Showing papers on "Soybean oil published in 1998"
01 May 1998
TL;DR: A study of the life cycle inventories for petroleum diesel and biodiesel is presented in this paper, where the authors present information on raw materials extracted from the environment, energy resources consumed, and air, water, and solid waste emissions generated.
Abstract: This report presents the findings from a study of the life cycle inventories for petroleum diesel and biodiesel. It presents information on raw materials extracted from the environment, energy resources consumed, and air, water, and solid waste emissions generated. Biodiesel is a renewable diesel fuel substitute. It can be made from a variety of natural oils and fats. Biodiesel is made by chemically combining any natural oil or fat with an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol. Methanol has been the most commonly used alcohol in the commercial production of biodiesel. In Europe, biodiesel is widely available in both its neat form (100% biodiesel, also known as B1OO) and in blends with petroleum diesel. European biodiesel is made predominantly from rapeseed oil (a cousin of canola oil). In the United States, initial interest in producing and using biodiesel has focused on the use of soybean oil as the primary feedstock mainly because the United States is the largest producer of soybean oil in the world. 170 figs., 148 tabs.
345 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a thermal non-catalytic transesterification of soybean oil with methanol is presented. But the main process characteristics are discussed only in terms of the reaction mechanism and the rate constants of the kinetic model.
255 citations
Abstract: Emulsions of gum arabic solutions (10% w/w) and soya oil at oil/gum ratios of 0.25−5.0 were prepared by homogenization at 20 MPa. The resulting emulsions were subsequently spray-dried to produce powders with oil contents ranging from 20 to 82% (w/w). Lipid globule size distributions and viscosities of the emulsions were determined, and particle size and percentage of extractable oil were determined for the spray-dried powders. The ability of the powders to redisperse in water was also examined. The average lipid globule size (D4,3) (0.57 μm) did not vary significantly (P > 0.05) as the oil/gum ratio was increased from 0.25 and 1.0, but it did increase at higher ratios to a maximum of 2.02 μm. The average particle size of the spray-dried emulsions was within the range 9−17 μm, and the microencapsulation efficiency decreased from 100 to 48% when the oil/gum ratio was increased from 0.25 to 5.0, respectively. Powders with an oil content <50% dispersed readily in water. Keywords: Gum arabic; emulsions; microe...
254 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the biodegradability of various biodiesel fuels was examined by the CO2 evolution method (EPA 560/6-82-003), BOD5 (EPA 405.1), COD (EPA 410), and gas chromatography (GC) analyses in an aquatic system.
Abstract: The biodegradability of various biodiesel fuels was examined by the CO2 evolution method (EPA 560/6-82-003),
BOD5 (EPA 405.1), COD (EPA 410), and gas chromatography (GC) analyses in an aquatic system. The fuels examined
included the methyl- and ethyl-esters of rapeseed oil and soybean oil, neat rapeseed oil, neat soybean oil and Phillips 2-D
low sulfur, reference petroleum diesel. Blends of biodiesel/petroleum diesel at different volumetric ratios, including 80/20,
50/50, and 20/80, were also examined. The results demonstrate that all the biodiesel fuels are “readily biodegradable”.
Moreover, in the presence of REE, the degradation rate of petroleum diesel increased to twice that of petroleum diesel alone.
The pattern of biodegradation in the blends and reasons why biodiesel is more readily degradable than petroleum diesel are
discussed. The biodegradation monitoring results from both CO2 evolution and GC methods are compared.
231 citations
TL;DR: Light scattering and phase inversion temperature studies suggested that the structure of the microemulsion was sensitive to the oil being used, in that, at the low oil concentrations used in this study, the smaller molecular volume oils generally penetrated the interfacial surfactant monolayer in much the same way as a cosurfactant, causing an alteration, presumably a dilution, of the relatively concentrated polyoxyethylene region close to the hydrophobic core.
169 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the stability and physicochemical properties of different parenteral emulsion formulations containing 20% oil phase stabilized with soya lecithin were examined, and the stability of these emulsions showed good stability over 9 months.
135 citations
TL;DR: Calcium salts of unsaturated fatty acids added to the diets of dairy cows improved the thermal properties of milk fat.
134 citations
TL;DR: In this article, aqueous extraction of oil and protein from soybean flour was investigated to elucidate the mechanisms involved in protein and oil extraction, and the results showed that protein extraction from the disrupted cells followed a solubilization/diffusion mechanism.
129 citations
TL;DR: In this article, starting and interesterified blends were investigated for triglyceride composition, solid fat content, free fatty acid content, and trans fatty acid (TFA) levels.
