Showing papers on "Sowing published in 1969"
TL;DR: Proctor and Maris Puma barleys were sown in October, early March, and late April at low and high fertilizer levels, and nitrogen data indicated a loss of nitrogen from the plant at high densities.
Abstract: SUMMARY
Proctor and Maris Puma barleys were sown in October, early March, and late April at 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 plants per m2and at low and high fertilizer levels.
Shoot dry matter and grain dry matter showed no significant response to density for the first two sowings, but increased with increasing density in the last sowing. In all sowings the ear number per m2rose with increasing density, and grain number per ear fell, and there were only small interactions between density and sowing date, but the effect on weight per grain differed markedly in the last sowing from that in the first two sowings. Nitrogen concentration per cent of dry matter in the grain and in the straw showed little response to density and the values for both grain and straw were highest in the last sowing. Nitrogen content per m2for both shoot and grain at first rose, and then fell with increasing density. The maximum amount of nitrogen per m2was found at about 100 plants per m2in the early sowings, and at 400 plants per m2in the last sowing. The nitrogen data indicated a loss of nitrogen from the plant at high densities.
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TL;DR: It is concluded that the incidence of F. nivale in wheat crops in Britain depends upon both winter and summer weather conditions, and in severe winters seedling death might be expected and wet summers would encourage a rapid spread of the disease through an infected crop.
Abstract: Epidemiological studies of Fusarium nivale (Fr.) Ces. (Calonectria nivalis Schaffn.) showed that disease incidence is greatest in cold, dry soil conditions. High seed spore load, deep sowing and low soil pH all increased disease incidence with artificially contaminated seed, under soil conditions optimum for disease development. An organo-mercurial seed disinfectant reduced disease incidence when naturally contaminated seed was sown. Biological control of F. nivale on wheat by the soil microflora was demonstrated with inoculated seed, but not with naturally contaminated seed. Gliocladium roseum caused most effective control. It is concluded that the incidence of F. nivale in wheat crops in Britain depends upon both winter and summer weather conditions. In severe winters seedling death might be expected and wet summers would encourage a rapid spread of the disease through an infected crop.
35 citations
TL;DR: A study on the effect of source, time of lifting and post-harvest treatment of apparently virus-free Arran Pilot seed potatoes on subsequent crop growth was carried out in this article, where the authors found that the potato tubers from the more southern region, which were older and showed greater sprout development at planting, gave plants with a higher stem number at soil level, a higher tuber number and a greater percentage of the tuber yield as seed grade than northern-produced seed.
Abstract: Studies were carried out on the effect of source, time of lifting and post-harvest treatment of apparently virus-free Arran Pilot seed potatoes on subsequent crop growth. The experiments were carried out in 1961–2 and 1962–3 at Efford, Sutton Bonington and Edinburgh. Seed tubers from the more southern region, which were older and showed greater sprout development at planting, gave plants with a higher stem number at soil level, a higher tuber number and a greater percentage of the tuber yield as seed grade than northern-produced seed. High bulking rates were associated with early emergence, high tuber numbers and late apparent time of tuber initiation. In 1962 southern seed produced plants which initiated tubers early and had low bulking rates and low final yields. In 1963 seed source had little effect on the time of tuber initiation of resulting plants, and southern-produced seed gave plants with high bulking rates and high final yields. Early lifted and greened tubers gave rise to plants with the same pattern of response as seed produced at the southern centre. It is suggested that this variation in response between years was due to the climatic conditions at the time of tuber initiation in the field crop.Seed of a required state at planting can usually be obtained by growth at the centre of ware production provided disease can be controlled and the time between harvesting of seed and planting is longer than about 3 months.
33 citations
TL;DR: The relative growth rates of the seedlings which grew from seed of both weight ranges were similar at those depths of sowing which permitted the highest proportion of emerged shoots to seeds sown, indicating that the weight advantage gained by the seedling that developed from heavy seed during their non-photosynthetic stage of growth was maintained, and was not increased by a greater relative growth rate after photosynthesis began.
