chamber and sodium hydroxide solution is circulated to the intermediate chamber; after direct current circulating among the electrodes, chlorine is produced in the anode while the oxygen in the cathode deoxidizes and produces hydrogen peroxide and the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution in the intermediate chamber is increased; the anolyte flowing out of the anode chamber flows into an external heated reaction tank, and chlorine is transferred into sodium chlorate; the anolyte is circulated back to the anode chamber of the electrolytic tank; a part of the concentrated sodium hydroxide solution which flows out of the intermediate chamber can be used for adjusting the pH value of the anolyte without using extra sodium hydroxide, thereby lowering the running cost.

Chlorate metabolism in pure cultures of Escherichia coli O157:H7 pretreated with either nitrate or chlorate.

Abstract: Previous research has suggested that nitrate-respiring pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. are susceptible to chlorate salts due to the conversion of chlorate to chlorite by respiratory nitrate reductase. This study was conducted to determine the effect of chlorate on E. coli O157:H7 growth and chlorate biotransformation and to determine whether chlorite is produced in anaerobic culture of E. coli O157:H7. Final concentrations of E. coli O157:H7 were generally decreased by about 2 log units in incubations containing > or =5 mM chlorate, except when bacteria were pretreated with 10 mM chlorate. [(36)Cl]Chlorate metabolism by pure cultures of E. coli O157:H7 was not measurable above chlorate concentrations of 5 mM, but measurable chlorate reduction occurred in cultures containing 0.5, 1, or 5 mM [(36)Cl]chlorate. Pretreatment of E. coli O157:H7 with 5 mM nitrate did not increase the rate of chlorate conversion to chloride, suggesting that nitrate did not induce nitrate reductase isoforms capable of metabolizing chlorate in E. coli O157:H7. Pure cultures of E. coli O157:H7 preconditioned with 10 mM chlorate had an attenuated ability to transform [(36)Cl]chlorate to [(36)Cl]chloride with measurable chlorate reduction only occurring in 0.5 mM chlorate treatments. The hypothesis that E. coli O157:H7 is sensitive to chlorate by virtue of the reduction of chlorate to chlorite ion (ClO(2)(-)) was supported, but not proven, by the direct measurement of low concentrations of [(36)Cl]ClO(2)(-) in incubation media containing 0.5 mM [(36)Cl]ClO(3)(-). Collectively these results indicate that growth of E. coli O157:H7 in pure culture will be reduced in the presence of 5 mM or greater concentrations of sodium chlorate and that E. coli O157:H7 is capable of producing chlorite ions during the metabolism of chlorate.

High-efficient and low consumptive fire coal additive agent special for boiler

Abstract: The present invention discloses boiler-dedicated high-efficiency low-consumption coal additive, which contains the ingredients with the following weight portions: 20 to 30 portions of magnesium chloride, 25 to 35 portions of sodium nitrate, 15 portions to 25 portions of potassium nitrate, 5 to 15 portions of sodium chlorate, 5 to 15 portions of potassium chlorate and 1 to 5 portions of potassium permanganate; and the weight portion ratio of the additive and coal is 1 to 3 : 1000. The additive has the following advantages: the burning intensity of coal is enhanced; the temperature of a furnace is increased; the burning area of a furnace chamber is expanded; a layered coal bed becomes expanded and loose; the effects of decoking, ash-cleaning and desulphurizing are good; and the coal-saving rate is increased.

Process for preparing chlorine dioxide for pulp bleaching and apparatus thereof

Abstract: The invention relates to a preparation process of chlorine dioxide used for pulp bleaching and a corresponding apparatus. The invention adopts sodium chlorate, sulfuric acid and methyl alcohol as materials which are mixed according to a certain proportion for reaction to generate chlorine dioxide and acid mirabilite. The chlorine dioxide is absorbed by iced water to generate the chlorine dioxide solution; the by-product mirabilite suspension is filtered by a rotary-drum vacuum filter to filter the mirabilite crystal out and then the mother solution and the filter solution are collected by a mother solution tank to return to the reactor for recycling use and the mirabilite crystal is directly diluted by black liquor. The invention has the beneficial effects that the process is simple; the productivity and reaction efficiency are high; the material cost is low; the productivity adaptability is high; the purity of chlorine dioxide is high; the content of chlorine is low; as the by-product of the preparation process, the mirabilite can be consumed in the paper mill so as to reduce the emission of contamination.

Stabilizing aqueous solution of iodine chloride by adding sodium chloride

Abstract: This invention relates generally to non-ionic X-ray contrast agents. It further relates to the preparation of iodine chloride, a key reagent in the synthesis of non-ionic X-ray contrast agents such as iodixanol and iohexol. In particular, the iodine chloride is produced in a reaction involving iodine, sodium chlorate, and hydrochloric acid as the starting materials. The instant invention relates to a method of stabilizing aqueous iodine chloride solutions by adding about one to about four molar equivalents of sodium chloride relative to sodium chlorate to an aqueous reaction mixture of sodium chlorate, hydrochloric acid, and iodine.

