Showing papers on "Sodium silicate published in 1982"

Surfactant flooding 1: the effect of alkaline additives on IFT, surfactant adsorption, and recovery efficiency

Abstract: Dilute surfactant flooding studies with light midcontinent crude oils have shown significant improvements in residual oil recovery from watered-out cores by the addition of various alkaline chemicals. Surfactant adsorption or retention by Berea core material is reduced significantly by sodium silicate, sodium tripolyphosphate, and sodium carbonate. Hardness ion levels are reduced significantly by the alkaline chemicals. The IFT of the Illinois crude showed a linear relationship to pH, regardless of the alkaline species, showing that minimal IFT values can be obtained with high pH solutions. IFT measurements for dilute alkaline surfactant systems are useful only to the extent that they can determine optimal salinity and pH and can outline the range of concentration within which to operate oil recovery experiments.

Über die Konstitution und Verteilung der Silicatanionen in wäßrigen Tetramethylammonium‐Silicatlösungen

Abstract: Untersuchungen mit Hilfe der Trimethylsilylierungsmethode und 29Si-NMR-Spektroskopie ergaben, das im konzentrierten (gesattigten) Tetramethylammonium-(TMA-)-silicatlosungen mit molaren TMA:SiO2-Verhaltnissen (MV) von 0,6:1 bis 20:1 Doppelvierringsilicatanionen Si8S208− als eine Hauptkomponente vorliegen. In gesattigten Losungen mit MV von 1:1 bis 3:1 betragt der Gehalt an Si8O208−-Anionen bis zu 80% der Gesamt-SiO2-Menge. Diese im Vergleich zur Anionenverteilung in Alkalisilicatlosungen hohe Konzentration nur eines Anionentyps wird auf die stabilisierende Wirkung einer in konzentrierten TMA-Silicatlosungen vorliegenden Wasser-Clathratstruktur zuruckgefuhrt. Mit zunehmender Verdunnung der TMA-Silicatlosungen verringert sich die Si8O208−-Konzentration unter bevorzugter Bildung von Mono-, Di- und Trisilicatanionen. Oligomere cyclische und polycyclische Anionen wurden in Konzentrationen bis zu 5% nachgewiesen. On the Constitution and Distribution of Silicate Anions in Aqueous Tetramethylammonium Silicate Solutions Trimethylsilylation method and 29Si-NMR have been used to investigate the type and quantitative distribution of silicate anions in aqueous tetramethylammonium (TMA) silicate solutions. It is shown that concentrated (saturated) TMA silicate solutions of molar TMA:SiO2 ratios of 0.6 to 20 contain mainly double four-ring silicate anions Si8O208−. For saturated solutions with TMA:SiO2 ratios of 1:1 to 3:1 the content of Si8O208− anions amounts up to 80% of the total SiO2 concentration. This prefered formation of only one single type of silicate anion is different from the results found in sodium silicate solutions and can be explained by a clathrate-like structure of the water molecules in the concentrated TMA silicate solutions due to the high concentration of TMA cations. With increasing dilution of the TMA silicate solutions the concentration of the Si8O208− anion decreases and mainly mono-, di-, and trisilicate anions are formed. Oligomeric cyclic and polycyclic silicate anions could be detected in concentrations up to 5%.

Method of encapsulating active agents with inorganic coatings

Abstract: A method for forming discrete capsules that contain an active agent, such as a pesticide, involves first forming a suspension of the active agent suspended in a solution of an alkali metal silicate such as sodium silicate or a suspension of the active agent suspended in a liquid coacervate resulting from the addition of a coacervation agent such as acetone to the alkali metal silicate solution. The suspension, preferably in the form of droplets formed by ejecting the suspension through an orifice (e.g. a needle), is then contacted with an aqueous solution of a salt such as calcium chloride which reacts with the alkali metal silicate to form an insoluble silicate (e.g., calcium silicate) coating for the active agent while hardening the dispersed active agent in a silicate core matrix. Thus, capsules of the active agent are produced with an insoluble silicate coating. The capsules are maintained in the aqueous salt solution for a sufficient period of time to permit a high degree of conversion of soluble silicate to insoluble silicate. The capsules are then isolated and dried thereby providing structurally intact capsules which act as a free-flow powder. The capsules provide controlled release of the active agent over a prolonged period of time. Methods for preparing such capsules within a three hour period have been devices thereby improving substantially the economics of encapsulating active agents with inorganic coatings. Such brief preparation times are achieved through the use of soluble silicates rich in SiO 2 and by increasing the temperature of the aqueous solution of the salt such as calcium chloride to effectively expedite the capsule curing process.