Abstract: Seed of S24 perennial ryegrass of two weight ranges, 0.9–2.1 and 2.5–3.6 mg, were sown in soil at depths of 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 cm. Seedling growth was studied during the 3 weeks following germination.
Seeds of both weight ranges germinated equally well at soil depths down to 7.5 cm. However, the number of shoots that emerged was reduced as the sowing depth increased. At similar depths of sowing, seedlings from the heavy seed were heavier and developed more leaves and tillers than those from light seed. Deeper sowing reduced seedling weight and the rate of leaf- and tiller-production. After emergence, the relative growth rates of the seedlings which grew from seed of both weight ranges were similar at those depths of sowing which permitted the highest proportion of emerged shoots to seeds sown. This indicates that the weight advantage gained by the seedlings that developed from heavy seed during their non-photosynthetic stage of growth was maintained, and was not increased by a greater relative growth rate after photosynthesis began.
The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to plant breeding, commercial seed production and sward establishment.
31 citations
TL;DR: The effects of strain source and management practice on forage yields of two warm-season prairie grasses and side-oats grama in the Central Great Plains in 1962 and 1968 are illustrated.
Abstract: ment at Lincoln, Nebraska, 1949-55. USDA Tech. Bull. 1180. 49p. NEWELL, L. C., R. D. STATEN, E. B. JACKSON, AND E. C. CONARD. 1962. Side-oats grama in the Central Great Plains. Nebr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 207. 38~. NEWELL, L. C. 1968. Effects of strain source and management practice on forage yields of two warm-season prairie grasses. Crop Sci. 8: 205-2 10. RUSSELL, J. J., E. M. BROUSE, H. F. RHOADES, AND D. F. BURZLAFF. 1965. Response of subirrigated meadow vegetation to application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. J. Range Manage. 18: 242-247. SMIKA, D. E., AND L. C. NEWELL. 1965. Irrigation and fertilization practices for seed production from established stands of side-oats grama. Nebr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 218. 13p.
25 citations
TL;DR: High density reduced the proportion of flowers forming mature pods, while fertilizer application increased it, and there was no interaction between fertilizer level and density of planting on any plant characteristic.
Abstract: High-density (32 plants/m2) planting of soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] resulted in small plants but high dry weights per unit area of ground, while low density (four plants/m2) produced larger plants with a smaller dry weight per unit area of ground. Intermediate densities (16 and 8 plants/m2) produced intermediate plant sizes and yields. Shoot/root, bean/shoot, and leaf area ratio were all decreased by increasing density. The effects of density on plant growth were detectable 30 to 40 days from planting, and increased rapidly thereafter.Fertilizer in moderate quantity depressed the growth of the whole plant in the early stages, but, by maturity, fertilizer was associated with a small increase in weight of shoot and an increase in the proportion of beans to shoot.High density reduced the proportion of flowers forming mature pods, while fertilizer application increased it.There was no interaction between fertilizer level and density of planting on any plant characteristic.Effects of fertilizer on late...
22 citations
16 citations
TL;DR: The effects of six cultural treatments on (a) the time of 50% crop maturity and (b), the duration of the maturity period, were studied on representative varieties of three groups of autumn varieties.
Abstract: SummaryThe effects of six cultural treatments on (a), the time of 50% crop maturity and (b), the duration of the maturity period, were studied on representative varieties of three groups of autumn cauliflower in experiments carried out over a period of five years. The treatments included a comparison of the use of graded and ungraded seed, transplanting and direct-drilling of the crop, different transplant ages, selection for uniformity at planting or thinning time, and plant density and nitrogen levels during the early seedling stage of growth.Transplanted crops of all varieties were later in maturing than direct-drilled crops and, in two of the three varieties, the duration of the maturity period was much longer with transplanted crops. Both plant competition in the seedbed and increasing age of transplant delayed maturity and lengthened the maturity period of transplanted crops. The use of graded seed for a direct-drilled crop made a small but significant improvement to the uniformity of maturity withi...
