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Somatosensory system
About: Somatosensory system is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 6371 publications have been published within this topic receiving 316900 citations.
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TL;DR: FMRI responses triggered by nociceptive stimuli can be largely explained by a combination of multimodal neural activities and somatosensory-specific but not nocICEptive-specific neural activities.
478 citations
TL;DR: In vivo somatosensory stimuli evoked the release of substance P from primary afferent neurons that terminate in the spinal cord and stimulated endocytosis of Substance P receptors in rat spinal cord neurons, providing a specific image of neurons activated by substance P.
Abstract: In vivo somatosensory stimuli evoked the release of substance P from primary afferent neurons that terminate in the spinal cord and stimulated endocytosis of substance P receptors in rat spinal cord neurons. The distal dendrites that showed substance P receptor internalization underwent morphological reorganization, changing from a tubular structure to one characterized by swollen varicosities connected by thin segments. This internalization and dendritic structural reorganization provided a specific image of neurons activated by substance P. Thus receptor internalization can drive reversible structural changes in central nervous system neurons in vivo. Both of these processes may be involved in neuronal plasticity.
476 citations
TL;DR: The anatomical distribution of autonomic, particularly cardiovascular, responses originating in the insular cortex was examined by using systematic electrical microstimulation to demonstrate the localization of these responses to cell bodies in theinsular cortex.
Abstract: The anatomical distribution of autonomic, particularly cardiovascular, responses originating in the insular cortex was examined by using systematic electrical microstimulation. The localization of these responses to cell bodies in the insular cortex was demonstrated by using microinjection of the excitatory amino acid, D,L-homocysteic acid. The efferents from the cardiovascular responsive sites were traced by iontophoretic injection of the anterograde axonal tracer Phaseoleus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). Two distinct patterns of cardiovascular response were elicited from the insular cortex: an increase in arterial pressure accompanied by tachycardia or a decrease in arterial pressure with bradycardia. The pressor responses were obtained by stimulation of the rostral half of the posterior insular cortex while depressor sites were located in the caudal part of the posterior insular area. Both types of site were primarily located in the dysgranular and agranular insular cortex. Gastric motility changes originated from a separate but adjacent region immediately rostral to the cardiovascular responsive sites in the anterior insular cortex. Tracing of efferents with PHA-L indicated a number of differences in connectivity between the pressor and depressor sites. Pressor sites had substantially more intense connections with other limbic regions including the infralimbic cortex, the amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the medial dorsal and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus. Alternatively, the depressor region of the insular cortex more heavily innervated sensory areas of the brain including layer I of the primary somatosensory cortex, a peripheral region of the sensory relay nuclei of the thalamus and the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus. In addition, there were topographical differences in the projection to the lateral hypothalamic area, the primary site of autonomic outflow for these responses from the insular cortex. These differences in connectivity may provide the anatomic substrate for the specific cardiovascular responses and behaviors integrated in the insular cortex.
469 citations
TL;DR: Early somatosensory evoked potential components to median nerve or finger stimulation were recorded with non-cephalic references in normal young adults to identify spinal entry time with the onset of the neck N11 or scalp P11 and suggest that FF3-FF4 are generated in medial lemniscus rather than above the thalamus.
464 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: Plasticity in the Peripheral Somatosensory Nerve System and the Spinal Dorsal Horn (with Notes on Homologous Regions of the Trigeminal Nuclei).