High bulk density carbonate-zeolite built heavy duty nonionic laundry detergent

Abstract: A free flowing, phosphate free high bulk density particulate heavy duty laundry detergent is prepared by spray-drying an aqueous slurry of ion-exchanging detergent building zeolite particles, sodium carbonate and sodium silicate which has been sheared to reduce the viscosity thereof, followed by mixing nonionic detergent in liquid form with the spray-dried base beads to absorb the detergent into the beads.

Method of making sodium zirconium silico-phosphates

Abstract: Homogeneous sodium zirconium silico-phosphates having the formula Na.sub.1+x+4y Zr.sub.2-y (SiO.sub.4).sub.x (PO.sub.4).sub.3-x where x is from 1 to 2.8 and y is between 0 and about 0.5, are prepared by heating a zirconium phosphate with an aqueous, alkaline sodium silicate solution and calcining the resulting solid orthorhombic crystalline product. The calcined product is useful as a solid electrolyte for transporting sodium ions in a sodium-sulfur storage battery.

Method of making a coded marking in a glass workpiece employing a trisilicate coating and product thereof

Abstract: An undercoating is deposited on a glass workpiece and an overcoating is applied upon the undercoating. Then a plurality of related marks is recessed through the overcoating, thereby producing the novel workpiece. Each of the undercoating and overcoating is comprised of pigment particles and an alkali silicate binder. The alkali silicate binder of at least one coating, and preferably both the undercoating and the overcoating, consists essentially of a mixture of sodium silicate, potassium silicate and lithium silicate. The coatings are made from aqueous suspensions of pigment particles, dissolved sodium silicate, dissolved potassium silicate and lithium-stabilized silica sol.

Process for the manufacture of detergent compositions containing sodium aluminosilicate

Abstract: Washing powders containing an aluminosilicate as a builder or part thereof are made by a process in which a slurry containing anionic surfactant, nonionic surfactant and sodium silicate is spray-dried and is formed into granules with aluminosilicate, optionally with another detergency builder, using a liquid binder.

Composition and process for modifying gelation of alkali metal silicates

Abstract: A liquid alkali metal silicate composition comprises water, an alkali metal, e.g., sodium silicate, glyoxal, optionally a Group I-III metal salt, e.g., calcium chloride, and hydrogen peroxide, and from 0.5 to 2.0 moles of a polyhydroxy compound per mole of glyoxal used. The specific polyols are mannitol, glycerol and sucrose. This composition is easily pumpable and injectable at a temperature of 100° F. or higher.

Molecular sieve zeolite-built detergent paste

Abstract: A stable homogeneous paste detergent is provided comprising about 24% of a synthetic nonionic detergent, about 8% of sodium silicate, about 24% of a type A zeolite, about 0.2% of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, about 34.7% of deionized water and about 9.1% of a synthetic anionic detergent.

Thermal decomposition of sodium carbonate perhydrate in the presence of liquid water

Abstract: A kinetic study has been made of the decomposition of sodium carbonate perhydrate, Na2CO3· 1½ H2O2, in the presence of small quantities of added water at 323–343 K. Reactions were deceleratory throughout and rates in the later stages were further reduced when the quantity of water available was insufficient to permit complete initial dissolution of the reactant solid. Rate coefficients measured for these reactions were compared with similarly determined data for the probable contributory processes. These were the decompositions, in saturated aqueous Na2CO3, of (i) H2O2 and (ii) Na2CO3· 1½ H2O2. From the pattern of behaviour observed it was concluded that the reaction of Na2CO3· 1½ H2O2 in water proceeds in two stages: heterogeneous dissolution of the reactant crystallites is followed by the homogenous breakdown of H2O2 in solution. This mechanism is distinct and different from the vacuum decomposition of the solid. It is concluded that the rate of the homogenous breakdown of H2O2 is probably controlled by catalytic processes involving transition-metal ions present in solution as impurities. This conclusion is supported by the observation that the present reaction was inhibited by added sodium silicate. The kinetics and mechanisms of these reactions are discussed.The heterogeneous reaction investigated involved both a solid reactant and intermediates dissolved in the added liquid water. This combination of reactants has hitherto been the subject of relatively few detailed kinetic studies. Separate investigations of the individual steps which contribute to the overall change, in this particularly favourable system, has led to the identification of a simple reaction mechanism that is entirely consistent with the observations. The approach demonstrates the value of using complementary rate measurements to characterize the kinetics and mechanism of this decomposition involving both solid and dissolved participants.

