Showing papers on "Sodium chlorate published in 2011"

Chiral hide-and-seek: retention of enantiomorphism in laser-induced nucleation of molten sodium chlorate.

Abstract: We report the observation of non-photochemical laser-induced nucleation (NPLIN) of sodium chlorate from its melt using nanosecond pulses of light at 1064 nm. The fraction of samples that nucleate is shown to depend linearly on the peak power density of the laser pulses. Remarkably, we observe that most samples are nucleated by the laser back into the enantiomorph (dextrorotatory or levorotatory) of the solid prior to melting. We do not observe a significant dependence on polarization of the light, and we put forward symmetry arguments that rule out an optical Kerr effect mechanism. Our observations of retention of chirality can be explained by decomposition of small amounts of the sodium chlorate to form sodium chloride, which provide cavities for retention of clusters of sodium chlorate even 18 °C above the melting point. These clusters remain sub-critical on cooling, but can be activated by NPLIN via an isotropic polarizability mechanism. We have developed a heterogeneous model of NPLIN in cavities, which reproduces the experimental data using simple physical data available for sodium chlorate.

Synthesis and morphological change in poly(ethylene oxide)–sodium chlorate based polymer electrolyte complex with polyaniline

Abstract: The composites of polyethylene oxide:polyaniline:sodium chlorate is prepared by stirring with anhydrous acetonitrile for 5–6 h to form homogeneous solutions/gels at different weight percentages. The composites are characterized by FTIR and SEM. The predominant peaks that appeared in FTIR spectra confirm the formation of PEO:PANI:NaClO 4 composites. It is found from the SEM studies that there is a significant change in the morphology of various weight percentages of NaClO 4 in PEO–PANI matrix, i.e. from ellipsoidal to square. DC conductivity behavior is seen due to hopping of polarons from one localized state to another that can be confirmed by Mott theory. It is observed from the DC conductivity and SEM studies that these composites can be promising candidates for solid state electrolytes.

System for Producing and Supplying Hydrogen and Sodium Chlorate, Comprising a Sodium Chloride Electrolyser for Producing Sodium Chlorate

Abstract: System for producing hydrogen and oxygen based on the decomposition of sodium chlorate (NaClO3). At a service station 40, sodium chlorate is produced by a sodium chloride (NaCl) electrolyzer. The service station is supplied with water (H2O), with sodium chloride (NaCl) and with energy for carrying out the electrolysis reaction; the service station produces sodium chlorate (NaClO3) and gaseous hydrogen (H2). Vehicles (10) are supplied with these two products. Each vehicle (10) has a reactor (32) for decomposing the sodium chlorate (NaClO3), the reaction products being oxygen, which supplies a fuel cell (13), and sodium chloride.

Adsorption of thiourea and its methyl derivatives from chlorate(VII) with varied water activity

Abstract: The comparison of thiourea, methylthiourea, dimethylthiourea and tetramethylthiourea adsorption at mercury|sodium chlorate(VII) interface was done. For the sake of due to the specific interactions between sulfur and mercury all the compounds examined are pointed with their negative end towards mercury, even at the negative values of an electrode charge. However the change of an electrode charge is connected with the change of an adsorbate reorientation. It was found that with the increase of the methyl group amount in a molecule of thiourea methyl derivatives: (i) the range of adsorption potentials is expanded, (ii) the values of zero charge potentials and surface tension decrease, (iii) the surface excesses increase. Whereas the considerable changes of adsorption energy values were not fund. The lack of symmetry results in a molecule, while the methylthiourea interaction constants are much more higher than the interaction constants of the other compounds examined. The changes of adsorption parameters as a function of the supporting electrolyte concentration are analogous for all the adsorbates examined. They point to the competitive adsorption of thiourea methyl derivatives and ClO 4 – .

Chlorate analyses in matrices of animal origin.

