Showing papers on "Soybean oil published in 1993"
01 Mar 1993
277 citations
TL;DR: In this article, pilot plant-processed samples of soybean and canola (lowerucic acid rapeseed) oil with fatty acid compositions modified by mutation breeding and/or hydrogenation were evaluated for frying stability.
Abstract: Pilot plant-processed samples of soybean and canola (lowerucic acid rapeseed) oil with fatty acid compositions modified by mutation breeding and/or hydrogenation were evaluated for frying stability. Linolenic acid contents were 6.2% for standard soybean oil, 3.7% for low-linolenic soybean oil and 0.4% for the hydrogenated low-linolenic soybean oil. The linolenic acid contents were 10.1% for standard canola oil, 1.7% for canola modified by breeding and 0.8% and 0.6% for oils modified by breeding and hydrogenation. All modified oils had significantly (P<0.05) less room odor intensity after initial heating tests at 190°C than the standard oils, as judged by a sensory panel. Panelists also judged standard oils to have significantly higher intensities for fishy, burnt, rubbery, smoky and acrid odors than the modified oils. Free fatty acids, polar compounds and foam heights during frying were significantly (P<0.05) less in the low-linolenic soy and canola oils than the corresponding unmodified oils after 5 h of frying. The flavor quality of french-fried potatoes was significantly (P<0.05) better for potatoes fried in modified oils than those fried in standard oils. The potatoes fried in standard canola oil were described by the sensory panel as fishy.
148 citations
TL;DR: Both the level of 18∶3n−3 in the diet and its ratio to 18∵2n−6 were important in influencing long-chain n−3 fatty acid levels in platelet and plasma PL and that prostanoid production coincided with the diet-induced differences in PL fatty acid patterns.
Abstract: The effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and its ratio to linoleic acid (18:2n-6) on platelet and plasma phospholipid (PL) fatty acid patterns and prostanoid production were studied in normolipidemic men. The study consisted of two 42-d phases. Each was divided into a 6-d pre-experimental period, during which a mixed fat diet was fed, and two-18 d experimental periods, during which a mixture of sunflower and olive oil [low 18:3n-3 content, high 18:2/18:3 ratio (LO-HI diet)], soybean oil (intermediate 18:3n-3 content, intermediate 18:2/18:3 ratio), canola oil (intermediate 18:3n-3 content, low 18:2/18:3 ratio) and a mixture of sunflower, olive and flax oil [high 18:3n-3 content, low 18:2/18:3 ratio (HI-LO diet)] provided 77% of the fat (26% of the energy) in the diet. The 18:3n-3 content and the 18:2/18:3 ratio of the experimental diets were: 0.8%, 27.4; 6.5%, 6.9; 6.6%, 3.0; and 13.4%, 2.7, respectively. There were appreciable differences in the fatty acid composition of platelet and plasma PLs. Nevertheless, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 levels in PL reflected the fatty acid composition of the diets, although very little 18:3n-3 was incorporated into PL. Both the level of 18:3n-3 in the diet and the 18:2/18:3 ratio were important in influencing the levels of longer chain n-3 fatty acid, especially 20:5n-3, in platelet and plasma PL. Production of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha was significantly (P < 0.05) higher following the HI-LO diet than the LO-HI diet although dietary fat source had no effect on bleeding time or thromboxane B2 production.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
140 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the enzymatic interesterification of tallow and butterfat with high-oleic sunflower oil and soybean oil was investigated, and two simultaneously occurring reactions were followed by high-performance liquid chromatography of altered glycerides and by gas-liquid analysis of liberated free fatty acids.
