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Showing papers on "Soil stabilization published in 1974"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new design factor is defined and the relation between the design factor and the probability of sliding failure of an embankment is formulated under consideration of the randomness of the soil properties.

104 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it has been estimated that the annual cost of damage from expansive clay subsoil in the United States alone is $23 billion, and appropriate correction action may include stabilization by chemical means, presaturation, compaction, and the design of engineered-type foundations.
Abstract: Numerous man-made structures around the world have been subjected to considerable damage due to differential heave from moisture absorbed by expansive clay foundation soils It has been estimated that the annual cost of damage from expansive soils in the United States alone is $23 billion The actual heave is a function of many factors, eg, climatic conditions, moisture content of the soil immediately prior to placement of the structure, the amount and type of foundation soils, and the overburden load at the foundation level Of the three most prominent clay minerals—illite, kaolinite, montmorillonite—the latter constitutes the most expansive type of clay soil The current design practice for construction in expansive clay subsoil starts with a study of the site to determine the soil's characteristics The appropriate correction action may include stabilization by chemical means, presaturation, compaction, and the design of engineered-type foundations, such as pier and grade-beam, and reinforced slabs The relative cost of alternative designs should be evaluated in terms of the risks involved

99 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the soil stabilization and reinforcement achieved on slopes by using vegetation, and show that plant roots can significantly increase shear strength on clear-cut slopes versus vegetated slopes.
Abstract: This note discusses the soil stabilization and reinforcement achieved on slopes by using vegetation. Recent research has shown that plant roots can significantly increase shear strength. Creep behavior on clear-cut slopes versus vegetated slopes is discussed.

58 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In an attempt to demonstrate the urgent need for determining the appropriate cement requirements for lateritic soils, experimental results are presented to show that less than 50% of the cement requirement for a temperate zone soil is required for efficient stabilization of a lateritic soil as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In an attempt to demonstrate the urgent need for determining the appropriate cement requirements for lateritic soils, experimental results are presented to show that less than 50% of the cement requirement for a temperate zone soil is required for efficient stabilization of a lateritic soil. The paper finds reasons for this by determining the engineering properties, then comparing the properties with a temperate zone soil. The temperate zone soil is also modified by addition of cementing agents and heat treatment and then its properties are compared with the lateritic soil. As a result of these comparisons, it is concluded that lateritic soils exist at a higher shearing strength level that its temperate zone counterpart.

57 citations


Patent
26 Sep 1974
TL;DR: In this article, a composition, useful for stabilizing soil, comprised of lignin sulfonate and a combination of dispersants, and a method of stabilising soil utilizing the composition was presented.
Abstract: A composition, useful for stabilizing soil, comprised of lignin sulfonate and a combination of dispersants, and a method of stabilizing soil utilizing the composition. The composition and method are particularly useful in preparing a road base.

18 citations


01 Aug 1974
TL;DR: The potential utility of small percentages of hydrated lime or of Portland cement in stabilizing construction sites against rainfall erosion is under investigation as mentioned in this paper, and a laboratory rainfall simulator has been designed and constructed to provide a reproducible "design storm" (3.25 in. per hour intensity, applied for 1 hour on each of two successive days).
Abstract: The potential utility of small percentages of hydrated lime or of Portland cement in stabilizing construction sites against rainfall erosion is under investigation. A laboratory rainfall simulator has been designed and constructed to provide a reproducible "design storm" (3.25 in. per hour intensity, applied for 1 hour on each of two successive days). Under the test conditions unstabilized (but compacted) Crosby soil eroded to the equivalent of about 90 tons/acre. Treatment with 2.5 percent cement virtually the equivalent of about 90 tons/acre. Treatment with 2.5 percent cement virtually eliminated soil loss; the same level of treatment with hydrated lime reduced it to the equivalent of about 3 tons/acre, but a curing time of several weeks was required. Even smaller percentages, down to 1 percent, resulted in significantly reduced erosion. A test stand of Alta fescue grass on the same soil was not as effective as the cement or lime treatments. Investigations into the stabilization process were carried out and confirmed that aggregation of at least some of the clay into water-stable, millimeter-sized aggregates and partial chemical reaction within these aggregates were involved. It appears that incorporation of small quantities of lime or cement into the top 2 or 3 inches of soil on construction sites may constitute the basis for relatively inexpensive but effective protection against soil erosion. Further investigation is underway.

11 citations



Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the behavior of soil-lime mixtures subjected to freeze-thaw conditions immediately after compaction and found that they would not undergo pazzolanic reactions until favorable curing conditions were attained.
Abstract: In recent years, lime stabilization of poor quality subgrade soils to upgrade quality or provide acceptable subbase material has increased in popularity as a construction alternative. However, in many situations, specifications relative to cutoff dates for lime stabilization construction have rendered the alternative unfeasible. Previous studies have revealed that soil-lime mixtures cured prior to subjection to freeze-thaw conditions undergo autogenous healing that resulted in continued strength gain. The purpose of this study was not to evaluate the ramifications of autogenous healing of soil-lime mixtures but to evaluate the behavior of soil-lime mixtures subjected to cold weather stabilization. The basic premise involved in this study was that soil-lime mixtures subjected to freeze-thaw conditions immediately after compaction would not undergo pazzolanic reactions until favorable curing conditions were attained. Soil-lime reaction that would not occur during cold weather treatment would then be renewed under favorable conditions to produce latent strength gains. The scope of this study involved the investigation of the behavior of only one soil subjected to cold weather lime stabilization. The selected soil was evaluated at only one lime content, which was established as the stabilization lime content for that soil.