Abstract: Sodium chlorate is being developed as a potential food-safety tool for use in the livestock industry because of its effectiveness in decreasing concentrations of certain Gram-negative pathogens in the gastrointestinal tracts of food animals. A number of studies with sodium chlorate in animals have demonstrated that concentrations of chlorate in meat, milk, wastes, and gastrointestinal contents range from parts per billion to parts per thousand, depending upon chlorate dose, matrix, and time lapse after dosing. Although a number of analytical methods exist for chlorate salts, very few were developed for use in animal-derived matrices, and none have anticipated the range of chlorate concentrations that have been observed in animal wastes and products. To meet the analytical needs of this development work, LC-MS, ion chromatographic, and colorimetric methods were developed to measure chlorate residues in a variety of matrices. The LC-MS method utilizes a Cl(18)O(3)(-) internal standard, is applicable to a variety of matrices, and provides quantitative assessment of samples from 0.050 to 2.5 ppm. Due to ion suppression, matrix-matched standard curves are appropriate when using LC-MS to measure chlorate in animal-derived matrices. A colorimetric assay based on the acid-catalyzed oxidation of o-tolidine proved valuable for measuring ≥20 ppm quantities of chlorate in blood serum and milk, but not urine, samples. Ion chromatography was useful for measuring chlorate residues in urine and in feces when chlorate concentrations exceeded 100 ppm, but no effort was made to maximize ion chromatographic sensitivity. Collectively, these methods offer the utility of measuring chlorate in a variety of animal-derived matrices over a wide range of chlorate concentrations.

The Use of Sodium Chlorate/Hydrochloric Acid Mixtures as a Novel and Selective Chlorination Agent

Abstract: Sodium chlorate/hydrochloric acid mixtures were used to chlorinate activated arenes and the α-position of ketones. This chlorination method was used to produce selectively m ono-, di-, and trichlorinated compounds by controlling the molarity of sodium chlorate. This reagent proved to be much more efficient and easier to handle than chlorine gas.

Nontoxic obscurant compositions and method of using same

Abstract: A composition of matter capable of producing a nontoxic smoke upon combustion comprising a smoke formulation. The composition of matter further comprises an oxidizer selected from the group consisting of potassium chlorate and sodium chlorate. The smoke formulation further comprises a fuel.

Method for preparing modified poly-ferric chloride coagulant

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preparing modified poly-ferric chloride coagulant, which comprises the following steps of: adding sufficient waste iron scraps and carbon powder into the hydrochloric acid steel acid-washing waste liquid of a mechanical processing industry; after reaction is finished, filtering, wherein the filter liquid is the purified hydrochloric acid steel acid-washing waste liquid; adding the purified hydrochloric acid steel acid-washing waste liquid into a reactor, starting a stirrer, slowly adding the mixed liquid of industrial sodium silicate and sodium chlorate at constant speed and ageing at room temperature to obtain the modified poly-ferric chloride coagulant. The industrial sodium silicate and the sodium chlorate are mixed into the mixed liquid, the mixedliquid is added into the purified hydrochloric acid steel acid-washing waste liquid under the condition of stirring, the ferric iron generated after ferrous oxidation and silicon carry out interpenetrating network type polymerization immediately, and an inorganic macromolecule with favorable polymerization performance is obtained.

Preparation method of stable-state chlorine dioxide solution of food additive

Abstract: The invention discloses a preparation method of a stable-state chlorine dioxide solution of a food additive. The method comprises the following steps of: (1) preparing a sodium chlorate aqueous solution, extracting the sodium chlorate aqueous solution into a reaction kettle which is provided with an opening tube by using a water jet vacuum system, and heating to 50 to 60 DEG C; (2) diluting a concentrated sulphuric acid, mixing the concentrated sulphuric acid and methanol into a sulphuric acid methanol solution, and adding the sulphuric acid methanol solution into the reaction kettle in the step (1) for reaction; (3) supplying power by using the water jet vacuum system, cooling chlorine dioxide gas which is generated by the reaction in the step (2) by using a water cooler, and then carrying out further separation and purification in a gas liquid separator; and (4) preparing an absorption solution by adding water into the sodium carbonate of the food additive, sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide, and absorbing the chlorine dioxide gas which is obtained in the step (3) by the absorption solution by using a two-stage absorption tower. The method has the advantages that: the process is feasible, short in flow, simple in operation, low in energy consumption and applicable to preparation of the stable-state chlorine dioxide solution of the food additive which meets an international standard under the conditions of all scales.