Abstract: In an effort to improve the physical and/or thermal characteristics of solid fats, the enzymatic interesterification of tallow and butterfat with high-oleic sunflower oil and soybean oil was investigated. The two simultaneously occurring reactions, interesterification and hydrolysis, were followed by high-performance liquid chromatography of altered glycerides and by gas-liquid chromatography of liberated free fatty acids. The enzymes used in these studies were immobilized lipases that included either a 1,3-acyl-selective lipase or acis-9-C18-selective lipase. The degree of hydrolysis of the fat/oil mixtures was dependent upon the initial water content of the reaction medium. The extent of the interesterification reaction was dependent on the amount of enzyme employed but not on the reaction temperature over the range of 50–70°C. Changes in melting characteristics of the interesterified glyceride mixtures were followed by differential scanning calorimetry of the residual mixed glycerides after removal of free fatty acids. Interesterification of the glyceride mixes with the two types of enzymes allowed for either a decrease or increase in the solid fat content of the initial glyceride mix.
112 citations
TL;DR: Nile tilapia fed diets supplemented with one of the following lipid sources at 5% level had the best overall reproductive performance over a 24-week period and fish fed the soybean oil diet tad had the highest weight gain but the poorest reproductive performance.
Abstract: Summary
Nile tilapia were fed diets supplemented with one of the following lipid sources at 5% level: cod liver oil, corn oil, soybean oil, a coconut oil-based cooking oil or a combination of cod liver oil and corn oil (1 : 1). The control diet had no lipid supplement and tad fish meal as a sole protein source. A diet with soybean meal as a protein source was also tested. The number of females that spawned, spawning frequency, number of fry per spawning, and total fry production were increased at varying degrees by the supplemental lipid sources except for the cod liver oil. Fish fed the soybean oil diet tad the best overall reproductive performance over a 24-week period. Fish fed the cod liver oil diet had the highest weight gain but the poorest reproductive performance. The suplemental lipids significantly increased crude fat levels in the liver and ovaries. Both males and females Ld the cod liver oil diet had the highest levels of fat in the liver and muscle. The ratio of total n-6/n-3 fatty acid in the liver, ovaries and testes was influenced by the supplemental lipid sources. It was highest in fish fed either the soybean oil diet, the corn oil diet, or the soybean meal diet and lowest in fish fed the control diet or the cod liver oil diet.
104 citations
TL;DR: The results suggested that competition between olive oil chylomicron remnants and HDL for hepatic lipase may have been the underlying mechanism that prevented the postprandial decrease in HDL cholesterol.
81 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the contents of oxidized cholesterols in uncooked and processed marine products (air-dried sardine, airdried squid, canned squid, and pickled and spiced Alaskan pollack roe) were measured.
Abstract: The contents of oxidized cholesterols in uncooked and processed marine products (air-dried sardine, air-dried squid, canned squid, and pickled and spiced Alaskan pollack roe) were measured. Raw fish contained essentially no oxidized cholesterols, while the processed products examined contained 11.0-28.7 mg/100 g of oxidized cholesterols, and 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol (2.7-3.8 mg/100 g), 7-beta-6-hydroxycholesterol (2.8-9.8 mg/100 g), 5-alpha-epoxycholesterol (0.2-5.8 mg/100 g), 5-beta-epoxycholesterol (0.7-4.9 mg/100 g), and 7-ketocholesterol (1.9-5.3 mg/100 g) were detected. To know the interaction of lipid oxidation with cholesterol oxidation, cholesterol was heated with or without various fats (tristearin, beef tallow, triolein, soybean oil, safflower oil,linseed oil,and sardine oil) at 100 degrees C for up to 24h. Cholesterol was stable, and essentially no oxidized cholesterol was produced when it was heated alone. However, when fats were present simultaneously, cholesterol was unstable, in particular when heated with unsaturated fats; the content of cholesterol was readily reduced, and oxidized cholesterols were generated shortly after heating. The observations indicated that lipid peroxidation precedes cholesterol oxidation.
77 citations
TL;DR: Results of this study indicate that it is possible to increase the levels of (n-3) polyunsaturated and highly unsaturated fatty acids in sturgeon muscle by feeding the fish lipids high in these fatty acids for 9 wk.