16 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The soaking of sweet orange seeds in water or various concentrations of gibberellic acid for 24 hours prior to planting increased their rate of germination under cool conditions.
Abstract: The soaking of sweet orange seeds in water or various concentrations of gibberellic acid for 24 hours prior to planting increased their rate of germination under cool conditions. Larger and more uniform seedlings also followed some of the gibberellic acid seed soak treatments in these tests.
TL;DR: Doses of 600 and 1000 rads to onion ‘sets’ (bulblets), applied 8–25 days before planting, reduced crop yields and the number of large onions obtained by about 25 per cent and 75 per cent respectively.
TL;DR: Sowing in July gave earlier flowering and ripening than sowing in August and usually increased yields, cluster size and percentage germination, and response to fertilizer nitrogen applied in spring was less, and less was needed for maximum yield on the thin Cotswold soils than on the silty clay loam in Lincolnshire, where it doubled yield in 1966.
Abstract: Summary Sixteen field experiments made between 1963 and 1967 on direct-drilled sugar-beet seed crops compared the effects of cultural practices on the yield and quality of seed. Sowing in July gave earlier flowering and ripening than sowing in August and usually increased yields, cluster size and percentage germination. Downy mildew was sometimes more prevalent in late sowings. Seed yields increased as the crop changed colour from green to yellow and percentage germination increased greatly as more clusters contained ‘mealy’ rather than ‘milky’ perisperm. Because of natural shedding and bird damage, seed yields then decreased and losses of 0·6 cwt/acre/day were recorded for early ripening treatments. Cluster size and percentage germination continued to increase while yield was decreasing. Crops ripened a month earlier in 1967, the ‘earliest’ year, than in 1965, the latest year. Crops grown in rows 10 in apart lodged less than those sown 20 in apart, ripened earlier and produced, on average, 3 cwt/acre more seed, which was slightly smaller. In one experiment rows 5 in apart gave similar yields but smaller clusters than rows 10 in apart. Row width had little effect on percentage germination. Increasing the distance between plants in the row gave smaller yields with wider spaced rows, but with narrow rows plants 6 in and 12 in apart yielded more than those 2 in apart. Yields from a plant population of 52,200 plants/acre were 4 cwt/acre greater when plants were 12 in apart in narrow (10 in) rows rather than 6 in apart in wide (20 in) rows. Spacing further apart in narrow rows increased seed size. In wide rows many plants 12 in apart lodged, made secondary growth and produced small, late maturing clusters, of which few germinated. Response to fertilizer nitrogen applied in spring was less, and less was needed for maximum yield on the thin Cotswold soils than on the silty clay loam in Lincolnshire, where it doubled yield in 1966. Phosphate and potash applied in spring had little effect on yield. Usually fertilizers had no effect on cluster size or germination percentages, but 1·6 cwt/acre N given to a late-ripening crop in 1965 decreased seed size and germination. Ramularia leaf spot, which defoliated crops in the Cotswolds, was worst on early sown and closely spaced plants, and was unaffected by fertilizer.
TL;DR: There was little difference between the spectrum of fungi isolated from ungerminated seeds and that from post-emergence damped-off seedlings; only Pythium intermedium was found to be pathogenic.
Abstract: The effect of sowing density and soil-moisture content on damping-off of Papaver apulum, P. rhoeas, Brassica nigra , and Sinapis alba was studied. Post-emergence damping-off took place within 4 weeks of sowing but most mortality occurred in the pre-emergence phase. A characteristic complex of fungi was consistently isolated from diseased seeds and seedlings, but only Pythium intermedium was found to be pathogenic. There was little difference between the spectrum of fungi isolated from ungerminated seeds and that from post-emergence damped-off seedlings. The process of damping-off is discussed in relation to these observations.