Kinetics and mechanism study on chlorine dioxide generation with hydrogen peroxide

Abstract: The reaction between hydrogen peroxide and sodium chlorate in presence of aqueous sulfuric acid was studied at various temperatures and molar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide,chlorate and sulfuric acid.The reaction rate law was established by analyzing the consumption of chlorate or hydrogen peroxide.Reaction order is found 0.5 and 1 with respect to hydrogen peroxide and chlorate concentration,respectively.Reaction order is found about 5.99 with respect to molar concentration of sulfuric acid,but it reduces to 1.64 when acidity function(h-),is substituted in place of molar concentration.The reaction is a process of leat absorption and the activation energy is about 105kJ/mol.Reaction mechanism shows it is a self-catalyze reaction.

Method for oxidizing brown vat dye

Abstract: The invention provides a method for oxidizing a brown vat dye, which comprises the steps: 1, 4-diamino anthraquinone and 1-chloro anthraquinone are subjected to condensation reaction on the presence of copper chloride and sodium acetate to generate imine, the imine is subjected to ring-closing reaction to obtain a product, the product is oxidized by sodium chlorate under acidic conditions and then washed, filtered and commercially processed to obtain a high-quality low-metal environment-friendly vat brown BR product.

Method for treating wastewater containing methanal and methanoic acid

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for treating N-phosphonomethyl glycine (glyphosate) industrial wastewater containing high-concentration formaldehyde and formic acid. The method adopts the formaldehyde and formic acid from wastewater from sodium chlorate oxidation and wastewater treated by the method reaches biological treatment standards. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages that: 1, the method for preparing an aqueous solution of sodium chlorate is safe and effective and the prepared sodium chlorate has strong oxidizability; 2, the prepared aqueous solution of sodium chlorate added into the wastewater containing formaldehyde and formic acid can remove a major part of formaldehyde and formic acid in a short period, and the reaction is simple in method, quick and convenient in operation; and 3, the wastewater containing formaldehyde and formic acid is prepared into an alkali solution at a certain concentration, and chlorine is introduced into the wastewater at ahigh temperature to achieve a good formaldehyde and formic acid removal effect and greatly reduce COD, so the wastewater achieves a pretreatment effect and can be subjected to biological treatment toreach discharge standards.

Study of the solubility of components in the NaClO3 · 2CO(NH2)2-NH2C2H4OH · CH3COOH-H2O system

Abstract: The solubility of components in the NaClO3 · 2CO(NH2)2-NH2C2H4OH · CH3COOH-H2O system was studied by the visual polythermal method over wide temperature and concentration ranges. In the phase diagram, crystallization fields were determined for ice, urea, diurea sodium chlorate, acetic acid, monoethanolamine acetate, and the compound CO(NH2)2 · NH2C2H4OH · CH3COOH. The compound was identified by chemical, thermogravimetric, and X-ray powder diffraction analyses.

Method for producing sodium chlorate through low-temperature vacuum evaporation and crystallization

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing sodium chlorate through low-temperature vacuum evaporation and crystallization, belonging to the field of chlor-alkali chemical industry and solving the technical problem of providing the method for producing the sodium chlorate with lower production cost. The method for producing the sodium chlorate comprises a steps of crystallizing and separating sodium chlorate from sodium chlorate electrolyte. A method crystallizing and separating the sodium chlorate from the sodium chlorate electrolyte comprises the following steps of: a, mixing the sodium chlorate electrolyte with a right amount of mother solution to obtain a mixed solution with the density of 1.30-1.40 g/cm , heating in vacuum, and boiling the mixed solution at 35-45 DEG C, wherein the mother solution is a solution remained after the sodium chlorate is crystallized, precipitated and separated from the sodium chlorate electrolyte, the concentration of NaCl contained in the mother solution is less than or equal to 130 g/L; b, stopping heating when the density of the mixed solution is 1.50-1.60 g/cm ; and c, discharging, cooling, filtering, washing and drying to obtain the sodium chlorate.