Abstract: Juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) were fed eight isonitrogenous and isoenergetic purified diets for 9 wk to study their ability to utilize different dietary lipids. Each diet contained 15% of control oil mixture (corn oil-cold liver oil-lard, 1:1:1), corn oil, cod liver oil, lard, linseed oil, soybean oil, safflower oil or canola oil. No significant (P > 0.05) differences in percentage of body weight increase, feed efficiency or body composition were observed among sturgeon fed the different lipids. Tissue fatty acid compositions most sensitive to dietary lipids were those of muscle and liver, whereas brain fatty acid composition was the least sensitive. Results of this study indicate that it is possible to increase the levels of (n-3) polyunsaturated and highly unsaturated fatty acids in sturgeon muscle by feeding the fish lipids high in these fatty acids for 9 wk.
73 citations
TL;DR: The purpose of this research was to determine the seed lipid content and fatty-acid composition from three genetically diverse cultivars of quinoa, which appears to be a high quality edible oil, similar in fatty- acid composition to soybean oil.
67 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a hexane-extracted crude soybean oil was degummed in a reactor by counter-currently contacting the oil with supercritical CO2 at 55 MPa at 70°C.
Abstract: A hexane-extracted crude soybean oil was degummed in a reactor by counter-currently contacting the oil with supercritical CO2 at 55 MPa at 70°C. The phosphorus content of the crude oil was reduced from 620 ppm to less than 5 ppm. Degummed feedstocks were fed (without further processing,i.e., bleaching) directly to a batch physical refining step consisting of simultaneous deacidification/deodorization (1 h @ 260°C and 1–3 mm Hg) with and without 100 ppm citric acid. Flavor and oxidative stability of the oils was evaluated on freshly deodorized oils both after accelerated storage at 60°C and after exposure to fluorescent light at 7500 lux. Supercritical CO2-processed oils were compared with a commercially refined/bleached soybean oil that was deodorized under the same conditions.
61 citations
TL;DR: The results show that the fatty acid composition in the feed are important for the composition of the core lipids as well as the surface components of the lipoproteins.
Abstract: The dietary influence on the fatty acid composition of neutral lipids and phosphatidylcholine of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was studied, using soybean oil, capelin oil and sardine oil as lipid sources in the diets. The fish had a mean weight of 3 Kg and had been fed the experimental diets for 24 months. The results show that the fatty acid composition in the feed are important for the composition of the core lipids as well as the surface components of the lipoproteins.
TL;DR: An evaluation of the feasibility of enzymatically treating oil seeds (soya beans and sunflower kernels) to improve the extractability of oil is presented in this article, where the effects of each variable affecting the process (mechanical treatment, moisture percentage, enzyme concentration and time of hydrolysis) were studied to define the optimum range of operation for each of them as a function of the extracts extracted with different enzyme formulations.
TL;DR: In this article, the photooxidation of soybean oil was determined and correlated with triacylglycerol composition and structure, and the rate of peroxide formation and total headspace volatiles were related positively (P<0.5 significance) to oxidizability.
Abstract: The photooxidation of soybean oil was determined and correlated with triacylglycerol composition and structure. Purified triacylglycerols were photooxidized at room temperature under fluorescent light. Rates of peroxide formation and total headspace volatiles were related positively (P<0.5 significance) to oxidizability (r=0.75, r=0.76); content of linolenic acid (r=0.80, r=0.85) and linoleic acid (r=0.61, r=0.57); linoleic acid on carbon 2 (r=0.64, r=0.64); and average number of double bonds (r=0.76, r=0.76). Negative correlations were observed with respect to oleic acid (r=−0.70, r=−0.70). Soybean oil stability was decreased by linolenic acid-containing triacylglycerols and increased by oleic acid-containing triacylglycerols. Trilinoleoylglycerol and dilinoleoyl-oleoylglycerol were the most important oxidation product precursors. However, for high-linolenic acid soybean oil, dilinoleoyl-linolenoylglycerol and trilinoleoylglycerol were the most important oxidation product precursors. The most abundant volatile produced from thermal decomposition at 140°C of photooxidized triacylglycerols was 2-heptenal, except for high-linolenic acid oils, where the most abundant volatile was propanal. The photooxidative stability of soybean oil triacylglycerols with respect to composition and structure is of interest for the development of soybean varieties with oils of improved odor and flavor stability.