Dynamic fatigue of sodium-silicate glasses with high water content

Abstract: The stress-rate dependency of the mechanical strength of sodium silicate glass with high water content (up to ~25% by weight) was investigated. The glasses were prepared by drying commercial sodium silicate solution in an oven or an autoclave. The mechanical strength of the glasses was measured by a four point bending method at various stress rates. These glasses showed a strong stress rate dependency even in dired paraffin oil and the dependency increased with increasing water content ; the value of n, a measure of the stress rate dependency, was approximately 5 for glasses with ~25 wt% water. At the same time Young's modulus decreased with increasing water, content. It is suggested that stress-induced motion of water is responsible for the increased stress rate dependency. In addition, the apparent value of Young's modulus decreased with decreasing stress rate. This phenomenon was explained in terms of the visco-elastic property of the glasses.

Surface phenomena during tricalcium silicate hydration

Abstract: X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was used to characterize the surface of tricalcium silicate (Ca2SiO5) hydrated in water and in sodium silicate and aluminate solutions. Changes in the chemical composition of the surface during hydration can be explained on the basis of a dissolution—precipitation mechanism. XPS provided indications for protonation of surface oxygen atoms as a first possible step in the hydration process.

Process for preparing olivine sand cores and molds

Abstract: An inorganic cement binder for a foundry aggregate comprising, in combination, potassium olivine phosphate and as a hardener therefor, water, aqueous sodium silicate, or aqueous phosphoric acid.

Enhanced Recovery of Oil by Alkaline Steam Flooding

Abstract: The results of the laboratory studies of alkaline steam flooding of previously water flooded sandpacks and cores are presented in this paper In these studies the applicability of alkali as chemical additives to steam in tertiary recovery of heavy oil was investigated Four kinds of alkali: Sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, sodium carbonate and potassium hydroxide were added to steam, each on separate case, as a chemical additive to enhance oil recovery from water flooded sandpacks and cores These studies examined the feasibility of achieving the following goals: combination of the individual oil recovery mechanisms of steam flood and alkaline flood to improve the net recovery performance over either single process, improvement of sweep and displacement efficiencies by having alkaline condensate sweep the lower portion of the formation usually over ridden by steam, low interfacial tension displacement induced by in situ solvent drive, favorable wettability alteration, rigid film breaking, viscosity reduction, temperature reduction, below that for conventional steam flooding, in alkaline steam flooding without loss in oil recovery performance, determination of the optimal temperature range for alkaline steam flooding in tertiary oil recovery processes, and evaluation of the recovery performance of alkaline steam flooding at low residual oil saturations Sodium hydroxide,more » sodium silicate and potassium hydroxide - steam floods in sandpacks recovered, each, about 9 percent more of initial oil in place than conventional steam flood With berea core as the displacement media, caustic steam flooding and sodium silicate - steam flooding recovered 10 and 65 percent respectively more of initial oil in place than conventional steam flooding« less

Composition and process for consolidating soil

Abstract: COMPOSITION AND PROCESS FOR CONSOLIDATING SOIL ABSTRACT An easily pumpable, liquid alkali metal, e.g., sodium silicate compo-sition of controlled gelling characteristics contains water, an alkali metal silicate, glyoxal, optionally a Group I-III metal salt, e.g., calcium chloride, and from 0.005 to 0.10 weight/volume percent of sodium bisulfite/sodium meta-bisulfite, per liter of composition. This composition is easily applied at elevated temperatures, e.g., 100°F and higher.

High-sudsing, granular detergent composition with greater granulate stability and process for its preparation

Abstract: A spray-dried, high-sudsing detergent granulate is disclosed having a bulk density of not more than 450 gm/l and a high content of anionic tensides, which is characterized by a granule structure resistant to mechanical and climatic influences. The detergent granulate contains a tenside component of alkylbenzene sulfonates and, possibly, fatty alcohol sulfates, a builder component of sodium tripolyphosphate, finely crystalline sodium aluminosilicate (zeolite NaA) and sodium silicate. For the preparation, an aqueous slurry is sprayed in spray-drying equipment. The obtained spray-dried product has a porous granule structure with a mean granule size of 0.4 to 0.8 mm. The bulk density is preferably in the range from 250 to 400 gm/l.

