Showing papers on "Solar energy published in 1970"
TL;DR: In this paper, the Earth/Sun relationship and the radiation observations normally made on well-exposed horizontal surfaces are used to evaluate the flux of global radiation on surfaces of any gradient or azimuth.
92 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the spectral irradiance at 1·3 and 2·3 km was analyzed and the meteorological interpretation of the results of concurrent measurements made at 1Á and 2Á km.
79 citations
41 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the collection efficiency and spectral response calculations for semiconductor heterojunction solar cells were performed for the first time, and the spectral response was calculated for the same class of cells.
Abstract: Collection efficiency and spectral response calculations for semiconductor heterojunction solar cells
41 citations
Patent•
10 Sep 1970
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a hardened SOLAR CELL, which is constructed from a SLAB of EPITAXIALLY GROWN SILICON, with a large number of very thin ALTERNATE N and P zones.
Abstract: A SOLAR CELL CONSTRUCTED FROM A SLAB OF EPITAXIALLY GROWN SILICON CONTAINING A PLURALITY OF VERY THIN ALTERNATE N AND P ZONES, CUT, LAPPED, AND POLISHED TO A THICKNESS OF APPROXIMATELY .010 INCH, HAVING A COMMON DEPOSITED ALUMINUM CONTACT CONNECTING ON THE BACK SIDE OF THE CELL TO EACH OF THE N ZONES AND ANOTHER COMMON DEPOSITED ALUMINUM CONTACT ON THE BACK SIDE OF THE CELL CONNECTING TO THE P ZONES, AND THE CELL ORIENTED SUCH THAT THE DIRECTION OF IMPINGEMENT OF THE SOLAR ENERGY ON THE FRONT SURFACE OF THE CELL IS IN A DIRECTION GENERALLY PARALLEL TO THE ALTERNATE ZONES OF N AND P MATERIAL PROVIDES A HIGH EFFICIENCY, HARDENED SOLAR CELL.
35 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the one-dimensional transient heating by solar radiation of a semi-transparent medium and the adjoining fluid is analyzed; the closed-form solution is compared with the values for temperature obtained by finite difference.
26 citations
TL;DR: A series of indices has been constructed in an attempt to regionalize the annual march of solar radiation on a global scale over one thousand sampling points were used in order to derive the spatial distribution of the 12-month radiation curve Each of these seasonal graphs was analyzed according to its wave-height (height of maximum input of energy), wave fluctuation (amplitude between the highest and lowest input), wavelength (for latitudes beyond 66 1 2 °) and shape of curve (phase angle) as mentioned in this paper.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a silicone oil film on a water surface was found experimentally to reflect solar energy about 1.7 times better than a plain water surface and also to reduce the evaporation rate.
Abstract: The evaporation of a water reservoir may be reduced by increasing the reflectance of solar energy by the water surface. Such a change in reflectance will require a surface modification such as the application of a special surface film or monolayer with good reflecting properties. Since colored materials reflect at wavelengths at which the solar energy has its peak intensity, colored monolayers and artificially dyed monolayers were studied experimentally. A large number of dyes were investigated, but in no instance did the dyes color the monolayer or form a monolayer themselves. A yellow silicone oil film on a water surface was found experimentally to reflect solar energy about 1.7 times better than a plain water surface and also to reduce the evaporation rate. In addition, the film was extremely difficult to remove from a water surface. Its durability is a real advantage where there is the need to constantly resupply monolayers as in present evaporation suppression techniques. Analytical studies were conducted to determine the evaporation reduction resulting from increased solar reflectance. The transient energy equation for an element of a water surface was solved by numerical methods. The analytical model gave an average evaporation suppression by cetyl alcohol of 22.6%, which is consistent with previous experimental work. Results for monolayers with hypothetical reflectance properties and with the diffusion properties of a cetyl alcohol monolayer showed average evaporation reductions of 25 to 45%, depending on the reflection properties.
01 Aug 1970
TL;DR: In this article, the basic solar electric propulsion system concept and elements are reviewed, and hardware is discussed only briefly, relying on detailed fabrication or assembly descriptions reported elsewhere, with emphasis placed on recent performance data, which are presented to show the relationship between spacecraft requirements and present technology.
Abstract: Achievements in the solar electric propulsion system technology program (SEPST 3) are reported and certain propulsion system-spacecraft interaction problems are discussed. The basic solar electric propulsion system concept and elements are reviewed. Hardware is discussed only briefly, relying on detailed fabrication or assembly descriptions reported elsewhere. Emphasis is placed on recent performance data, which are presented to show the relationship between spacecraft requirements and present technology.
Patent•
17 Jun 1970
TL;DR: A mobile solar water heater mounted on the top of a camper and including a water tank and water heating coils positioned in a heater box exposed to solar energy is described in this paper.
Abstract: A mobile solar water heater mounted on the top of a camper and including a water tank and water heating coils positioned in a heater box exposed to solar energy. The heater box is adjustable about a vertical pivot so as to be directed at the sun throughout the day.
Patent•
25 Sep 1970
TL;DR: In this paper, a solar energy powered heliotrope is used to orient a solar array towards the sun, where a bimetallic motor is activated by solar energy to generate a work output and a constant torque spring assembly coupled to the motor element stores useful energy as a function of the work output.
Abstract: This invention relates to a solar energy powered heliotrope which functions in a passive, stored energy manner to orient a solar array towards the sun. A bimetallic motor element is activated by solar energy to generate a work output. A constant torque spring assembly coupled to the motor element stores useful energy as a function of the work output. A bimetallic sensing element detects misorientation between the solar array and the sun. An escapement mechanism is actuated by the sensing element whenever misorientation between the solar array and the sun is detected; the escapement mechanism automatically and incrementally releases the stored energy to rotate the solar array in discrete increments until it is oriented towards the sun.
Patent•
28 Jul 1970
TL;DR: In this article, a reflected solar beam is divided into a plurality of concentrated cones of solar radiation, and each cone passes into a black box to heat air therein, and the heated air is then converted to mechanical energy by suitable apparatus and the mechanical motion may in turn be converted to electrical energy.
Abstract: Solar energy is converted to useful energy by dividing a reflected solar beam into a plurality of concentrated cones of solar radiation. Each cone passes into a black box to heat air therein. The heated air is then converted to mechanical energy by suitable apparatus and the mechanical motion may in turn be converted to electrical energy. In simpler, but less efficient embodiments, said cones may be converted by thermoelectric means directly into electric currents.
Journal Article•
01 Jan 1970
01 Jan 1970
TL;DR: In this article, a concept for a satellite solar power station is described to meet future large scale electrical power requirements without burdening the environment or leading to natural resource exhaustion, considering solar energy conversion, microwave generation and transmission, and conversion of microwave energy to electrical power on earth.
Abstract: A concept for a satellite solar power station is described to meet future large scale electrical power requirements without burdening the environment or leading to natural resource exhaustion. Considerations are given to solar energy conversion, microwave generation and transmission, and conversion of microwave energy to electrical power on earth. The system considerations and the development tasks for a large satellite solar power station are reviewed and the potential technilogical needs are identified.
15 Dec 1970