TL;DR: The application of enzymatic interesterification for production of vegetable oils containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was investigated and the degree of incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic Acid into corn oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, olive oil and soybean oil was found to be high.
Abstract: The application of enzymatic interesterification for production of vegetable oils containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was investigated. Six veteable oils were used as substrates, together with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, and reactions were catalysed by immobilized Mucor miehei lipase in organic solvent. The degree of incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid into corn oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, olive oil and soybean oil were 17.71, 17.59, 16.79, 14.89, 13.91 and 10.48%, respectively, after a 12 h incubation period.
TL;DR: The faster elimination of soybean-oil emulsions suggests an additional elimination pathway, such as the reticuloendothelial system, and hepatic lipase activity is more important in the elimination of olive oil emulsion than soy bean-oilEmulsions.
TL;DR: In this article, an interesterification reaction conditions that provide regioselectivity regarding fatty acid positions in triacylglycerol have been investigated at low reaction temperature, i.e., 30 to 60°C.
Abstract: Chemical interesterification reaction conditions that provide regioselectivity regarding fatty acid positions in triacylglycerol have been investigated. Sodium methoxide-catalyzed ester interchange between soybean oil and methyl stearate was performed in hexane at low reaction temperature,i.e., 30 to 60°C. The results showed regioselectivity was obtained at 30°C. The ester interchange at 1,3-carbons progressed 1.7 times faster than at 2-carbon of the glycerol moiety of triacylglycerol at 24 h. Preheating of the mixture of reactant and catalyst at 60°C for 15 min promoted catalyst activation to accelerate the interesterification while maintaining regioselectivity. This method is believed to be feasible for modification of edible fats and oils.
TL;DR: In this article, a bioreactor system to interesterify edible oils and fats at an ultra-micro aqueous phase of 100 ppm and less was investigated, where the adsorption of lecithin, together with lipase onto a carrier, was effective for conducting the interesterifying reaction efficiently for oils and fat in micro aqous phase.
Abstract: The bioreactor system to interesterify edible oils and fats at an ultra-micro aqueous phase of 100 ppm and less was investigated. The adsorption of lecithin, together with lipase onto a carrier, was effective for conducting the interesterifying reaction efficiently for oils and fats in micro aqueous phase.
TL;DR: In this article, the state of soybeans prior to extraction affected the tocopherol content of crude soybean oils, with moisture content being more important than storage time at decreasing the content of oils.
Abstract: The state of soybeans prior to extraction affected the tocopherol content of crude soybean oils. Soybean flakes with a thickness of 0.16–0.33 mm had higher extracted oil yield but a slightly lower tocopherol content of the oils than did cracked beans and thicker bean flakes. Highmoisture content and long storage of soybeans resulted in lower tocopherol content in the crude oils, with moisture content being more important than storage time at decreasing the tocopherol content of oils. Soybean oil from stored beans with 15±1% moisture content led to a more significant decrease in the tocopherol content than did oil from stored beans with low (12%) or high (18%) moisture contents. Soybean flakes contaminated with oxidized oil had a significant effect on the decrease of the tocopherol content in crude oils. The high amount of phospholipids in crude soybean oil might result in a smaller decrease in the tocopherol content of oil during heating.
TL;DR: In this paper, a method to identify and quantitate mixtures of olive and soybean oils with the intention of verifying the latter as an adulterant of olive oils was discussed.
Abstract: Analysis of glycerides has always been of great interest, especially to the food industry. Several methods have been developed, and attempts to improve analytical conditions are prevalent. Among these methods, high-temperature capillary gas chromatography has received particular consideration because it rapidly provides a glyceride profile. In this paper, we discuss a method to identify and quantitate mixtures of olive and soybean oils with the intention of verifying the latter as an adulterant of olive oils. The contamination of olive oil with soybean oil was detected by the presence of the triglyceride trilinolein, which does not exist in pure olive oil, although it is abundant in soybean oil. A calibration curve was constructed with several levels of contamination, and the lowest amount of detectable soybean oil was determined to be 4%.