Equipment and method for preparing chlorine dioxide solution

Abstract: The invention relates to equipment and a method for preparing chlorine dioxide solution. Sodium chlorate and concentrated sulfuric acid are reacted with methanol or hydrogen peroxide reducer; and by setting a raw material feeding hole, the sodium chlorate, the concentrated sulfuric acid and reaction circulating liquid are mixed and heated by a reaction evaporator and then mixed with the reducer to react under vacuum in a reactor. Compared with the domestic prior art, the equipment and the method have the advantages of advanced process, simple operation, low raw material consumption, high concentration of chlorine dioxide solution, high yield, high yield adjustability, low chlorine content, no generation of reaction wastes harmful to the environment, capability of effectively reducing harmful or side products produced in the application process and the like, and can effectively reduce the production cost of chlorine dioxide and reduce environmental pollution.

Composition for producting chlorine dioside

Abstract: PURPOSE: A chlorine dioxide generation composite is provided to prevent the explosiveness accident generated among the manufacture, the circulation, or the keeping by blocking the chemical reaction of the acidic additive and oxide-based additive fundamentally, and secure the stability and to be added to induce the generation of chlorine dioxide which can prevent constitutional change. CONSTITUTION: The chlorine dioxide generation composite includes: an acidic additive formed in the powder form which is more than one selected from the citric acid, the sodium bisulfate, oxalic acid, vitamin C, magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate and calcium chloride; and an oxide-based additive formed in the powder form which is more than one selected from the sodium chlorite, sodium chlorate, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, trichloride isocyanuric acid sodium, sodium bromide and sodium hydrogen carbonate. The acidic additive includes the solid citric acid of 70~80 weight% and 5~15 weight% magnesium sulfate and 10~20 weight% calciumsulfate. The oxide-based additive includes sodium solid chlorite of 50~60 weight% , 15~25 weight% sodium chlorate, and 10~20 weight% dichlorination isocyanic acid sodium and 1~10 weight% sodium hydrogen carbonate. The composition rate of the oxide-based additive and acidic additive is 10~60 : 40~90.

The Use of Sodium Chlorate/Hydrochloric Acid Mixtures as a Novel and Selective Chlorination Agent.

Abstract: The title mixtures are employed to chlorinate activated arenes and the α-position of ketones.

Kinetics and Mechanism Study on Chlorine Dioxide Generation with Hydrogen Peroxide

Abstract: The reaction between hydrogen peroxide and sodium chlorate in presence of aqueous sulfuric acid was studied at various temperatures and molar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, chlorate and sulfuric acid. The reaction rate law was established by analyzing the consumption of chlorate or hydrogen peroxide. Reaction had been found 0.5 and 1 order with respect to hydrogen peroxide and chlorate concentration, respectively. Reaction order was found about 5.99 with respect to molar concentration of sulfuric acid but it reduced to 1.64 when acidity function, h-, was substituted in place of molar concentration. The temperature dependence of the reaction was also investigated and pre-exponential Arrhenius parameter as well as activation energy were determined. Reaction mechanism compatible with the reaction kinetics was proposed.

Electrically powered vehicle having a fuel cell comprising a sodium chlorate decomposition reactor for supplying the cell with oxygen

Abstract: An electrically powered vehicle includes a fuel cell with a decomposition reactor for decomposing sodium chlorate (NaClO3). Reaction products produced by the decomposition reactor include oxygen and sodium chloride (NaCl). Gaseous hydrogen is stored onboard the vehicle, such as in a hydrogen tank at a low pressure, using metal hydrides. The hydrogen from the hydrogen tank and the oxygen produced by the decomposition reactor are consumed by the fuel cell in order to produce electricity. The vehicle further includes a storage tank for storing the NaCl produced by decomposition of the NaClO3.

Method for reducing the negative impact of impurities on electrodes used for the electrosynthesis of sodium chlorate

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for countering the negative effect of an impurity on an electrode used for the electrosynthesis of sodium chlorate by means of an electrolyte. According to this method, during electrolysis a substance is added to the electrolyte that reacts with the impurity and prevents it from deteriorating the performance of the electrode. By way of example, the impurity is calcium (Ca 2+ ) and the substance is phosphate (PO 4 3- ).