Abstract: 1 Introductory Remarks- 2 Plasticity in the Peripheral Somatosensory Nervous System- 21 Aspects of Plasticity in the Peripheral Nervous System- 22 Survival and Loss of Sensory Neurons After Lesions of the Peripheral Nervous System- 221 Effect of Crush or Transection of Peripheral Nerve on Neurons of Sensory Ganglia- 222 Trophic Dependence of Immature Sensory Neurons on the Periphery- 223 Effect of Peripheral Nerve Transection on Different Types of Sensory Neurons in Dorsal Root Ganglia- 224 Effect of Peripheral Nerve Section on Fibre Composition of Dorsal Roots- 225 Fate of the Lost neurons- 226 Sensory Cell Loss After Chemical Lesions of Afferent Fibres- 23 Collateral Sprouting of Primary Afferent Fibres in the Periphery- 231 Collateral Reinnervation of the Skin in Adult Mammals- 232 Collateral Sprouting in Neonates- 233 Effect of Neural Activity on Collateral Sprouting- 234 Collateral Sprouting of Trigeminal Afferents- 235 Collateral Sprouting and Sensory Recovery in Man- 236 Fate of Collateral Sprouts After Regeneration of Original Nerve- 24 Regeneration of Somatic Sensory Afferent Fibres- 241 Numbers of Axons in Nerves Regenerating After Crush or Transection- 242 Size of Regenerated Axons- 243 Effect of Denervation on Specialized Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors- 244 Reinnervation of Cutaneous Receptors by Regenerating Sensory Fibres- 25 Modality Specificity of Somatosensory Nerve Regeneration- 251 Regeneration of Myelinated Afferent Fibres to Hairy Skin- 252 Regeneration of Myelinated Afferent Fibres to Glabrous Skin- 253 Regeneration of Unmyelinated Afferent Fibres- 26 Major Conclusions- 3 Plasticity and the Mystacial Vibrissae of Rodents- 31 General Account of Pathway- 32 Normal Development of the Vibrissae and Their Neural Connections to the Cerebral Cortex- 33 Effects of Lesions and Manipulations in Prenatal, Neonatal and Developing Animals- 331 Damage of the Infraorbital Nerve- 332 Lesions to One or More Vibrissae- 333 The Effects of Supernumerary Vibrissae- 334 The Effects of Lesioning Unmyelinated Afferents- 335 Hyper- and Hypostimulation of Vibrissa Afferents- 336 Cortical Alterations- 34 Plasticity in the Vibrissa System of Adult Animals- 341 The SI Cortex- 342 The Ventral Posterior Medial Nucleus- 35 Major Conclusions- 4 Plasticity and the Spinal Dorsal Horn (with Notes on Homologous Regions of the Trigeminal Nuclei)- 41 Experimental Strategies for Demonstration of Plasticity in the Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord and Trigeminal Nuclei- 42 Overview of Dorsal Horn Organization- 421 Laminar Cytoarchitectonic Organization- 422 Laminar Organization of the Termination of Primary Afferent Fibres- 423 Microanatomical Organization of Low-Threshold Cutaneous Afferents- 424 Relation of Functional Properties to Lamination of the Dorsal Horn- 425 Inhibitory Receptive Fields- 43 Somatotopic Organization of the Dorsal Horn- 431 Dorsal Horn Neurons- 432 Somatotopy and Lamination- 433 Relation of Primary Afferent Projections to Dorsal Horn Somatotopy- 434 Relation Between Dorsal Horn Cell Dendritic Morphology and Receptive Field- 44 Effect of Lesions on Somatotopic Organization- 441 Dorsal Rhizotomy- 442 Chronic Spinal Lesions- 443 Peripheral Nerve Transection or Crush- 45 Mechanisms Underlying the Somatotopic Reorganization of Dorsal Horn Neurons- 451 Physiological and Pharmacological Evidence for the Existence of Normally Ineffective- Afferent Connections- 452 Spontaneous Changes of Receptive Fields- 453 Plasticity of Receptive Fields Induced by Afferent Activity- 454 Involvement of Unmyelinated Afferents in the Somatotopic Reorganization After Peripheral Nerve Injury- 455 Sprouting of Primary Afferent Fibres and Other Neurons as a Basis for Somatotopic Reorganization- 46 Plasticity of the Developing Dorsal Hor- 461 Development of Dorsal Horn Neurons and Primary Afferents- 462 Functional Plasticity in Development- 463 Somatotopic Reorganization Following Neonatal Peripheral Nerve Lesions- 464 Anatomical Plasticity of Neonatal Afferent Projections- 47 Major Conclusions- 5 Plasticity and the Dorsal Column Nuclei- 51 Advantages of the Dorsal Column Nuclei for Studies of Plasticity- 52 Organization of the Dorsal Column Nuclei- 521 Cytoarchitectonics- 522 Ascending Afferent