TL;DR: In this paper, the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra ofVernonia galamensis seed oil and of epoxidized palm super olein, soybean oil and linseed oil have been recorded and interpreted.
Abstract: The13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra ofVernonia galamensis seed oil and of epoxidized palm super olein, soybean oil and linseed oil have been recorded and interpreted. The chemical shifts of the major signals are assigned and semi-quantitative results are derived. The spectroscopic procedure provides a useful method of analyzing oils that contain epoxy acids. The epoxide function differs from a double bond in its influence on the chemical shifts of nearby carbon atoms.
TL;DR: This study has used statistical experimental design and multivariate optimization to formally optimize a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of triacylglycerol molecular species of natural oils.
Abstract: In the present study we have used statistical experimental design and multivariate optimization to formally optimize a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of triacylglycerol molecular species of natural oils. The optimal conditions found were, on an octadecylsilan-column, from acetonitrile/isooctane (90∶10, vol/vol) to acetonitrile/ethanol/isooctane (40∶35∶25, by vol), at a column temperature of 50°C and a flowrate of 1.5mL/min using a negative exponential gradient profile. Several examples of separations of natural seed and animal oils,i.e., soybean oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil, linseed oil, tallow and fish oil, are given. A version of the equivalent carbon number concept, utilizing the Snyder polarity index, was used to identity the molecular species.
TL;DR: In the course of using microorganisms to produce value-added products from soybean oil or its fatty acids, a culture contaminant was isolated and tentatively identified as a Staphylococcus species as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In the course of using microorganisms to produce value-added products from soybean oil or its fatty acids, a culture contaminant was isolated and tentatively identified as aStaphylococcus species. This microorganism converts oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid) to 10-ketostearic acid (10-keto-octadecanoic acid) in growing cultures. Bioconversion was studied in two different media at temperatures from 30 to 41°C, with shaking at 150 rpm. Cells were grown in 50 mL of media for 24 h and then incubated with 0.25 g oleic acid for 24 h. Optimum conditions have allowed better than 90% conversion with 85% recovery. Unreacted oleic acid and 10-hydroxystearic acid (10-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid) are the only other compounds present in the ethyl ether extract of the fermentation broth.
TL;DR: L-carnitine did not improve the utilization of ME in diets that contained high additions of soybean oil, and calories from soy bean oil were utilized as effectively as calories from carbohydrate by neonatal and young pigs.
Abstract: A total of 64 neonatal pigs was used in an experiment to study the effect of L-carnitine and soybean oil on pig performance and N and energy utilization. Pigs were weaned at an average of 3 d of age and individually fed diets that contained dextrose, corn syrup solids, and isolated soy protein for 21 d. Two levels of soybean oil (1.18 or 12.31%) and L- carnitine (0 or 800 ppm) were used in a factorial arrangement of treatments. Diets were formulated to contain the same nutrient content per megacalorie of ME. Total fecal and urine collections were made from d 17 to 21 of the experiment. Pigs were paired within treatments on d 21 and housed in pens until d 63. L- carnitine was lowered to 750 ppm and the soybean oil additions were 1.15 or 13.22% from d 21 to 42 and 2.17 or 14.74% from d 42 to 63. Soybean meal replaced isolated soy protein from d 42 to 63. Analysis of covariance was used with calculated ME intake per day as the covariate. There were no carnitine x soybean oil interactions (P > .05) for any criteria measured. L-carnitine or soybean oil did not (P > .05) affect ADG, grams of gain per megacalorie of ME, ME as a percentage of GE or N retained as a percentage of N consumed. In conclusion, L-carnitine did not im- prove the utilization of ME in diets that contained high additions of soybean oil, and calories from soybean oil were utilized as effectively as calories from carbohydrate by neonatal and young pigs.
TL;DR: This research was conducted to develop high- protein soybean germplasm adapted to Mid-Atlantic latitudes and compare agronomic performance, economic value, and stability of performance of resulting genotypes with that of normalprotein soybean cultivars.
