Showing papers on "Soybean oil published in 1972"

Soybeans as a food source

Abstract: Food uses of soybean oil protein are reviewed. Coverage includes soybean production, storage, and processing. Emphasis is on conversion of crude soybean oil into salad and cooking oils, shortening, margerine and lecithin products, the processing of defatted soybean flakes into flours and grits, protein concentrates and isolated proteins, and the various uses of the nutritional properties of the proteins are discussed.

Digestibility of hydrogenated tallow, saturated fatty acids and soybean oil-supplemented diets by sheep.

Abstract: A TOTAL of 28 crossbred wethers were used in two experiments to determine the digestibilty of hydrogenated tallow-, saturated fatty acidsand soybean oil-supplemented diets. Digestibility values for individual fats were determined by subtracting from total dietary lipid and fecal output the dietary and fecal lipids measured with basal diets. In the first experiment addition of 3% flaked, hydrogenated tallow to a basal diet resulted in lower digestibility (34%) for the tallow compared with soybean oil (98%). In the second experiment, hydrogenated tallow was added to a basal diet at approximately the 4.8% level either in dry flaked form or melted and mixed (blended) into the concentrate portion of the basal diet. A further treatment comparison involved addition of saturated free fatty acids at approximately the 4.8% level to the basal diet. Tenday digestion trials were conducted starting at 10 and again at 35 days of this experiment to measure adaptation of sheep to fat-supplemented diets. Melting and mixing the tallow into the diet resulted in significant (P< .01) improvement in digestibility over flaked tallow (40% vs. 30%). Saturated fatty acids were significantly (P<.01) better digested (73%) than either form of tallow. Blood plasma lipid fatty acid levels of sheep reflected these differences in digestibility after 33 days on feed. It is suggested that the hydrogenation process results in tallow with physical form which resists dispersion and hydrolysis in the rumen and solubilization in the small intestine. Additions of soybean oil, saturated fatty acids and hydrogenated tallow tended to lower digestibilities of crude fiber and acid detergent fiber. The decreases were significant

Effects of surface concentration, metals and acid synergists on autoxidation of linoleic acid monolayers on silica

Abstract: To approximate in a model system the autoxidation of monomolecular layers of lipids on the cell surfaces of freeze-dried foods, the autoxidation of presumed monolayers of linoleic acid adsorbed from solution onto silica gel has been studied as a function of time and α-tocopherol and acid synergist content The method of Honn, Bezman and Daubert was used, modified by the substitution of linoleic acid for soybean oil and the use of gas chromatography to follow oxygen disappearance at 80 C It was found that adsorption of linoleic acid onto silica gel from petroleum ether solution conforms to a Langmuir isotherm, consistent with the formation of a monolayer Confirming the finding of Honn et al with soybean oil, it was found that the most rapid uptake of oxygen occurred at a linoleic acid-silica ratio close to that for the monolayer Without included antioxidant, oxidation commences at a nearly linear rate without observable induction period Time for consumption of one-half mole of oxygen per mole of linoleic acid is ca 60 min on acid-washed silica If very small amounts of α-tocopherol are included in the layer, virtually no oxygen uptake measurable in this system occurs during an induction period, the length of which is approximately proportional to tocopherol content The inflection point at the commencement of rapid oxidation is very sharp; the ensuing oxidation rate approximates that of the unprotected acid The induction period of linoleic acid with the same tocopherol content is as much as 100% longer when exposed in monolayer than in a bulk form However the rate after commencement of rapid oxidation is 8–10 times greater in the monolayer Acid washing of the silica reduced its iron content by 75% Acid washing also reduced by 60% the rate of autoxidation without α-tocopherol and increased the length of the induction period four-fold when α-tocopherol was present The effect of pretreatment of the silica by adsorption of the acid synergists, ascorbic, phosphoric, citric and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid was qualitatively similar to the effect of acid washing The synergists extended the induction period in increasing order as listed, EDTA producing a 100-fold extension For ascorbic acid the rate reduction and increase of induction period were not found on unwashed silica and were dependent on the extent of washing These findings are consistent with synergist sequestration of metals in a complex that is ineffective in new chain generation by perioxide decomposition

Novel sulfur-containing compositions

Abstract: Compositions suitable as replacements for sulfurized sperm oil as extreme pressure additives in lubricants are obtained by sulfurizing a mixture of at least one fatty acid ester (preferably an oil such as soybean oil), at least one C 8 - 36 aliphatic olefin (preferably an α-olefin), and, optionally, at least one fatty acid (preferably unsaturated).

