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Showing papers on "Soil stabilization published in 1986"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the potentials of rice husk ash compared to lime and cement in lateritic soil stabilization were discussed. But, they did not specify the required amounts of ash, lime, and cement for economical stabilization.

75 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of soil arching in discrete pile retaining walls is examined and an information base for rational design is provided, which can be used to determine the influence of and relationships between the essential parameters.
Abstract: Recently soil arching theory has been extended to the study of forces and stresses exerted by a yielding soil mass against discrete piles embedded in a slope and extending into a firm, non‐yielding base. Many uses of discrete pile retaining wall systems exist in current geotechnical practice. In each case, soil arching has been relied upon to some extent as a means of stabilization without concise information about the required spacing of the stabilization piles. This lack of information requires a design engineer to err on the conservative side, and to place the piles closer together than they need be. This study examines the role of soil arching in discrete pile retaining walls and provides an information base for rational design. The present research objective is to experimentally model soil arching action between piles, to determine the influence of and relationships between the essential parameters, and to compare predictions from several new arching theories to experimental model results. The result...

60 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The amount of cement required to stabilize the clays/silty clays and the uniformly graded medium to fine sand can be reduced by as much as 50 0f the two soil types are mixed in equal proportions (1:1 ratio) before cement stabilization as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Summary Cement is an effective agent in stabilizing the fine grained Niger delta soils to provide base course material for roads. The amount of cement required to stabilize the clays/silty clays and the uniformly graded medium to fine sand can be reduced by as much as 50 0f the two soil types are mixed in equal proportions (1:1 ratio) before cement stabilization.

24 citations



Journal Article
TL;DR: A discussion of the lime and lime/fly ash injection technology necessary for stabilization and restoration of typical failed embankment slopes is presented in this paper, with a detailed case study format and their relative degree of success is evaluated after 2 years of service.
Abstract: Restoration of failed soil embankments along the Interstate highway system is a costly and time-consuming maintenance problem for many state highway departments. Unfortunately, few economical or easy solutions are available for repair and improvement of these failed earth embankment sections. In extreme cases highway bridges have been removed and the earth cross-sectional designs changed because attempts at solving existing bridge embankment slope failures were unsuccessful. In related studies to evaluate a new solution for this problem, Alabama, Arkansas, and Missouri have recently installed full-scale highway embankment test sections using the lime and lime/fly ash injection method of in situ soil stabilization. Presented in this paper is a discussion of the lime and lime/fly ash injection technology necessary for stabilization and restoration of typical failed embankment slopes. Also addressed are lime and lime/fly ash laboratory testing, injection materials selection, injection construction technology, and site evaluation. The first two highway embankment injection-stabilization projects were installed in Alabama and Arkansas in 1983. These are presented in a detailed case study format and their relative degree of success is docmented after 2 years of service. The Missouri site stabilized in 1984 is also discussed and a preliminary assessment of its success potential is included. Discussed are the injection-stabilization evaluation techniques that have been derived from these demonstration projects, and suggstions for improvement of future projects are offered.

7 citations


01 Feb 1986
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of fly ash as a construction material for use as structural and nonstructural fills, backfills, embankments, base courses, soil stabilization, land reclamation, and other high volume uses is described.
Abstract: This updated design manual describes the use of fly ash as a construction material for use as structural and nonstructural fills, backfills, embankments, base courses, soil stabilization, land reclamation, and other high volume uses. The manual details the physical, engineering, and chemical properties of bituminous, subbituminous and lignite fly ash. Included are field and laboratory testing methods, design data, procedures and examples, specifications, quality control, and pre- and post-construction monitoring. Volume 1 describes uses where fly ash is used dry or conditioned with small amounts of moisture. Volume 2 describes uses where fly ash is placed as a slurry with relatively large amounts of water.