Abstract: Fat blends, formulated by mixing a highly saturated fat (palm stearin or fully hydrogenated soybean oil) with a native vegetable oil (soybean oil) in different ratios from 10:90 to 75:25 (wt%), were subjected to chemical interesterification reactions on laboratory scale (0.2% sodium methoxide catalyst, time=90 min, temperature=90°C). Starting and interesterified blends were investigated for triglyceride composition, solid fat content, free fatty acid content, and trans fatty acid (TFA) levels. Obtained values were compared to those of low- and high-trans commercial food fats. The interesterified blends with 30–50% of hard stock had plasticity curves in the range of commercial shortenings and stick-type margarines, while interesterified blends with 20% hard stock were suitable for use in soft tubtype margarines. Confectionery fat basestocks could be prepared from interesterified fat blends with 40% palm stearin or 25% fully hydrogenated soybean oil. TFA levels of interesterified blends were low (0.1%) compared to 1.3–12.1% in commercial food fats.
126 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the biosynthesis of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHA) by Pseudomonas resinovorans from triglyceride substrates, and determined the repeat unit composition of the polymers by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry of the β-hydroxalkanoate methyl esters from the hydrolyzed polymers.
Abstract: The biosynthesis of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHA) by Pseudomonas resinovorans from triglyceride substrates was investigated. Each triglyceride, whether animal fat or vegetable oil, supported cellular growth to relatively high average cell yields (3.3 ± 0.2 g/l). PHA yields ranged from 1.1 g/l to 2.1 g/l, representing approximately 45% of the bacterial cell dry weight. The repeat-unit composition of the polymers was determined by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry of the β-hydroxyalkanoate methyl esters from the hydrolyzed polymers. With the exception of PHA from soybean oil (PHA-soy), each polyester was composed of β-hydroxyacyl moieties with chain lengths ranging from C4 to C14, with C8 and C10 being the predominant species. PHA-soy contained an additional fraction (2%) of C16 monomers. The alkyl side-chains of the PHA contained varying degrees of unsaturation. PHA from coconut oil was composed entirely of saturated side-chains, whereas PHA-soy contained 4.2 mol% olefinic groups in its side-chains. The increase in the degree of side-chain unsaturation caused decreased melting temperatures, enthalpies of fusion, and glass transition temperatures. The molar masses of the polymers were relatively constant and ranged from 6.5 × 104 to 10.1 × 104 g/mol.
116 citations
TL;DR: A modification of the AOCS Official Method Ca 5a-40 for determination of free fatty acids (FFA) in 0.3 to 6.0g samples of refined and crude soybean oil is described in this article.
Abstract: A modification of the AOCS Official Method Ca 5a-40 for determination of free fatty acids (FFA) in 0.3 to 6.0-g samples of refined and crude soybean oil is described. The modified method uses only about 10% of the weight of oil sample, alcohol volume, and alkali strength recommended in the Official Method. Standard solutions of refined and crude soybean oil with FFA concentrations between 0.01 and 75% were prepared by adding known weights of oleic acid. The FFA concentrations, determined from small sample sizes with the modified method, were compared with FFA percentages determined from larger sample sizes with the Official Method. Relationships among determinations obtained by the modified and official methods, for both refined and crude oils, were described by linear functions. The relationship for refined soybean oil had an R
2 value of 0.997 and a slope of 0.99±0.031. The values for crude soybean oil are defined by a line with R
2=0.9996 and a slope of 1.01±0.013.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate frying oil quality with different assessment methods during vacuum frying of carrot slices during six consecutive days, palm oil, lard, and soybean oil were fried under vacuum at 105°C for 20 min each hour in an 8-h shift.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate frying oil quality with different assessment methods during vacuum frying of carrot slices. In six consecutive days, palm oil, lard, and soybean oil were fried under vacuum at 105°C for 20 min each hour in an 8-h shift. Peroxide value, acid value, carbonyl value, total polar components, dielectric constant (Food Oil Sensor reading), viscosity, and fatty acid composition were used to evaluate the quality of these oils. Results showed that palm oil and lard possess greater thermal stability than soybean oil. The decrease in C18:2/C16:0 ratio was greater for soybean oil than the other two oils. Of the assessment methods used, peroxide value, carbonyl value, total polar components, and dielectric constant all showed good correlation with frying time and between each other. Viscosity was suitable to assess vacuum-fried lard and soybean oil, but not palm oil. The measurement of dielectric constant, on the other hand, appeared to be unsuitable to assess vacuum-fried soybean oil.