TL;DR: A field experiment based on a 34 factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of planting times, row spacings, and herbicide treatments on the growth and yield of Adelphia, Amsoy, and Wayne soybeans in Canterbury, New Zealand, in 1967-68 as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A field experiment based on a 34 factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of planting times, row spacings, and herbicide treatments on the growth and yield of Adelphia, Amsoy, and Wayne soybeans (Glycine max (L) Merrill) in Canterbury, New Zealand, in 1967–68. In this location the interval between planting and maturation was extended beyond that which normally occurs in the regions for which these varieties are best suited. The earliest maturing cultivar, Amsoy, was more successful at Lincoln, and data indicate that even earlier maturing varieties may be more suitable. Soybeans sown at 20 in. row spacings in mid-November produced highest grain yields with a minimum of agronomic difficulties. Generally soybeans grown in rows 20 in. apart outyielded those grown at wider row spacings and suffered less from weed competition. Both Treflan and Amiben treatments increased grain yields, particularly where soybeans were grown at 30 and 40 in. row spacings, even though the trifluralin applications...
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship and significance of seed moisture content during irradiation and post-irradiation storage periods to radiation injury was investigated, and it was shown that a very conspicuous recovery was obtained by raising the water content of seeds during storage; a change from dry to wet was more effective than that from dry or moist to wet.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, a granular pesticide, such as Thimet, is applied to the soil at planting time and again as a side-dressing in the seedling stage.
Abstract: Spider mites are the most destructive of the economic pests found on soybean plants in our hot interior valleys. Destructive species are the two-spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae K., and the Pacific mite, T. pacificus McG. High population densities of several hundred to over a thousand per leaflet may build up. The light to moderate white-stippled type of injury intensifies so that leaves turn yellowish, then brown, and drop prematurely. This causes a reduction of pod set and yield of seed. The studies have indicated that mite numbers should be kept at or below 4 to 6 per unit count to obtain any sort of satisfactory seed yield. After pod set commences, it appears necessary to have some type of mite control in or on the soybean plants or serious damage and seed loss will occur. Superior mite control has been obtained by chiseling a granular pesticide, such as Thimet, into the soil at planting time and again as a side-dressing in the seedling stage. Kelthane has afforded the best control of the foliage sprays tested. Trithion was fair but multiple sprays were needed. Pesticides discussed in this article have not been registered for use on soybeans and are not recommended for use at this time.
Patent•
21 Nov 1969
TL;DR: A method and seed pellet particularly suited for use in planting agricultural crops characterized by the provision of seed pellets including frozen bodies of selected fluids such as water or aqueous solutions of selected chemicals, such as fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides and the like, having discrete plant seeds embedded therein, and depositing the pellets in the soil as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A method and seed pellet particularly suited for use in planting agricultural crops characterized by the provision of seed pellets including frozen bodies of selected fluids such as water or aqueous solutions of selected chemicals, such as fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides and the like, having discrete plant seeds embedded therein, and depositing the pellets in the soil, a feature of the invention being the adaptability thereof for use in planting relatively small seeds with a selected, uniform spacing and shallow covering in a moisturized environment.
TL;DR: The yields and quality of drilled and transplanted crops were similar with all varieties each year and neither the use of graded seed nor the nitrogen treatments had any significant effect on yield or curd quality.
Abstract: SummaryThe effects of six cultural treatments on (a) marketable yield, (b) percentage marketable plants and (c) percentage perfect quality curds produced, were studied on representative varieties of three groups of autumn cauliflower in experiments carried out over a period of five years. The treatments included a comparison of the use of graded and ungraded seed, transplanting and direct-drilling of the crop, different transplant ages, selection for uniformity at planting or thinning time, and plant density and nitrogen levels during the early seedling stage of growth.In general the yields and quality of drilled and transplanted crops were similar with all varieties each year and neither the use of graded seed nor the nitrogen treatments had any significant effect on yield or curd quality. Both increasing plant density in the seedbed and increasing age of transplant caused a reduction in yield on most occasions. The effects of the treatments on yield and quality are discussed in relation to their effects...