Electrolytic cleaning method for steel strip

Abstract: PURPOSE:To prevent the seizure of steel strips to each other during annealing easily by conducting the steel strip to an electrolyte contg. sodium silicate and controlling the pickup of the sodium silicate to optimum values by changing the polarities thereof in suitable times. CONSTITUTION:An electrolyte 2 contg. sodium silicate is contained an electrolytic cell 1, and plural sets of paired electrodes 3a, 3b for electrolytic cleaning and plural sets of paired electrodes 7a, 7b for sticking of sodium silicate are provided thereon. With the electrodes 3a, 7a as plus and the electrodes 3b, 7b as minus, a steel strip 6 is passed in the cell 1 by means of rolls 5. The polarities of the strip 6 are changed successively to a minus pole during the passage through the electrode 3a, 7a and to a plus pole during the passage through the electrodes 3b, 7b. It is possible to stick the optimum amt. of the sodium silicate on the strip 6 by repeating such operation suitable times.

Preparation of granular silicate

Abstract: PURPOSE: To prepare granular silicate having uniform particle size, easily in an industrial scale, by forming the particles of the silicate to form the granules in a non-polar liquid medium under specific condition, and gelatinizing the particles. CONSTITUTION: For example, a silicate is agitated in a non-polar liquid medium containing a surface active agent, e.g. polyethylene glycol fatty acid ester, etc. to form minute droplets of the silicate. The droplets are gelatinized with carbon dioxide gas. The liquid medium is, e.g. toluene, kerosine, etc., and the silicate is water glass, sodium silicate, silica sol, etc. COPYRIGHT: (C)1984,JPO&Japio

Manufacture of a-type zeolite

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain A-type zeolite composed of uniform cubic single crystal particles by reacting sodium silicate with sodium aluminate under specified conditions to prepare gel and aging the gel in mother liquor contg. sodium hydroxide at a low concn. CONSTITUTION:An aqueous sodium silicate soln. is continuously reacted with an aqueous sodium aluminate soln. in 0.5-2.5 molar ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 without causing back mixing to prepare uniform gel. This gel is crystallized by aging in mother liquor contg. sodium hydroxide at <= about 10wt% concn. which is lower than the concn. of alkali liberated in the gelling process. The aging is usually carried out at about 50-150 deg.C for about 0.5-10hr. Thus, A-type zeolite composed of practically cubic single crystal particles having 0.05-5mum average particle size and a narrow uniform particle size distribution is obtd.

Preparation of aromatic/aliphatic nitriles

Abstract: Aromatic/aliphatic nitriles having the formula: Ar--A--CN (I) wherein Ar is phenyl or substituted phenyl and A is a direct chemical bond or a hydrocarbon having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, are conveniently prepared by heating to a temperature ranging from about 450° C. to about 550° C. a formamide or formanilide having the formula: Ar--A--NHCHO (II) or an amide having the formula: Ar--A--CONH 2 (III) in the presence of a fluorinated siliceous catalyst, said catalyst having been prepared by (i) impregnating a particulate silica prepared by the precipitation of sodium silicate with sulfuric acid, with a dilute aqueous solution of hydrofluoric acid, said hydrofluoric acid solution having a concentration in HF of less than about 5% by weight, and the ratio by weight of the hydrofluoric acid contained in said aqueous solution thereof to the silica being less than about 5%, followed by (ii) drying the catalyst thus impregnated.

