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Sowing

About: Sowing is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 33888 publications have been published within this topic receiving 273438 citations. The topic is also known as: seeding.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Alternative methods of inoculation that were as effective as the standard seed inoculation are identified that may represent an important strategy to avoid the incompatibility between inoculant bacteria and pesticides employed for seed treatment.
Abstract: The utilization of inoculants containing Azospirillum is becoming more popular due to increasing reports of expressive gains in grain yields. However, incompatibility with pesticides used in seed treatments represents a main limitation for a successful inoculation. Therefore, in this study we searched for alternatives methods for seed inoculation of maize and wheat, aiming to avoid the direct contact of bacteria with pesticides. Different doses of inoculants containing Azospirillum brasilense were employed to perform inoculation in-furrow, via soil spray at sowing and via leaf spray after seedlings had emerged, in comparison to seed inoculation. Experiments were conducted first under greenhouse controlled conditions and then confirmed in the field at different locations in Brazil. In the greenhouse, most parameters measured responded positively to the largest inoculant dose used in foliar sprays, but benefits could also be observed from both in-furrow and soil spray inoculation. However, our results present evidence that field inoculation with plant-growth promoting bacteria must consider inoculant doses, and point to the need of fine adjustments to avoid crossing the threshold of growth stimulation and inhibition. All inoculation techniques increased the abundance of diazotrophic bacteria in plant tissues, and foliar spray improved colonization of leaves, while soil inoculations favored root and rhizosphere colonization. In field experiments, inoculation with A. brasilense allowed for a 25 % reduction in the need for N fertilizers. Our results have identified alternative methods of inoculation that were as effective as the standard seed inoculation that may represent an important strategy to avoid the incompatibility between inoculant bacteria and pesticides employed for seed treatment.

172 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that seed predation in organic cereal fields is an important factor shaping the population dynamics of arable weeds, and a combination of environmental conditions and agricultural practices can advance weed phenology and postpone seed burial, resulting in higher proportions of weed seed loss topredation in cereals.
Abstract: 1. Post-dispersal seed losses in annual arable weed species are poorly quantified, but may be of significance for natural population control, especially if they can be manipulated. We hypothesized that weed seed predation on the soil surface was significant, so we measured rates in the field to estimate annual seed losses due to predation. 2. Temporal patterns of weed seed losses due to predation ('demand') as well as weed seed production ('supply') were measured from May to June until harvest in August 1999 and 2000 during 2-week exposure periods in four organic cereal fields in the Netherlands. The proportion of weed seeds lost to predators M-i (number of seeds consumed per number of seeds exposed per 14 days) was measured, using cards containing seeds of Stellaria media, Chenopodium album or Avena fatua. Seed production, Y-i (number of seeds per m 2 per 14 days), was measured in 2000, using seed traps. 3. Annual seed loss due to predation, (M) over bar (number of seeds consumed per number of seeds produced per year), was calculated based on M-i and the exposure period of seeds to predators, starting with seed shed and ending with seed burial. The importance of the length of the exposure period on total seed loss was explored using a model. 4. The temporal trend in M-i was consistent among farms and years: high in June and early July, lower in the second half of July and negligible in August and after harvest. Total seed production varied considerably among fields, i.e. 800-16 000 seeds per m(2) per year. The timing of peak seed production also varied substantially. 5. Calculated (M) over bar ranged from 32% to 70%, when assuming continuous exposure of seeds to predators from seed shed till crop harvest. When exposure was limited to 2 or 4 weeks after seed shed, (M) over bar decreased to 18-57% or 28-67%, respectively. Differences between fields and weed species were mainly due to differences in the timing of seed shed. 6. Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that seed predation in organic cereal fields is an important factor shaping the population dynamics of arable weeds. A combination of environmental conditions (hot and dry weather) and agricultural practices (an early crop sowing) can advance weed phenology and postpone seed burial, resulting in higher proportions of weed seed loss to predation in cereals.

172 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: From this study, it appears that seeding rapeseed from 29 April to 9 May gives a greater assurance for higher yields, and the practical importance of adequate N fertilization in yield formation in summer oilseed rape is highlighted.

172 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is observed that the natural regeneration of native forest species originating from remnant forests in the general vicinity of the study sites was significantly greater within the direct-seeded plots than in unplanted control plots that were protected from fire and other disturbances.

171 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the net photosynthetic rate (An), stomatal conductance (gs), chlorophyll content and dark respiration rate on 16 wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), grown in replicated yield trials in a warm, irrigated, and low relative humidity environment in central Mexico.

171 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20241
20232,551
20225,773
2021919
20201,657
20192,181