TL;DR: The effects of dietary lipid sources on the growth response of hybrid tilapia and enzymic lipid peroxidation in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of these fish fed different dietary lipids was studied.
Abstract: The effects of dietary lipid sources on the growth response of hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus) were investigated. Enzymic lipid peroxidation in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of these fish fed different dietary lipids was also studied. Experimental fish were given diets containing no additional lipids (control), lard, soybean oil, menhaden fish oil and methyl esters of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) for 10 weeks. There was no difference in survival rates among test groups. Compared to fish supplied with dietary lipids, fish consumed control diet with trace lipids (0.02%) were low in final body weights and muscle lipids. The specific growth rates and weight gains of fish fed soybean oil and fish oil were significantly higher than other groups (P<0.05). Fatty acid compositions of muscle and SR reflected the fatty acid compositions of dietary lipids. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances produced by iron catalyzed NADH-dependent lipid peroxidation were significantly different (P<0.05) among SR isolated from fish fed different dietary lipids. Lipid peroxidation activity of HUFA group was the highest, followed by fish oil, soybean oil, lard and control group.
TL;DR: A strain of Pseudomonas stutzeri coded 1317 isolated from oil-contaminated soil was found to grow well in glucose and soybean oil as a sole carbon source, respectively.
Abstract: A strain of Pseudomonas stutzeri coded 1317 isolated from oil-contaminated soil was found to grow well in glucose and soybean oil as a sole carbon source, respectively. Polyhydroxyalkanoates containing medium chain length monomers of hydroxyalkanoates ranging from C6 to C14 were synthesized up to 52% of cell dry weight of P. stutzri 1317 grown on glucose mineral media. In mineral media containing 10 g l−1 soybean oil, P. stutzeri 1317 produced up to 63% of polyhydroxyalkanoates containing mainly a novel monomer of 3,6-epoxy-7-nonene-1,9 dioic acids making up to 63% of the polyhydroxyalkanoates, together with minor monomers of C8 and C10. 1H- and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electron impact gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and chemical ionization gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy were used to study the structures of polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesized by P. stutzeri 1317.
TL;DR: The data indicate that large amounts of soybean oil can be fed in high fiber diets without greatly increasing the concentration of ruminal unsaturated fatty acids or depressing nutrient digestibility.
TL;DR: Infusion of fatty acids increased concentrations of cholesterol in plasma and the amount of unsaturated fatty acids passing into the small intestine may influence responses of dairy cows to supplemental fat.
TL;DR: Data demonstrate that stress responsivity is briefly enhanced during initial access to the high-fat regimens and results in an impaired ability to restore basal corticosterone following stress.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the oil stability index (OSI) and peroxide value (PV) to determine the quality of soybean oil (SBO) blended with other refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) oils.
TL;DR: Results show that ClinOleic(R) is able to induce, in vivo, a greater proportion of cells expressing CD25, and suggest that oleic acid could have a role in the observed effects.
Patent•
29 Dec 1998
TL;DR: In this article, the soybeans are heated to high temperatures to condition the soybean oil contained therein, and then the prepared oil is introduced into a stirred reactor where lower aliphatic monohydric alcohol and an alkaline catalyst is introduced.
Abstract: Comminuted soybeans are heated to high temperatures to condition the soybean oil contained therein. The soybean oil is extracted and filtered to remove solid fines, and then degummed and bleached. The prepared oil is introduced into a stirred reactor where lower aliphatic monohydric alcohol and an alkaline catalyst is introduced. Alcoholysis proceeds to virtual completion. A lower alkyl alcohol ester phase is separated out and washed with water to remove traces of unreacted alcohol and the alkaline catalyst.
TL;DR: In this article, a spray-dried liquid emulsion was used in a laboratory spray dryer to extract amorphous lactose and maltodextrine as a water soluble, solid carrier.
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was conducted to process crude soybean and rapeseed oils using polymeric composite membranes without the addition of organic solvents and found that the membrane selectively rejected phospholipids, color pigments and certain oxidation products while permeating tocopherols.
TL;DR: Analysis of crude oil composition at various stages of seed development revealed a strong negative correlation between total tocopherol content and growth temperature, and showed that low-18:3 soybean varieties should be expected to contain more α-tocopherol, especially when grown under normal commercial production environments.