Anti-scaling or marking composition for application to metal products and method of making and using the composition

Abstract: A composition is provided for use as an anti-scaling coating or to produce legible markings on metal products. The composition includes solids of from about 30 to 50 parts by weight of an opacifying pigment, from about 43 to 58 parts by weight of a water soluble alkali metal silicate binder, at least 50 percent of the alkali metal silicate being sodium silicate, the alkali metal silicate having a ratio of silicate to alkali metal oxide of from about 2.60 to 3.25, sufficient cross-linking binder to provide from about 1.5 to 5.0 parts B 2 O 3 , the ratio of total pigment to total binder being within the range of 0.50 to 1.0, and sufficient water to give the composition a viscosity of about 800 to 5000 centipoise. The composition adheres when applied to metal products which are at temperatures of at least 250° F. or which are subsequently heated to such temperatures so as to bake the coating. The preferred method of making the composition includes providing first and second soluble alkali metal silicate solutions, preferably soluble sodium silicate solutions having silicate ratios of about 2.0 to 2.8 and 3.0 to 3.9, respectively. The two starting solutions are mixed to form a third solution. The cross-linking binder material is added to one of the solutions prior to addition of the other solid materials or to the combined silicate solutions. Finally, the other solids and water as needed are added to provide the above-mentioned composition. Utilizing the two diverse starting solutions provides a final mixture having a lower viscosity than when a single soluble silicate starting solution of equivalent SiO 2 ratio is used. Thus, the water content of the composition may be substantially reduced without increasing the viscosity, thus enabling application of the composition to metal products that are at higher temperatures without flaking of the material from the metal surfaces upon subsequent cooling.

Production of a-type zeolite

Abstract: PURPOSE:Sodium silicate and sodium aluminate are subjected to the continuous reaction at a specific ratio without back mixing to produce an A-type zeolite of round crystalline particles with uniform particle size distribution. CONSTITUTION:An aqueous solution of sodium silicate containing 5-50% of Na2O and 5-20% of SiO2 and an other aqueous solution of sodium aluminate containing 5-15% of Na2O and 5-15% of Al2O3 are fed into a small-volume mixer- type reactor with high agitation efficiency so that the molar ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 becomes 1.5-2.5. Then, the reaction is effected without back mixing so that the average residence time defined by the equation becomes 10sec or lower where theta is the average residence time in second, V is the capacity of the reactor in liter, a and b are the feed rate of the aqueous sodium silicate and sodium aluminate respectively in 1/sec. Then, the reaction mixture is aged at 50-150 deg.C fpr 1-10hr to cause crystallization, the resultant A-type zeolite is filtered and the mother liquor separated is recycled to the preparation stage of the aqueous sodium silicate and/or sodium aluminate.

Production of low-flammability heat-insulating layer

Abstract: Low-flammability heat-insulating layers are produced in cavities of masonry or hollow building blocks by introducing foam particles of expanded plastic, preferably expanded polystyrene, and inorganic binder into the cavities. A preferred inorganic binder is an alkali metal silicate in the form of an aqueous solution or suspension. In a preferred embodiment the binder is an aqueous sodium silicate solution having a solids content of 25 to 55% by weight and containing the following additives: a) 2 to 10% by weight of precipitated silica, b1) 5 to 50% by weight of sodium silicate powder or b2) 1 to 30% by weight of slaked lime, and c) 0.05 to 0.5% by weight of a surfactant.

Storage-stable aqueous alkali metal silicate/filler adhesive compositions and their use

Abstract: An adhesive composition based upon an aqueous solution of alkali metal silicate with a content of powdered inorganic filler, having good storage stability, which comprises an aqueous alkali metal silicate solution containing: (a) from 10% to 40% by weight of at least one powdered inorganic filler, (b) a suspension effective amount of at least one zinc soap of a fatty acid having from 12 to 22 carbon atoms and (c) from 0 to about 24% by weight of a 50% by weight stable, aqueous dispersion of an alkali-resistant organic polymer, based on the weight of the total composition. Preferably zinc stearate in amounts of from 1% to 5% by weight are added to the adhesives containing powdered inorganic fillers and optionally organic additives on a base of aqueous water glass solutions, to prevent separation phenomena. Sodium and/or potassium silicate solutions can be used, the sodium silicate solution being preferably present in the ratio by weight of 3.3 to 3.9:1 for SiO 2 /Na 2 O, with a solids content of 38% to 28% by weight and the potassium silicate solution at a ratio by weight of 2 to 2.6:1 for SiO 2 /K 2 O, with a solids content of 40% to 29% by weight. The inorganic filler is preferably powdered crystalline calcium carbonate in the form of metamorphous calcite with particle sizes of up to 25 μm.

Cleaner for ovens and the like using sodium alpha olefin sulfonate, sodium hydroxide, and sodium silicate

Abstract: A mixture in water of sodium alpha olefin sulfonate, sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate displays surprisingly high viscosity characteristics and is useful as an oven cleaner or metal cleaner