Pathways- 523 Responses of Neurons to Natural Stimulation- 524 Core and Shell Organization- 525 Somatotopic Organization- 53 Alterations of Inputs to the Nuclei- 531 Section of Ascending Pathways- 532 Effects of Dorsal Rhizotomy- 533 Peripheral Nerve Section- 54 Evidence for Ineffective Afferent Connections- 541 Projections of Dorsal Roots and Peripheral Nerves- 542 Projections of Single Afferent Fibres- 543 Dendritic Spread of Cuneate Neurons- 544 Electrical Stimulation and Widefield Neurons- 545 Pharmacological Alterations of Receptive Fields- 55 Recovery from Sensorimotor Deficits Following Dorsal Column Lesions- 56 Plasticity of the DCN During Development- 561 Effects of Prenatal Lesions- 562 Effect of Neonatal Destruction of Unmyelinated Afferents- 57 Major Conclusions- 6 Plasticity and the Somatosensory Thalamus- 61 Experimental Strategies and Plasticity in the Ventral Posterior Nuclei of the Thalamus- 62 Anatomical Organization of Inputs and Outputs of the Ventral Posterior Nuclei- 621 Primate and Cat- 622 Raccoon- 623 Rat- 63 Responses of Neurons to Cutaneous Stimulation and the Effects of Anaesthetics and Other Drugs- 64 Somatotopic Organization of the VPL and VPM- 65 Effects of Alteration of Input on Somatotopic Organization- 651 Reversible Blockade of Afferents and the Immediate Expression of New Inputs- 652 Chronic Lesion of Afferent Pathways and Sprouting of Thalamic Afferents- 66 Major Conclusions- 7 Plasticity and the Somatosensory Cerebral Cortex- 71 Experimental Strategies and Cortical Plasticity- 72 Plasticity in the Cortex of Adult and Developing Primates- 721 Multiple Representations- 722 Thalamic Input and Intracortical Connectivity- 723 Responses of Cortical Neurons to Natural Stimulation- 724 Somatotopic Representation of the Hand in Areas 3b and 1- 725 Anatomy and Innervation of the Monkey Hand- 726 Anaesthetics and the Representation of the Hand- 727 Injury and Subsequent Regeneration of Peripheral Nerves- 728 Section and Ligation of Peripheral Nerves- 729 Effects of Repeated Stimulation on Cortical Representations- 7210 Cortical Damage- 73 Plasticity in the Cortex of Adult and Developing Cats- 731 Somatotopic Organization, Cytoarchitectonics and Neuronal Responses- 732 Thalamic Input and Ineffective Thalamocortical Connections- 733 Effects of Anaesthetics and Other Drugs- 734 Cordotomy and Section of Ascending Tracts- 735 Blockage of Primary Afferent Input in Specific Dorsal Roots- 736 Damage to Peripheral Nerves and Effects of Usage on Cortical Representation- 737 Cortical Damage- 74 Plasticity in the Cortex of Adult and Infant Raccoons- 741 Somatotopic Organization and Cytoarchitectonics- 742 Neuronal Responses in SI Cortex and the Effects of Anaesthetics- 743 Ineffective Afferent Connections- 744 Effects of Amputation on Cortical Somatotopy- 75 Plasticity in the Cortex of Adult and Developing Rodents- 751 Somatotopic Organization and Cytoarchitectonics- 752 Section and Ligation of Peripheral Nerves in the Adult- 753 Effects of Perinatal Nerve Section or Limb Amputation- 754 Pharmacological Mechanisms Underlying Somatotopic Reorganization- 755 Cortical Damage- 76 Major Conclusions- 8 Concluding Remarks- 81 Plasticity During Development- 811 Disruption of a Growing System and the Influence of the Periphery- 812 The Influence of Afferent Axons and the Target Tissue- 82 Evaluation of Experimentally Induced Plasticity in Adult Animals- 821 Plasticity in the Peripheral Nervous System- 822 Somatotopic Organization in Intact Animals as a Baseline for Assessing Altered Connections- 823 Somatotopic-Artifacts in Regions Deprived of Their Normal Input- 824 Plasticity and the Level of the Neuraxis- 83 The Case for Ineffective Connections- 831 Elucidation of Sub-Threshold Inputs- 832 Somatotopically Inappropriate Projections of Afferent Axons- 84 Spatial Extent of Immediate and Long-Term Changes in Somatotopic Organization- 841 Distance Limits of Somatotopic Reorganization- 842 Sprouting and Synaptogenesis in the Mature System- 843 Recovery of Function- 85 Normal Physiological Mechanisms and Plasticity- 851 Inhibitory Receptive Fields and Partial Deafferentation- 852 Neurotransmitters and Neural Systems That Regulate Sensory Input- 86 Role of Plasticity in the Mature Somatosensory System- References
460 citations