Room odor evaluation of oils and cooking fats

Abstract: Panel evaluations have been made of room odors developed by edible oils and cooking fats heated to frying temperatures. Vegetable and mixed fat shortenings, as well as oils of different iodine value and from special processing, were investigated with and without added stabilizers. When silicones were added to frying fats, room odor scores improved markedly. Certain added autoxidative cleavage products had little effect on odor scores at levels where they were detected easily in taste tests. To be discernible in room odors, these additives had to be present at levels ca. 100-fold greater than their taste thresholds. Panel results show that the undesirable frying odors contributed by unhydrogenated soybean oil in mixtures with other oils could be detected readily at 25% levels. As the level of soybean oil was lowered further, the room odor scores of oil mixtures improved perceptibly.

Use of labeled compounds to study the mechanism of flavor formation in oxidizing fats

Abstract: 2-14C-Hexanal,trans, trans-5-14C-2,4-decadienal, 4-14C-1-octen-3-ol, 4-14C-1-octen-3-one and 1-14C-1-pentanol were synthesized and added to freshly deodorized soybean oil in concentrations ranging from 7–125 ppm. The soybean oil was oxidized, and the fate of the labeled compounds was followed. Hexanal was converted to hexanoic acid especially at 50 C or higher. The 2,4-decadienal was converted to 2,4-decadienoic acid at room temperature, and heptenal, 2-octanal, 2-nonanal, glyoxal and malonaldehyde were found among the labeled products. 1-Octen-3-ol was converted to 1-octen-3-one at room temperature, but the 1-octen-3-one formed a stable end product that produced no other labeled compounds. 1-Pentanol was converted to pentanoic acid at 50 C or higher.

Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil. VI. Copper-on-silica gel catalysts

Abstract: The preparation of copper-on-silica gel catalysts containing 15% and 20% copper is described. These catalysts can be reused three times without appreciable loss of activity. Their activity compares favorably with the highly active 5% copper-on-silica gel catalyst previously reported. Higher copper catalysts are somewhat less selective for the reduction of linolenate in soybean oil than 5% copper-on-silica gel, but these copper catalysts have greater activity, better reuse characteristics, and selectivity comparable to commercial copper-chromite catalysts.

Edible oil compositions

Abstract: 1284814 Edible oil composition PROCTER & GAMBLE CO 15 July 1970 [17 July 1969] 34367/70 Heading C5C An edible oil composition for use as a cooking or solid oil comprises a liquid glyceride base oil and a plant sterol monocarboxylic acid ester, the acid moiety having 1-12 carbon atoms if saturated and 1-24 carbon atoms if unsaturated in amount 0A5-10 wt. per cent (calc. as free sterol equivalent) provided that the sterol ester is substantially completely soluble in the base oil at 40‹ F. The base oil may be of animal, vegetable, marine or synthetic origin but preferred oils are triolein, cottonseed oil and soybean oil. Preferred esters are #-sitosteryl acetate or oleate and stigmasteryl oleate. The esters have hypocholesterolemic activity.