7 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the first large steam power plant in Indonesia consists of concrete rafts supported on slender, end-bearing steel-cased concrete piles and the principle of compaction piling is to forcefully compact loose soil by introducing significant quantities of additional granular fill throughout the soil mass.
Abstract: Foundations for Units 1 and 2 of the first large steam power plant in Indonesia consist of concrete rafts supported on slender, end-bearing steel-cased concrete piles. Soil investigation established the presence of layers and/or lenses of locally loose silty fine sands at various depths. It was necessary to densify these materials to ensure that unacceptable differential settlement did not occur between separate shallow foundations and to reduce the potential for liquefaction of the looser zones in the event of seismic disturbance. A design peak horizontal ground acceleration of 0.3 g was calculated and compaction piles used to improve the soil under structures. The principle of compaction piling is to forcefully compact loose soil by introducing significant quantities of additional granular fill throughout the soil mass. This method introduces a far greater quantity of fill material into the soil mass than the sand piling method, which it superficially resembles.

6 citations


01 Dec 1986
TL;DR: The Seagirt Stabilization Project consisted of a 113-acre dredged material containment area that contained 18 ft of fine-grained material 50 to 150 percent above the liquid limit to depths of 20 to 33 ft as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: : High-strength geotextiles coupled with polymeric vertical strip drains have essentially replaced the use of sand drains in the consolidation of soft clay deposits. Soft soils described in this report were saturated fine- grained organic silts and clays with an undrained shear strength of less than 100 lb/sq. ft. These materials were typical of maintenance dredged materials that are dredged by the US Army Corps of Engineers from rivers, port facilities, and harbors. This report contains a critique of the state of the art for soil stabilization using geosynthetic materials. It describes the implementation and performance of a high-strength geotextile and vertical strip drains in an ongoing project, Seagirt Project, being constructed by the Maryland Port Authority, Baltimore, Maryland. The Seagirt Stabilization Project consisted of a 113-acre dredged material containment area that contained 18 ft of fine-grained dredged material 50 to 150 percent above the liquid limit to depths of 20 to 33 ft. This surface contained alligator cracked crust 3 to 12 in. deep on the ground surface allowing one to walk on most of the areas to be stabilized. This report discusses the design philosophy, construction methodology, and development of new and innovative materials that are being developed for solving complex geotechnical problems. Purpose of this report was to evaluate the performance of the geotextile at the Seagirt Project and its bearing on the proposed Corps of Engineers project in the Port of Wilmington, Delaware, entitled Wilmington Harbor South Disposal Area, and other similar projects in the future.

6 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: A review of the stabilization and construction methods used by the South Dakota Department of Transportation during the past 17 years is given in this paper, along with a short history of the problems encountered along with the techniques of grading and stabilization used to control the expansive properties of the Pierre shale.
Abstract: A review is presented of the stabilization and construction methods used by the South Dakota Department of Transportation during the past 17 years. The nature of the soils involved is discussed and a short history of the problems encountered is given along with the techniques of grading and stabilization used to control the expansive properties of the Pierre shale. The 1967 performance of the roadway surface is compared with that in 1984. The conclusion is that rideability will be better over a longer period of time at lower maintenance costs on highways placed on expansive soils when the soils have been undercut, reworked, and replaced at controlled moisture and densities than on highways placed on these soils using normal methods. Stabilizing the upper portion of the replaced soil with lime perserves the high moisture content used in placing the soils and provides added support for the prevention of rutting by the equipment used in the placement of the surfacing courses.

4 citations



01 May 1986
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide guidance on the use of four stabilization treatments, i.e., lime, asphalt, cement, and lime-fly ash, in the construction of low-volume roads.
Abstract: Volume 1, contained herein, is an Executive Summary for administrators to provide help in understanding the factors involved in using soil stabilization for low-volume roads. The decision making factors such as traffic, soils, climate, stabilizer selection, design procedures, construction equipment, and quality control have been outlined. Volumes 2 and 3 are guide booklets for road engineers and road builders respectively. These guide booklets were developed to provide information on the use of four stabilization treatments, i.e., lime, asphalt, cement, and lime-fly ash in the construction of low-volume roads. Volume 4 documents the use and cost-benefits of these four stabilization treatments used in the construction of low-volume roads.