Abstract: The long-term trend in relative value of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] protein and oil is toward greater value of protein, thus furthering interests in the potential for increasing seed protein concentration in soybean. If a change in U.S. soybean breeding strategy for improving seed protein levels is required, it should be based on sound economic and biological principles. This research was conducted to: (i) develop high-protein soybean germplasm adapted to Mid-Atlantic latitudes; and (ii) compare agronomic performance, economic value, and stability of performance of resulting genotypes with that of normal-protein soybean cultivars. Fifty-two high-protein soybean lines were developed and evaluated in field tests in 1988 and 1989. Seven of the highest yielding high-protein lines, seven advanced commercial lines, and ‘Essex’ were evaluated in 11 field tests in 1990. All lines in all tests were evaluated for seed protein and oil, seed yield, and other agronomic characters. High-protein lines were: (i) superior for seed protein concentration and approximate processed value (APV) per bushel; (ii) inferior for seed yield and oil concentration and APV per acre; and (iii) less able to use environmental yield potential, with a decreased seed protein and increased seed oil, as compared with commercial cultivars. Extensive regional testing, including environments with very high seed yield potential, will be required to more precisely describe the biological and economic trade-offs for high-protein vs. normal-protein soybeans. Research QuestionThere is continuing interest in increasing seed protein concentration in soybean. This research was conducted to: (i) develop high-protein soybean lines adapted to Mid-Atlantic latitudes; and (ii) compare agronomic performance, economic value, and stability of performance of high-protein genotypes with that of normal-protein soybean cultivars. Literature SummaryFor more than half a century, U.S. soybean breeding has produced improved, higher yielding cultivars. Seed of current cultivars average approximately 41% protein and 21% oil on a dry weight basis. Seed protein and oil are highly negatively correlated in soybean, and seed protein usually is negatively correlated with seed yield. The approximate processed value (APV) per bushel of soybean can be estimated from the soybean's protein and oil concentration and prices for oil and 44% meal. Environmental factors that influence soybean seed yield and protein include soil fertility, N nutrition, temperature, water stress, and soil pH. Stability of performance of a line, the ability to exhibit minimum interaction with the environment, can be determined by regressing the seed yield or other character of each line for each environment on the mean yield of all lines in those environments. Study DescriptionFifty-two high-seed-protein soybean lines were developed from 18 crosses of high protein × high protein germplasm via phenotypic selection at Beltsville, MD, for plant maturity, lodging resistance, seed yield, and seed quality. These 52 lines were compared with the two best adapted high-protein parental lines in two 1988 field tests. In 1989, these 54 high-protein lines and six commercial, normal-protein cultivars were evaluated in six Mid-Atlantic field tests, cooperatively with state agricultural experiment stations. In 1990, private industry coordinated the evaluation of the seven highest yielding high-protein lines, seven advanced commercial lines, and ‘Essex’ in six Mid-Atlantic and five Mid-Mississippi Valley field tests. All field tests were evaluated for seed yield, protein, and oil and other agronomic characteristics via conventional soybean plot technique. Applied QuestionsHow does the agronomic performance of high-protein soybean lines developed for Mid-Atlantic latitudes compare with that of current cultivars? The high-protein lines were comparable for lodging resistance and seed quality but were not as high yielding as Essex or other commercial lines. In 16 field tests, the highest yielding high-protein line averaged 90% of the seed yield of Essex, 48 vs. 53 bu/acre. In 1990, the mean yields of seven high-protein lines ranged from 40 to 49 and averaged 43 bu/acre. Commercial lines ranged from 54 to 59 and averaged 56 bu/acre. What is the potential value of high-protein soybean, assuming the values of $0.20/lb for oil and for protein? The seven highest yielding, high-protein lines evaluated at 11 locations in 1990 averaged 50.3% seed protein and 15.5% seed oil, compared with the mean of 41.2% protein and 20.7% oil for eight commercial lines. The APV per bushel of these high-protein lines ranged from $6.71 to $7.03, compared with $6.42 to $6.53 for commercial lines. The APV per acre (APV/bu × bu/acre) of these high-protein lines ranged from $270 to $326, compared with $348 to $382 for commercial