Showing papers on "Soil stabilization published in 1975"
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of pozzolanic fly ash for modification of a highly plastic clay, and of natural and stabilized fly ashes to effect economy in road construction, is described.
Abstract: Successful uses of pozzolanic fly ash for modification of a highly plastic clay, and of natural and stabilized fly ashes to effect economy in road construction, are described. Three fly ashes collected in dry, moist, and sludge states were investigated in detail for modification of a highly plastic clay. Laboratory investigations were conducted to determine suitability of natural fly ash for structural fill, and lime and cement stabilized fly ashes for base course construction. Field trial sections were constructed and performance tests made to evaluate technical and economic feasibility. Laboratory and performance data on trial sections indicate that: (1) It is possible to modify a highly plastic clay with a pozzolanic fly ash to provide stable subgrades; (2) structural fills of compacted pozzolanic fly ashes gain strength with time and are lighter and stronger than clay or sand fills; and (3) base courses of cement stabilized fly ashes can be constructed with available equipment.
55 citations
01 Sep 1975
13 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the application of soil suction in geotechnical practice, and present an anatomy of a lawsuit involving a pier failure caused by improper pier design and construction.
Abstract: Part I. Theory and Practice. 1. Nature of expansive soils. Introduction. Origin of expansive soils. Distribution of expansive soils. Damage caused by expansive soils. Clay minerals. Recognition of expansive soils. Physical properties of expansive soils. 2. Mechanics of swelling. Introduction. Moisture migration. Swelling potential. Swelling pressure. Mechanics of swelling pressure. Lateral pressure. Shrinkage. 3. Field and laboratory investigation. Introduction. Site investigation. Drilling and sampling. Laboratory testing. 4. Drilled pier foundation. Introduction. Pier capacity. Mechanics of pier uplift. Belled piers. Friction piers. Failure of the pier system. State-of-art design. 5. Footing foundations. Introduction. Continuous footings. Pad foundations. Footings on selected fill. Mat foundation. Tunnel foundation. 6. Slabs on expansive soils. Introduction. Slab-on-ground. Stiffened slabs. Floating slabs. 7. Moisture control. Introduction. Horizontal moisture barriers. Vertical moisture barriers. Subsurface drainage. Peripheral drains. Surface drainage. 8. Soil stabilization. Introduction. Prewetting. Compaction control. Soil replacement. Lime stabilization. Chemical stabilization. Miscellaneous structure. 9. Soil suction. Introduction. What is soil suction? Measurement of suction. The application of soil suction in geotechnical practice. 10. Investigation of foundation movement. Introduction. History. Distress study. Investigation. Cause of movement. Remedial construction. Legal aspect. Part II. Case Studies. I. Distress caused by pier uplift. General. History. Investigation. Cause of movement. Remedial construction. II. Distress caused by improper pier design and construction. General. Existing condition. Cause of movement. Remedial measures. III. Distress caused by heaving of footing pad and floor slab. General. History. Distress. Investigation. Treatment. Remedial construction. IV. Distress caused by heaving of continuous footings. General. History. Subsoil condition. Cause of movement. Remedial measures. V. Distress caused by rise of water table. General. History. Subsoil conditions. Water table. Cause of movement. Source of moisture. Evaluation of building conditions. Remedial measures. VI. An anatomy of a lawsuit. General procedure for geotechnical investigation. Abstract from preliminary soil report. Abstract from geotechnical report. Distress and publicity. Summons. Response. Expert testimony. Damage to the profession. Appendices. A. Standard test methods for one-dimensional swell or settlement potential of cohesive soils. B. Conversion factors. Subject index. Author index.
9 citations
01 Jan 1975
Abstract: The report covers the validation of a soil stabilization index system which was developed earlier. The index system was originated to aid military engineers in selecting the appropriate type and amount of soil stabilizer to use in pavement construction. A comprehensive review of literature in the soil stabilization field was used to initially develop the index system. Laboratory tests and discussions with experts in soil stabilization were used in the validation phase reported herein. Based on these tests and discussions, several changes have been made to the initial index system, although the original concept has not been altered. The index system is entered with easily determined soil properties and flow charts are followed to arrive at the most suitable stabilizer. Subsystems containing appropriate tests are used to determine specific amounts of stabilizers. Use factors, construction factors and environmental factors are also considered in the decision-making process. Recommendations are included for additional verification studies of the index system.
8 citations
01 Feb 1975
TL;DR: In this article, a laboratory evaluation of the feasibility of using sewage sludge in construction of a highway embankment was conducted, and two soils, one sandy and the other clayey, were used to replace 30, 50 and 70% of the fly ash in selected formulations.
Abstract: A laboratory evaluation of the feasibility of using sewage sludge in construction of a highway embankment was conducted. Mixtures composed of lime, fly ash, waste calcium sulfate and up to 17% sewage sludge were evaluated. The effect of lime type, fly ash source and the relative proportions of lime, fly ash and waste calcium sulfate on compressive strength of compacted specimens was measured. Two soils, one sandy and the other clayey, were used to replace 30, 50 and 70% of the fly ash in selected formulations. All samples with the soil replacement exceeded the minimum strength gain criterion. Selected formulations were further evaluated for volume change, durability, permeability and leachability. Analysis of the leachate from the permeability tests indicated that the heavy metals present in the sewage sludge--cadmium, chromium, mercury and zinc--were retained in the mixture. However, lime and gypsum did increase the pH and calcium and sulfate ion concentrations in the leachate.
5 citations
01 Oct 1975
TL;DR: A large scale soil stabilization project was initiated in July 1973 as mentioned in this paper, where a 500-foot section of a 1300 foot cut on I-40 35 miles east of Holbrook, Arizona, was selected as the test site.