TL;DR: High rice yields were produced when seed was disced into the soil followed by permanent flooding, but when pregerminated rice was seeded in permanently flooded land, significantly lower yields were obtained, probably because of several conditions.
Abstract: High rice yields of 7,020 kg of rough rice/ha were produced when seed was disced into the soil followed by permanent flooding. Similarly high yields of 6,830 kg/ha were produced with the same planting method when 5 cm of irrigation water was applied weekly without permanent flooding. When pregerminated rice was seeded in permanently flooded land, however, significantly lower yields of 5,300 kg/ha were obtained, probably because of several conditions: the adverse effects of algae, a less even stand of seedlings caused by floating germinated seed, earlier lodging of the plants, and also possibly, heavier losses of fertilizer nitrogen.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider the best age of seed to plant in a laboratory is not the only factor that should be considered, but also the variety of seeds used in a common planting.
Abstract: in a laboratory is not the only factor that should be variety. This would seem to be an important considered before species can most effectively be enough item economically that all recommended compared in a common planting. For example, 97% varieties be researched for best age of seed to plant. of our side-oats grama seeds germinated within 8 days from both oneand two-year-old seeds, but only LITERATURE CITED
TL;DR: Seven cultivare of pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.), representing both frying and bell types, and open-poflinated and hybrid varieties, were planted at population levels of 35,878, 53,818, and 71,757 plants/ha, and there was a density x cultivar interaction at P = 0.09 for yield.
Abstract: Seven cultivare of pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.), representing both frying and bell types, and open-poflinated and hybrid varieties, were planted at population levels of 35,878, 53,818, and 71,757 plants/ha. The lowest density is the conventional rate in Puerto Rico. They were planted af the Fortuna Substation, Juana Diaz, Puerto Rico. Irrigation was supplied throughout the dry season. After the fourth harvest, two replicates were pruned to 12 cm for a second crop. Planting density affected yield but not fruit size. There was a density x cultivar interaction at P = 0.09 for yield. Doubling the population increased yield 12 to 40%. Response to pruning was cultivar-specific. Total yield was 25 to 100% greater than yield before pruning. Both practices could serve as low capital innovations for the tropics.
TL;DR: Despite some shortcomings, PRShortvine-1 and PRLongvineSLR are two advanced open-pollinated populations that should be considered for formal release on the basis of their field performance, good fruit quality and ability to produce profitable amounts of seed in a seed production program.
Abstract: New tropical pumpkin ( Cucurbita moschata Duchesne) genotypes were evaluated for yield, flesh (mesocarp) color, pest resistance and seed production as compared with the standard cultivar Soler in six field trials at three Puerto Rico locations during a two-year period (2003-2005). Genotypes included an open-pollinated population (PRShortvine-1) and four lines (E0305-1, E0305-2, E0305-3 and E0305-4) with a semi-bush growth habit, as well as a new long-vine open-pollinated population (PRLongvineSLR). Various within-row (0.9- and 1.9-m) and between-row (1.9- and 3.8-m) planting distances were tested. Not all genotypes nor planting distances were included in each trial. PRLongvineSLR was partially resistant to the melonworm ( Diaphania hyalinata ), whereas lines E0305-1 and E0305-2 were very susceptible. These same lines, as well as PRShortvine-1, were also susceptible to downy mildew, Pseudoperonospora cubensis . All genotypes produced similar yields. Within-row planting distance generally had no effect on fruit weight, fruit number and yield. All new genotypes had good flesh thickness (>4 cm) and small fruit cavities. Flesh color of PRShortvine-1 and PRLongvineSLR tended to be more orange than that of Soler. Lines E0305-3 and E0305-4 had poor seed production, whereas seed production in fruits of PRShortvine-1 and PRLongvineSLR was similar to that of Soler. Despite some shortcomings, PRShortvine-1 and PRLongvineSLR are two advanced open-pollinated populations that should be considered for formal release on the basis of their field performance, good fruit quality and ability to produce profitable amounts of seed in a seed production program.