lines. Do high-protein soybean lines respond to high yield environments as well as commercial lines? In 1989, mean seed yields of the 54 high-protein lines and of commercial lines increased ≈ 1.0 and 1.5 bu/acre, respectively, with each 1.0 bu/acre increase in mean seed yield of environments. In 1990, the high-protein lines and commercial lines increased 0.93 and 1.06 bu/acre, respectively, with each 1.0 bu/acre increase in mean seed yield of environments. In 1990, the mean seed yields of environments ranged from 33 to 64 bu/acre. The estimated changes in seed yield, protein, and oil per 31 bu/acre increase in seed yield over environments are summarized in Table 1. Compared with commercial lines, the high-protein lines had less seed yield response, greater drop in protein, and an increase rather than a decrease in oil in higher yielding environments. We conclude that high-protein soybean lines probably differ from normal-protein lines in response to increasing seed yield potential of field environments. RecommendationsMore accurate estimates must be obtained to provide conclusive evidence on stability of high-protein vs. normal-protein soybean. Comparisons of higher yielding, high-protein (> 50%) vs. commercial, normal-protein lines should be made in a great number of environments ranging in yield from U.S. average to highest attainable yields. Changes in soybean breeding strategies to improve seed protein levels should be based on: (i) the econometrics of maximizing net returns to soybean producers; and (ii) known and rational interrelationships among seed yielding ability of genotypes and their protein, oil, and residual fractions of the seed. Table 1Estimated changes in seed yield, protein, and oil of commercial and high-protein soybean lines per 31 bu/acre increase in mean seed yield of environments. Changes inMean of:YieldProteinOilbu/acre------ % ------8 commercial lines+33−0.7−0.67 high-protein lines+29−1.8+0.5
TL;DR: The effect of varying unsaturation degree of dietary lipid on the oxidative response of rat liver microsomes was studied in this article, where three groups of growing male rats were maintained for 6 weeks on 15% fat diets containing either soybean oil, olive oil, or coconut oil, with the same level of vitamin E.
Abstract: The effect of varying unsaturation degree of dietary lipid on the oxidative response of rat liver microsomes was studied. Three groups of growing male rats were maintained for 6 weeks on 15% fat diets containing either soybean oil, olive oil, or coconut oil, with the same level of vitamin E. After 6 weeks, microsomal malondialdehyde, vitamin E, and fatty acid composition were measured in liver microsomes. The relative abundance of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the microsomes reflected the composition of the dietary lipid. When dietary requirement for vitamin E was satisfied, the increased polyunsaturated fatty acid intake from vegetable oils did not enhance lipid peroxidation in physiological conditions, as demonstrated by similar malondialdehyde concentrations found in the three groups. However, the somewhat lower vitamin E content measured in soybean oil-fed rats confirms an enhanced requirement for dietary antioxidant caused by the increased intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The susceptibility of liver microsomes to lipid peroxidation stimulated by the ADP/iron/ascorbate system was also studied. Membranes of soybean oil-fed rats exhibited the highest peroxidation rate, as shown by oxygen consumption and malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2,3-trans-neonenal production, because of the lower concentration of vitamin E and of the higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Microsomes of olive oil- and coconut oil-fed rats showed highest protection against lipid peroxidation.
TL;DR: Bleached and unbleached forms of rosemary oleoresin (RO) in stripped and nonstripped soybean oil behave both as antioxidant and prooxidant in a light-induced oxidative system as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Bleached and unbleached forms of a rosemary oleoresin (RO) in stripped and nonstripped soybean oil behave both as antioxidant and prooxidant in a light-induced oxidative system. At 0.02 and 0.05% levels, RO had the greatest antioxidant activity, while at 0.01 and 0.5% levels it had the highest prooxidant activity in both stripped and nonstripped soybean oil. Treatment of both soybean oil systems with tertiary butylhydroquinone controlled light-induced oxidation of the oil better than did the oleoresin treatments. The prooxidant activity of the 0.5% RO level was probably due to an excess of prooxidant components being carried into the oil at that level, whereas the reduced antioxidant activity at 0.01% was probably due to the low initial level of active antioxidant components being added to the oil.