Preparation and use of high quality chemical manganese bioxide

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for preparing high-quality chemical manganese dioxide and an application thereof. The method is characterized in that: pyrolysis is carried out on manganese carbonate in a pyrolysis oven to generate crude manganese dioxide, then the crude manganese dioxide is put in a mixed solution of sulfuric acid and manganese sulfate for densification treatment by sodium chlorate to obtain the densified manganese dioxide grains; then the densified manganese dioxide grains are washed with water to remove detrimental impurities such as ammonium, sodium, and the like, to obtain an uniform-sphere high-quality chemical manganese dioxide product with tap density larger than 2.4g/cm , specific surface area less than 30m /g, and the contents of NH4+ and Na+ less than 300ppm. An important new use is that the high-quality manganese dioxide is used for producing anode materials of lithium-ion batteries such as lithium manganate; and the obtained lithium manganate has the original discharge capacity larger than 110mAh/g (the discharge rate is 1C), and after 500 cycles, the retention rate of the discharge capacity is 70%.

Chemical method chlorine dioxide continuous generator

Abstract: The utility model discloses a chemical method chlorine dioxide continuous generator which comprises a case, a chlorine dioxide outlet, a system controller, a reaction vessel and a water injector, wherein the reaction vessel is arranged in the case; the water injector is connected with a power water inlet; and an outlet of the reaction vessel is connected with an air inlet of the water injector. The utility model is characterized in that the reaction vessel is also connected with a sulfuric acid diluting device and a feeding device for mixed liquid of sodium chlorate and peroxide. The utility model has a reasonable structure and novel design. Compared with similar equipment, the utility model has the characteristics of no heating in the reaction, no aeration, low production cost, large yield and the like. The concentration of the chlorine dioxide water solution is as high as 3000 mg/L, the percent conversion of chlorate is larger than 90%, the purity of the chlorine dioxide is higher than 95%, the highest yield of the chlorine dioxide can reach 200 kg/hour, and the chemical method chlorine dioxide continuous generator belongs to the chemical method chlorine dioxide continuous generator in a new generation.

Uv-based production of chlorine dioxide from chlorate or chlorite

Abstract: Chlorate including sodium chlorate is used to produce chlorine dioxide gas upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Chlorine dioxide gas can be used to disinfect, bleach and for a variety of industrial and commercial purposes. A Teflon®-coated UV lamp is optionally used to irradiate a solution of chlorate.

Chlorine dioxide solution generator by taking sodium chlorate as reacting raw material

Abstract: The utility model belongs to the technical field of chemical equipment and in particular relates to a chlorine dioxide solution generator by taking sodium chlorate as reacting raw material; the generator comprises a reaction tank, an acid liquid metering pump, a sodium chlorate solution metering pump, a heating water jacket, a safety valve, an injector and a control panel, wherein an acid liquid distributor and a sodium chlorate solution distributor are sequentially arranged below the reaction tank inside, a reaction tank air valve is arranged at the lower end of the reaction tank, a chlorine dioxide gas outlet and a chlorine dioxide solution outlet are respectively arranged above the reaction tank and at the side surface of the reaction tank, and a heating water jacket liquid inlet-air valve, an air communication valve, a heating water level display, a heating water temperature monitoring controller and the like are arranged on the heating water jacket; the chlorine dioxide solution generator has the advantages of compact and small structure of the equipment, simple operation, safe and reliable operation and convenient maintenance and usage.

Method of selective extraction of osmium and ruthenium

Abstract: FIELD: chemistry. ^ SUBSTANCE: invention can be used in refining platinum-group metals. A residue consisting of a mixture of hydrated oxides of osmium and ruthenium is saturated with water. The obtained pulp is treated with hydrochloric acid and oxidising agent until dissolution of the residue while heating. The oxidising agent used is hydrogen peroxide or sodium chlorate. Osmium oxide is removed by sucking through an air system. The solution remaining after removal of osmium is filtered, treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid and heated for 2 hours. Ammonium chloride is added and ammonium chlororuthenate is precipitated. The obtained salt is washed from the mother solution. ^ EFFECT: selective extraction of osmium and ruthenium, shorter duration of the process and reduced consumption of reagents. ^ 1 tbl, 1 ex

Diferentes níveis de formiato de sódio em substituição ao cloreto de sódio na dieta de frangos de corte - DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v31i3.6020

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the use of sodium formate as a source of sodium in replacement of sodium chloride for broilers. A total of 690 female Ross broiler chickens were divided into five treatments with 6 replicates each. Each replicate had 23 birds. Treatments consisted of: T1 (control), T2 (sodium formate 0.20%Na + with ammonium chloride), T3 (sodium formate 0.20%Na + without ammonium chloride), T4 (sodium formate 0.16%Na + with ammonium chloride) and T5 (sodium formate 0.12%Na + without ammonium chloride). Ammonium chloride was added to some of the treatments to balance the electrolyte balance of the diets. Data were analyzed using ANOVA 5%. Means were separated using Tukey test.The use of sodium formate had no effect on performance and carcass traits of broilers. These results indicate that sodium formate can be used as a sodium source in replacement of sodium chloride for broilers.

Nanoscaled Structures in Ruthenium Dioxide Coatings

Abstract: An essential ingredient in the generation of environmentally compatible pulp bleaching chemicals is sodium chlorate. Chlorate is produced in electrochemical cells, where the electrodes are the key ...