TL;DR: Three annual and three perennial pastures produced on a red-brown earth and consisting respectively of a legume, a grass, and the same grass supplied with fertilizer nitrogen were ploughed up and sown to wheat, showing differences in yield were unrelated or poorly related to simple chemical estimates of available nitrogen.
Abstract: Three annual and three perennial pastures produced on a red-brown earth and consisting respectively of a legume, a grass, and the same grass supplied with fertilizer nitrogen were ploughed up and sown to wheat. The physical properties of the various pasture soils after cultivation were similar. After perennial pastures the yields of wheat were greater than after annual pastures. Nitrogen applied to the wheat crop at the rate of 112 kg/ha cancelled the differences in grain yields, which indicated that differential mineralization of nitrogen following annual and perennial pastures caused the yield differences. The observed differences in yield were unrelated or poorly related to simple chemical estimates of available nitrogen. The amounts of nitrate present after 2 weeks' incubation of the soils collected at sowing were greater after perennial pastures, and were related to the vegetative yields, the number of fertile tillers, grain yields, and the nitrogen uptake of the wheat crop. At all levels of available nitrogen, there was a 2 : 1 ratio between nitrogen in the grain and in straw plus chaff. Grain protein and gluten protein contents increased with nitrogen uptake and were inversely related to the extent of mottling.
TL;DR: Pigeonpea cultivar Kaki was grown during 1970-71 to determine the effect of planting date, plant population and row spacing on green-pod yield, date of flowering, plant height, protein content of the seed and yield components.
Abstract: Pigeonpea cultivar Kaki was grown during 1970-71 to determine the effect of planting date, plant population and row spacing on green-pod yield, date of flowering, plant height, protein content of the seed and yield components. Green-pod yields were significantly higher in plantings made during early April, May and June than during late September and October. Yield also tended to be higher at lower spacing between rows, and at highest populations, regardless of row spacing. Plant height, number of days to flower and protein percent of the dry seed were unaffected by row spacing and plant population, but these factors were affected significantly by date of planting. Pods per plant increased markedly as spacing was increased and with early plantings. Date of planting, row spacing and plant population had no affect on seed size or number of seeds per pod.
TL;DR: The critical period for removing weeds in pigeon peas appeared to vary between the pigeon pea cultivars and between the two growing seasons, with weed number and yield greater during the first planting season compared with those of the second.
Abstract: Kaki and 28-Bushy pigeon peas were grown in the southern plains of Puerto Rico, in four spatial arrangements with six intervals of weed competition during two growing seasons to determine the influence of weed competition on crop growth, development and yield. In both growing seasons, Cleome gynandra , Amaranthus dubius , Echinochloa colona, Leptochloa filiformis , and Digitaria sanguinalis were the dominant weeds. C. gynandra and E. colona dominated the early weed flora until approximately 40 days after pigeon pea emergence. Later, weed flora was dominated by L. filiformis, D. sanguinalis , and A. dubius . The presence of weeds during early growth stages reduced initial crop growth and delayed differentiation including flowering of the two pigeon pea cultivars. Elimination of weeds at or before 21 to 28 days after pigeon pea emergence and thereafter, generally resulted in the recovery of pigeon pea plants and prevented measurable losses in final yield. The critical period for removing weeds in pigeon peas appeared to vary between the pigeon pea cultivars and between the two growing seasons. In the May 6 planting, pigeon pea yields were reduced after 28 and 21 days of early competition for Kaki and 28-Bushy, respectively. In the July 1 planting, however, losses occurred at 21 and 14 days of weed competition for the two respective cultivars. No differences were found in weed numbers or yield between the two cultivars or among spatial arrangements in either planting season. However, weed number and yield were greater during the first planting season compared with those of the second. Planting pigeon peas under short photoperiods accelerated vegetative growth, shortened the total cropping cycle, and resulted in reduced yield and total growth for both cultivars. Losses from early weed competition occurred earlier under the short-day planting than those under the long-day planting.