Heterogeneous hydrogenation of fish oils: Kinetic determination of catalyst poisoning

Abstract: Mackerel oil was hydrogenated with Nysel Ni catalyst at 170 C and atmospheric pressure. The dependence of the differential rates of hydrogenation on iodine value and catalyst concentration indicated that severe poisoning of the catalyst took place. Further experiments with addition of catalyst during the run as well as with prehydrogenation of the oil to various iodine values revealed the existence of three kinetically distinguishable poisoning effects: a rapid initial poisoning, probably due to the presence of sulfur compounds; a strong primary poisoning completed within the first few minutes of the hydrogenation; and a comparatively slow secondary poisoning reaching a state of equilibrium after 25–30 min of hydrogenation. Similar results were obtained with capelin oil as well as with other commercial catalysts. With soybean oil, no such poisoning effects were observed.

Kinetics of copper-chromite hydrogenation in soybean and linseed oils: Effect of pressure

Abstract: Although a prime impetus for study of copper catalysts has been the selective reduction of linolenic acid in soybean oil, recent economic developments raise the possibility that hydrogenated linseed oil might be a suitable edible oil Consequently the effect of two hydrogen pressure levels in soybean and linseed oils on the kinetic pathway and on the final distribution of residual double bonds was investigated The course of the reaction was studied by removing a sample at intervals corresponding to a small iodine value drop, and constituents were determined analytically The higher pressure increased the rate of reduction, decreased the concentration of conjugated dienes and somewhat reduced the migration of double bonds

Reductive ozonolysis of soybean oil: Laboratory optimization of process variables

Abstract: Statistically designed experiments were carried out to determine the effect of reaction variables in the reductive ozonolysis of soybean oil to azelaaldehydic glyceride methyl acetal. Yields of this acetal were essentially quantitiative under optimum conditions, which include a 1:1 mixture of acetic acid and butanol as solvent, a solvent-oil ratio of 1.5:1, and hydrogenation at 150 psig and 50 C with palladiumon-charcoal catalyst.

Treatment of soybean oil soapstock to reduce pollution.

Abstract: Often soapstock is acidulated to convert this byproduct of vegetable oil refining to a salable commodity. The acidic waste water from this treatment constitutes a significant part of the environmental pollution from refineries. A process of neutralizing and drying was investigated as a nonpolluting method for upgrading soybean oil soapstock. Neutralization with sulfuric acid was conducted in a ribbon blender. The neutral soapstock was dried to ca. 4% moisture, either batchwise in a natural circulation evaporator or continuously in a scraped film evaporator. The product is liquid while hot but solidifies to a waxy solid when cooled to room temperature. When added to a standard broiler ration, the feed efficiency and rate of gain of chickens equaled that obtained with a commercial feed fat added at the same level. The soapstock products fed, which contained 200–300 ppm xanthophyll, gave significantly better shank pigmentation than the commercial fat, which contained 3 ppm.

Selective homogeneous hydrogenation of triunsaturated fats catalyzed by tricarbonyl chromium complexes

Abstract: The need for a selective catalyst to hydrogenate linolenate in soybean oil has prompted our continuing study of various model triunsaturated fats. Hydrogenation of methylβ-eleostearate (methyltrans,trans,trans-9,11,13-octadecatrienoate) with Cr(CO)3 complexes yielded diene products expected from 1,4-addition (trans-9,cis-12- andcis-10,trans-13-octadecadienoates). Withα-eleostearate (cis,trans,trans-9,11,13-octadecatrienoate), stereoselective 1,4-reduction of thetrans,trans-diene portion yielded linoleate (cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoate). However,cis,trans-1,4-dienes were also formed from the apparent isomerization ofα- toβ-eleostearate. Hydrogenation of methyl linolenate (methylcis,cis,cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoate) produced a mixture of isomeric dienes and monoenes attributed to conjugation occurring as an intermediate step. The hydrogenation ofα-eleostearin in tung oil was more stereoselective in forming thecis,cis-diene than the corresponding methyl ester. Hydrogenation of linseed oil yielded a mixture of dienes and monoenes containing 7%trans unsaturation. We have suggested how the mechanism of stereoselective hydrogenation with Cr(CO)3 catalysts can be applied to the problem of selective hydrogenation of linolenate in soybean oil.