TL;DR: In this article, boron trifluoride-catalyzed transesterification was used to separate and quantitate fatty acid methyl esters from soybeans, and the activation energies were calculated from Arrhenius plots.
Abstract: Oil was extracted from soybeans, degummed, alkalirefined and bleached. The oil was heated at 160, 180, 200, 220 and 240°C for up to 156 h. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by boron trifluoride-catalyzed transesterification. Gas-liquid chromatography with a cyanopropyl CPSil88 column was used to separate and quantitate fatty acid methyl esters. Fatty acids were identified by comparison of retention times with standards and were calculated as area % and mg/g oil based on 17:0 internal standard. The rates of 18:3ω3 loss and 18:3 Δ9-cis, Δ12-cis, Δ15-trans (18:3c,c,t) formation were determined, and the activation energies were calculated from Arrhenius plots. Freshly prepared soy oil had 10.1% 18:3ω3 and no detectable 18:3c,c,t. Loss of 18:3ω3 followed apparent first-order kinetics. The first-order rate constants ranged from .0018±.00014 min−1 at 160°C to .083±.0033 min−1 at 240°C. The formation of 18:3c,c,t did not follow simple kinetics, and initial rates were estimated. The initial rates (mg per g oil per h) of 18:3c,c,t formation ranged from 0.0031±0.0006 at 160°C to 2.4±.24 at 240°C. The Arrhenius activation energy for 18:3ω3 loss was 82.1±7.2 kJ mol−1. The apparent Arrhenius activation energy for 18:3c,c,t formation was 146.0±13.0 kJ mol−1. The results indicate that small differences in heating temperature can have a profound affect on 18:3c,c,t formation. Selection of appropriate deodorization conditions could limit the amount of 18:3c,c,t produced.
TL;DR: The data indicate that dietary oils may differently affect the fatty acid composition of isolated brain membranes, with synaptosomes being more susceptible to oxidative stress than myelin membranes.
Abstract: The effects of dietary oils on the fatty acid composition and lipid peroxidation of myelin and synaptosomes isolated from rat brain were studied. The animals were fed diets rich (15% wt/wt) in either long chain n-3 fatty acids (fish oil), n-6 fatty acids (soybean oil), or saturated fatty acids (coconut oil) for 6 weeks. Fish oil led to a significant increase in the n-3 fatty acid percentage in both membranes with a concomitant decrease in n-6 fatty acids percentage in myelin but not in synaptosomes. Soybean and coconut oils influenced less strictly the brain membranes' fatty acid composition. A higher peroxidation rate and a lower concentration of vitamin E was observed in brain membranes of the fish oil group compared with the coconut group, with intermediate values in the soybean oil group. However, no differences among the experimental animals were observed in thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) of brain membranes, although in serum TBARS concentrations increased in proportion to dietary PUFA content, suggesting that the brain is more protected in vivo by oxidative challenge. The data also indicate that dietary oils may differently affect the fatty acid composition of isolated brain membranes, with synaptosomes being more susceptible to oxidative stress than myelin membranes.
TL;DR: Soybeans, soybean flakes, crude oil, alkali-refined oil, and bleached oil were spiked with four kinds of pesticides (dichlorvos, malathion, chlorpyrifos, and captan) and were subjected to roasting, extraction, alkaline refining, bleaching, and deodorizing under laboratory conditions as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Soybeans, soybean flakes, crude oil, alkali-refined oil, and bleached oil were spiked with four kinds of pesticides (dichlorvos, malathion, chlorpyrifos, and captan) and were subjected to roasting, extraction, alkali refining, bleaching, and deodorizing under laboratory conditions. The pesticide levels in the products and the byproducts were determined immediatety after processing
TL;DR: A membrane bioreactor with 25 sets of two different membranes, one hydrophilic and the other hydrophobic microporous, was used for the hydrolysis of soybean oil by lipase from Candida cylindracea, and enzyme stability was found to depend on produced glycerine.