Abstract: A large scale soil stabilization project was initiated in July 1973. A 500-foot section, which is part of a 1300 foot cut on I-40 35 miles east of Holbrook, Arizona, was selected as the test site. The natural soil in the area is Chinle clay, a highly expansive Montmorillonite clay. The stabilization technique used on the Chinle clay was treatment with a 0.4N solution of KCl and electrochemical action. Results show that this method of soil stabilization produced a moderate decrease in the swelling characteristics of the Chinle clay, i.e., about a 50% decrease in expansive pressure and a 36% decrease in percent swell. Moreover, the electron miciographic and x-ray diffraction data have indicated some probable causative factors for the decrease in the swelling characteristics of the Chinle clay.
2 citations
01 Mar 1975
2 citations
01 Oct 1975
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the use of chemicals, the behavior of stabilized soils under repeated loading, and pollution problems related to soil stabilization is presented. But the authors do not discuss the effect of repeated loading on the performance of soil stabilization.
Abstract: Soil stabilization studies are summarized, and Japanese experience is cited in this review which focuses on the use of chemicals, the behavior of stabilized soils under repeated loading, and pollution problems related to soil stabilization. Among the chemicals used in soil stabilization, the resinous materials, aniline furfural resin, chrome-lignin, and calcium acrylate are noteworthy. Additive effect and response to repeated loading are discussed, and a method of grouting (of a sand mass liable to liquefaction) by electrophoresis using aluminum bars as electrodes is described. The utilization of volcanic-ash soils, artificially burnt inorganic materials from factories, and refuse from coal mines are also discussed. Machines used in soil stabilization and possible areas for future development in soil stabilization are noted.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the suitability of low-grade road materials such as lateritic gravels, soft sandstones and limestones, decomposing rock, the sabkha sands from the Arabian Gulf area and industrial wastes.
Abstract: Current specifications for roadmaking materials are considered and their relevance to low-grade materials and the conditions in which these materials are most used are assesed. The paper also describes different examples of low-grade materials as well as some of the methods used for improving their performance. In making an assessment of roadmaking materials it is essential that the properties of the materials should be related to performance in the road. Trial road sections, which consider a number of variations, as well as examination of existing roads will be valuable for performance evaluation. Low grade materials include lateritic gravels, soft sandstones and limestones, decomposing rock, the sabkha sands from the Arabian Gulf area and industrial wastes. Such materials are more likely to be suitable when used in roads with low traffic volume. However, there is evidence to suggest that with careful selection and control they can be used in more heavily trafficked roads when climatic conditions are favorable. Ways of improving performance of many of these soils are discussed. Stabilization with lime cement or bitumen are describe, the problems associated with unsound aggregates are discussed, athe criteria for assessing the suitability suitability of stabilization are stated, and the concept of construction is recommended for developing countries.
01 Jun 1975
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present results of a series of experiments with RRP, SC444, WATERGLASS, and LIGNIN, with and without pre-existing water IMMERSION.
Abstract: AS CHEMICAL ADDITIVES FOR SOIL STABILIZATION HAVE RECENTLY RE-APPEARED ON THE CONSTRUCTION MARKET IT WAS OBVIOUS THAT THIS PROBLEM SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED, AT LEAST IN THE LABORATORY. INITIALLY THE NECESSITY OF SOIL STABILIZATION IS DISCUSSED GENERALLY WITH RESPECT TO THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WATER IN THE SOIL. THE POSSIBLE TYPES OF REACTIONS OF CHEMICALS IN THE SOIL ARE ENUMERATED. SUBSEQUENTLY, THE RESULTS OF THE LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS ARE PRESENTED IN WHICH AN ATTEMPT HAS BEEN MADE TO STABILIZE A SEMI-PLASTIC SILT BY MEANS OF VARIOUS ADDITIVES. THE MATERIALS USED WERE RRP, SC444, WATERGLASS AND LIGNIN. AS A COMPARISON THE COMPACTED SOIL WITHOUT ADDITIVES WAS INVESTIGATED AND A PARALLEL SERIES WITH HYDRATE OF LIME. TESTS WERE CARRIED OUT ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH WITH AND WITHOUT PREVIOUS WATER IMMERSION. IN ADDITION, TEST PIECES WERE SUBJECTED TO SEVERAL FREEZING CYCLES. WITH THE SOILS EMPLOYED THE RESULTS WERE NOT SIGNIFICANT FOR THE CHEMICALS IN QUESTION. ONLY THE ADDITION OF HYDRATE OF LIME SHOWED SUCCESS, AS HAS BEEN PROVED ALREADY MANY TIMES IN PRACTICE. AS THE INVESTIGATIONS WERE CARRIED OUT WITH ONLY ONE TYPE OF SOIL IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO MAKE DEFINITE CONCLUSIONS FOR OTHER FINE GRAINED SOILS AS REGARDS THE EFFECT OF CHEMICALS. IN ORDER TO CLARIFY THIS QUESTION IT IS ADVISABLE THAT A SUITABILITY TEST IS CARRIED OUT IN EVERY CASE BEFORE CONSTRUCTION BEGINS.
01 Aug 1975
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the design, construction and evaluation of drill hole lime, pressure injection lime, and post-hole pile test sections built at Altus Air Force Base, Oklahoma.
Abstract: : Information and data on stabilization of deep soil layers indicated that certain stabilization procedures should be evaluated in various field test section studies. The report describes the design, construction and evaluation of drill hole lime, pressure injection lime, and post-hole pile test sections built at Altus Air Force Base, Oklahoma. All of the stabilization procedures effected a strengthening in at least one of the test sections. The general ranking of procedure effectiveness was: (1) Post-hole pile; (2) pressure injection lime, and (3) drill hole lime.