Process for preparing soybean phosphatides

Abstract: CRUDE PHOSPHATIDES RECOVERED FROM SOYBEAN OIL IN A CONVENTIONAL MANNER ARE PURIFIED OF UNDERABLE COLOR AND ODOR BY CONTACTING A SOLUTION THEREOF IN N-HEXANE WITH ACTIVATED SILICA GEL FOR AT LEAST 20 MINUTES, SEPARATING THE SILICA GEL FROM THE SOLUTION, AND EVAPORATING THE SOLVENT. THE PURIFIED MATERIAL HAS A LIGHTER COLOR, MORE PLEASING ODOR AND FLAVOR, AND REDUCED ACID AND PEROXIDE VALUES. THE SILICA GEL MAY BE RETURNED TO THE PROCESS AFTER WASHING IN LOWER ALKANOLS.

Explosive composition containing phosphorus and particulate coffee

Abstract: A CAP SENSITIVE EXPLOSIVE COMPOSITION CONSISTING OF AMMONIUM NITRATE, SOYBEAN OIL, REDPHOSPHOROUS, AND RRIED COFFEE.

Studies of tocopherol dimers from soybean oil by reaction gas chromatography

Abstract: Reaction gas chromatography was found to be helpful in elucidating structures of tocopherol dimers. By this method γ- and δ-tocopherols were determined as monomers derived from tocopherol dimers, after isolation of the latter compounds from soybean oil. It was shown that gas chromatographic determination of tocopherols, as performed by injection of total unsaponifiables from soybean oil, will give results too high; the eluted tocopherols will account for both tocopherol monomers and dimers.

Improved clouding agent, beverage and process

Abstract: 1279769 Gum arabic &c compositions A COHAN J GRAY and P O CARLSON 19 May 1970 [22 May 1969] 24270/70 Heading C3U [Also in Division C6] A clouding agent for artificial fruit beverages comprises a spray dried aqueous emulsion of gum arabic (alternatively gum tragacanth), hydrogenated coconut, cottonseed, safflower seed or soybean oil, and a food compatible inorganic whitening pigment whereby to improve the opacity of the cloud. This may consist of titanium dioxide (rutile or anatase) as primary pigment and calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, china clays or bentonite as extenders. In one example, the clouding agent is produced by homogenizing and then spray drying the following specially mixed ingredients: titanium oxide (65 lbs.), hydrogenated coconut oil (222 lbs), gum arabic solids (1035 lbs.) and water (1988 lbs.). A fruit flavoured beverage mix is prepared by incorporating the clouding agent with sucrose, citric acid, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, tricalcium phosphate, trisodium citrate, Vitamin C, orange oil concentrate, Vitamin A and food colours, all in stated amounts.

Selective Hydrogenation of Soybean Oil. VI. Copper-on-Silica Gel Catalysts

Abstract: The preparation of copper-on-silica gel catalysts containing 15% and 20% copper is described. These catalysts can be reused three times without appreciable loss of activity. Their activity compares favorably with the highly active 5% copper-on-silica gel catalyst previously reported. Higher copper catalysts are somewhat less selective for the reduction of linolenate in soybean oil than 5% copper-on-silica gel, but these copper catalysts have greater activity, better reuse characteristics, and selectivity comparable to commercial copper-chromite catalysts.

Continuous casting of steel

Abstract: 1,261,025. continuous casting. FOSECO INTERNATIONAL Ltd. 9 April, 1969 [11 April, 1968], No. 17605/68. Heading B3F. [Also in Division C5] A lubricant for the continuous casting of steel comprises an ester -of a polyhydric alcohol having a molecular weight of at least 136, e.g. pentaerythritol, sorbitol and polyglycerols, with a fatty acid having at least 10 carbon atoms, e.g. tall oil, tung oil, corn oil, cotton-seed oil, soybean oil, orticica oil, linseed oil and perilla oil. A suitable ester is pentaerythritol tall oil ester. Liquid esters can be used as such whereas solid esters are used as a solution in a mineral or vegetable oil