01 Apr 1986
TL;DR: In this article, a laboratory study was conducted to determine the feasibility of stabilizing an organic silt for use in sub-base or base courses for all-weather, low-volume roads and airfields in Alaska.
Abstract: Abstract : A laboratory study was conducted to determine the feasibility of stabilizing an organic silt for use in sub-base or base courses for all-weather, low-volume roads and airfields in Alaska. The soil used in this study has an organic content of 12% and a modified Proctor value of 79.1 lb/cubic foot at a 29% moisture content. The stabilizers evaluated were: cement, cement with additives (calcium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, sodium sulfate, and lime), lime, lime/fly ash, asphalt emulsion, tetrasodium polyphosphate, and calcium acrylate. Unconfined compressive strengths obtained were: 39 lb/square inch with 20% cement, 64 lb/square inch with 20% cement and 2% calcium chloride, 51 lb/square inch with asphalt emulsion, and 348 lb/square inch with calcium chloride. Lime and lime/fly ash proved to be ineffective for this soil. Although tetrasodium polyphosphate did not improve the soil's strength it did reduce frost susceptibility and permeability. Keywords: Chemical stabilizers, Organic soils, Soil stabilization.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The Research and Development Division of the Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) undertook research to aid in the development of the department's special provisions pertaining to the stabilization of US-69, which had experienced accelerated deterioration and was scheduled for restoration as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The Research and Development Division of the Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) undertook research to aid in the development of the department's special provisions pertaining to the stabilization of US-69, which had experienced accelerated deterioration and was scheduled for restoration. This effort consisted of determining the proper procedures to effectively stabilize the plain portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement, the quantity of material needed, and a method of verifying the quality of the stabilization operation for this particular highway. A general solution for the stabilization of all pavements is not proposed, but a basis for the method of void identification and the techniques used in pressure grouting is established.


01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this article, the effect on performance of the strength of the cement-bound roadbase and methods of construction are discussed, based on analysis of performance in the light of structural theory.
Abstract: Designs for roads with cement-bound roadbase have been developed from extensive observations of the performance of 39 experimental sections of road, augmented in this paper by a single survey of 970 lane km of trunk road and motorway. The effect on performance of the strength of the cement-bound roadbase and methods of construction are discussed. Design curves are based on analysis of performance in the light of structural theory. For heavily trafficked roads a design is described that resists longitudinal cracking under the combined effects of traffic and temperature.(a) for the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 815528.

01 May 1986
TL;DR: In this paper, the use and cost benefits of the above referenced four soil stabilization treatments used in the construction of low-volume roads are discussed. But the authors focus on the use of four stabilization treatments, i.e., lime, asphalt, cement, and lime-fly ash.
Abstract: Volumes 1 and 2 of this report are guide booklets for administrators and road engineers respectively. Volume 3, contained herein, is a guide booklet for road builders. These guide booklets were developed to provide information on the use of four stabilization treatments, i.e., lime, asphalt, cement, and lime-fly ash in the construction of low-volume roads. Volume 4 of this report documents the use and cost benefits of the above referenced four soil stabilization treatments used in the construction of low-volume roads. Volume 3 addresses each important topic the road builder should know about stabilizing soils. The topics reviewed in this booklet include drainage requirements, soil and additive measurements, soils, stabilizer selection, climate, construction, and maintenance of stabilized soil roads.