4 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the construction of the Santa Lucia Tunnel, under Salerno, and consider the use of soil freezing in one tunnel section in detail, showing that low temperature brine circulating in freeze pipes causes water in the voids to freeze, giving sealing and stabilization of the soil.
Abstract: The article describes the construction of the Santa Lucia Tunnel, under Salerno, and considers the use of soil freezing in one tunnel section in detail. A geological section of ground under Salerno is shown; four types of strata present are volcanic, alluvial deposits, and dolomite (tectonic and non-tectonic in origin). Tunnelling difficulties caused by water are discussed. Water and soil cave-ins from the face were stopped by injection. A hydrological study was prepared. Preference of soil freezing over other techniques is discussed. Low temperature brine circulating in freeze pipes causes water in the voids to freeze, giving sealing and stabilization of the soil. The arrangement of freeze pipes is shown. Frost penetration and mechanical properties of frozen soil are considered. The freeze wall conditions of design and their practical realisation are given. The construction method of calottes with a preliminary lining of steel beams and reinforced gunnite was adopted. Relevant construction data are listed. No settlement of structures on the surface occurred where soil freezing was applied, and the method was cheaper and safer than the chemical injection method. /TRRL/

3 citations


01 Sep 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a design system for the use of chemically stabilized soil layers in pavement systems in the theater of operations, where two concepts of construction were envisioned in the development of this system: Expedient and nonexpedient construction.
Abstract: : The objective of this study was to develop a design system for the use of chemically stabilized soil layers in pavement systems in the theater of operations. Stabilization with only portland cement, lime, and bituminous materials was considered. Two concepts of construction were envisioned in the development of this system: Expedient and nonexpedient construction. The former involves that type of construction effort to be used when constraints of time, material, equipment, etc., dictate a minimization of efforts. The latter involves that type of construction to be used when constraints are less severe but construction effort would be less than what would be termed deliberate. Procedures are provided for selection of type and quantity of stabilization based on soil type. Thickness design curves are presented for design of single- and multiple-layer pavements for both roads and airfields. (Author)

3 citations



01 May 1974
TL;DR: In this paper, a small amount of concentrated solution is applied in place to the clay through tension cracks and/or drill holes, after the appropriate chemical has been selected, and then the solution is placed in place.
Abstract: The factors responsible for the unique physical behavior of clay include an electrical charge on their molecular structure, as well as certain colloidal properties, and water holding capacity. The nature of ions satisfying the electrical charges, in turn, strongly influence the physical properties of clay. No single chemical or group of chemicals is available that will universally improve all types of clay minerals in all chemical environments; nevertheless, field application of selected chemicals has been successfully used to halt active landslides, to reduce expansive clay properties, and to strengthen clay masses. After the appropriate chemical has been selected a small amount of concentrated solution is applied in place to the clay through tension cracks and/or drill holes. The method described here is the result of 12 years of laboratory studies and field testing.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new method of pulverizing and mixing soil with stabilizers is considered for the purpose of minimizing the energy required in these operations, which is more reliable and efficient in terms of both quality of mixing and cost than currently available commercial techniques.
Abstract: A new method of pulverizing and mixing soil with stabilizers is considered for the purpose of minimizing the energy required in these operations. The method consists of extruding soil through a screen mounted between two rotating disks and spraying the extrudate with stabilizers. Vicksburg buckshot clay with various water contents has been used to evaluate the effectiveness of the method. Theoretical analyses were done in order to determine the minimum rotational speed for soil extrusion, the energy requirement, and the length of the extrudate. These theoretical results compare favorably with the experimental results. These results indicate that this method of mixing is more reliable and efficient in terms of both quality of mixing and cost than currently available commercial techniques.

01 Oct 1974
TL;DR: The current practice sheet on special concrete is concerned with cement-stabilized materials as mentioned in this paper, and the main properties of these materials are summarized in a table, including permitted sulphate content, clay (liquid and plastic limits) and minimum 7-day strengths.
Abstract: This "current practice sheet" on special concrete is concerned with cement-stabilized materials. An introduction refers to the three types of cement-stabilized materials listed in the DOE Specification for Road and Bridge Works (lean concrete, cement-bound granular materials and soil-cement) and to their applications in this specification and also in road note 29.reference is also made to their use in airfield pavements. Details are then given of lean concrete which include references to the quality and grading of the aggregate the aggregate/cement ratio, the type of mixing the selection of water content, the method of laying, and site control and testing. Similar information is then given for cement-bound granular materials and soil-cement. This includes information on permitted sulphate content,clay (liquid and plastic limits) and minimum 7-day strengths. The main properties of cement-stabilized materials are summarized in a table. The next part of the sheet is concerned with performance and reference is made to work which has been carried out to assess the performance of cement-stabilized materials in roads. The sheet concludes with a breif reference to the future of cement-stabilized materials and the likelihood of increased use in order to conserve good aggregates. /TRRL/