01 Jul 1986
TL;DR: In this article, a laboratory study was conducted to determine the feasibility of stabilizing an organic silt for use in sub-base or base courses for all-weather, low-volume roads and airfields in Alaska.
Abstract: : A laboratory study was conducted to determine the feasibility of stabilizing an organic silt for use in sub-base or base courses for all-weather, low-volume roads and airfields in Alaska. The soil used in this study has an organic content of 12% and a modified Proctor value of 79.1 lb/cubic foot at a 29% moisture content. The stabilizers evaluated were: cement, cement with additives (calcium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, sodium sulfate, and lime), lime, lime/fly ash, asphalt emulsion, tetrasodium polyphosphate, and calcium acrylate. Unconfined compressive strengths obtained were: 39 lb/square inch with 20% cement, 64 lb/square inch with 20% cement and 2% calcium chloride, 51 lb/square inch with asphalt emulsion, and 348 lb/square inch with calcium chloride. Lime and lime/fly ash proved to be ineffective for this soil. Although tetrasodium polyphosphate did not improve the soil's strength it did reduce frost susceptibility and permeability. Keywords: Chemical stabilizers, Organic soils, Soil stabilization.

01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this article, the feasibility of stabilizing sands and silty sands commonly found in the Lower Yukon Kuskowin Delta Area in Alaska was evaluated using field test strip studies including the test strip site selection, preliminary testing, observations during construction, construction testing, and post construction testing.
Abstract: Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the feasibility of stabilizing sands and silty sands commonly found in the Lower Yukon Kuskowin Delta Area in Alaska. The tests used mixtures of native sand or silty sand, asphalt emulsion, and portland cement to make a stabilized soil. It was expected that the mixture could be manufactured in place using a grader or a roto-tiller attachment for a tractor or dozer. Various tests on the established soil samples, including freeze-thaw and vacuum soak, showed that the stabilizing agents could increase the R-value of some soils to levels acceptable for a low-traffic wearing surface. The results are documented of the field test strip studies including the test strip site selection, preliminary testing, observations during construction, construction testing, post construction testing, and the conclusions and recommendations. A study was also made of a test mixture of silty sand and CTG, a product manufactured in Japan, and it was found that CTG significantly reduces the frost heave of silty soils but its suitabililty as a wearing surface was unknown.

01 Jun 1986
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present data from two soils used in road base construction in Louisiana, combined with soil specimens combined with cement, lime, and/or flyash from three local generating plants.
Abstract: This study was undertaken to provide the Louisiana DOTD with a data base from which recommendations can be made concerning the modification or stabilization of soils using flyash as a full or partial replacement for hydraulic cement or hydrated lime. This report presents data from two soils used in road base construction in Louisiana. Data was obtained from soil specimens combined with cement, lime, and/or flyash from three local generating plants. Unconfined compressive and vacuum saturation strengths were compared to those presently required for stabilization using cement as a single additive.

01 May 1986
TL;DR: In this article, the use and cost benefits of four soil stabilization treatments used in the construction of low-volume roads are discussed and a life cycle costing economic analysis procedure for evaluation of pavement alternatives, i.e., gravel surfaced road and chip and seal surfaced road with and without the conditions of soil stabilization treatment is illustrated.
Abstract: Volumes 1, 2, and 3 of this report are guide booklets for administrators, road engineers, and road builders respectively. These guide booklets were developed to provide information on the use of four stabilization treatments, i.e., lime, asphalt, cement, and lime-fly ash in the construction of low-volume roads. Volume 4, contained herein, documents the use and cost-benefits of the above referenced four soil stabilization treatments used in the construction of low-volume roads. A life cycle costing economic analysis procedure for evaluation of pavement alternatives, i.e., gravel surfaced road and chip and seal surfaced road with and without the conditions of soil stabilization treatments is illustrated. A data base for 24 case histories with stabilization and equivalent pavement without stabilization is presented and analyzed to show benefits of stabilization. The study concludes that to realize potential benefits, soil stabilization treatments should be considered as a design alternative in all climatic regions when specification materials are not available in abundance. Additionally, soil stabilization should also be considered: to provide less frost susceptibility; to provide conservation of good quality aggregates; to provide uniform strength for widening an existing roadbed; and to avoid raising the level of an existing roadbed.