Abstract: Tocopherol, a natural antioxidant, typically accounts for a small percentage of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) oil. Alleles that govern the expression of polyunsaturated fatty acids in soybean germplasm are influenced by temperature. However, little is known about the environmental influences on tocopherol expression. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of temperature on tocopherol composition in soybean germplasm that exhibit homozygous recessive and dominant alleles that govern the predominant ω-6 and ω-3 desaturases. The control cv. Dare and three low-18:3 genotypes (N78-2245, PI-123440, N85-2176) were grown under controlled-temperature environments during reproductive growth. Analysis of crude oil composition at various stages of seed development revealed a strong negative correlation between total tocopherol content and growth temperature. The relative strength of this correlation was greater in the germplasm that exhibited homozygous alleles governing the ω-6 desaturase than those governing the ω-3 desaturase. The decline in total tocopherol with reduced temperature was attributed predominantly to loss of γ-tocopherol. However, γ-tocopherol concentration also was directly related to 18:3 concentration in all genotypes. Thus, low-18:3 oils contained both a lower content and a lower concentration of γ-tocopherol. Although the biochemical basis for this observation is unknown, the antioxidant capacity of γ-tocopherol appeared to be directly associated with changes in oil quality that were mediated more by genetic than by environmental influences on 18:3 concentration. Another aspect of this work showed that low-18:3 soybean varieties should be expected to contain more α-tocopherol, especially when grown under normal commercial production environments. This condition should be regarded as another beneficial aspect of plant breeding approaches to the improvement of soybean oil quality.
TL;DR: In this article, a method was developed to determine the total phospholipid content in vegetable oil by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which was found to be a useful analytical tool for simple and rapid quantitative determination.
Abstract: A method was developed to determine the total phospholipid content in vegetable oil by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Calibration curves of I-α-phosphatidylcholine (PC), I-α-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and I-α-phosphatidylinositol (PI) in hexane were generated at different concentrations. The optimal phospholipid absorption bands between 1200–970 cm−1 were identified and used for quantitative determination. High R
2≥0.968 were observed between band areas and phospholipid standard concentrations. Phospholipids from crude soybean oil were obtained by water degumming, and purification was performed on a silicic acid column. The phospholipid contents of purified phospholipid extract, degummed and crude soybean oil determined from calibration equations were >90, 0.0113, and 1.77%, respectively. High correlations of determination (R
2≥0.933) were observed between the FTIR method and thin-layer chromatography-imaging densitometry method for the determination of phospholipid content. FTIR was found to be a useful analytical tool for simple and rapid quantitative determination of phospholipids in vegetable oil.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that changes in dietary fat composition can alter the fatty acid composition of the adult rat brain and that these effects are region specific, since metabolites of essential fatty acids may be involved in physiological and pathological processes in the brain.
Abstract: 1. Eighty rats were randomized into four groups receiving one of the following diets: rat chow containing (1) 6% soybean oil, (2) 6% primrose oil, (3) 6% fish oil, (4) a combination of 4.5% primrose and 1.5% fish oil. 2. Following two months of each regimen, the rats were sacrificed by microwave irradiation and the brain's fatty acid composition was analysed with gas chromatography for each of the following regions: frontal cortex, striatum, occipital cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebellum and pituitary. 3. Linoleic acid was decreased by both primrose and fish oil supplementations. The fish oil substitution resulted in a significant elevation of 20:3n-6, a decrease of 22:4n-6 and a non-significant decrease of 20:4n-6, probably reflecting inhibition of delta-5-desaturation. At the same time the fish oil diet significantly elevated 22:5n-3 while 22:5n-6 was decreased. 4. The primrose oil diet lowered the n-3/n-6 ratio in all regions except in the cerebellum. In contrast, the fish oil diet elevated the n-3/n-6 ratio in all regions. 5. The results demonstrate that changes in dietary fat composition can alter the fatty acid composition of the adult rat brain and that these effects are region specific. 6. This is of interest since metabolites of essential fatty acids may be involved in physiological and pathological processes in the brain and it has been hypothesized that dietary intake of fats may influence the outcome of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of combining palm oil with soybean oil (SBO) and lard with canola oil, and subsequent chemical interesterification (CIE), on their melting and crystallization behavior were investigated.
Abstract: The effects of blending palm oil (PO) with soybean oil (SBO) and lard with canola oil, and subsequent chemical interesterification (CIE), on their melting and crystallization behavior were investigated. Lard underwent larger CIE-induced changes in triacylglycerol (TAG) composition than palm oil. Within 30 min to 1 h of CIE, changes in TAG profile appeared complete for both lard and PO. PO had a solid fat content (SFC) of ∼68% at 0°C, which diminished by ∼30% between 10 and 20°C. Dilution with SBO gradually lowered the initial SFC. CIE linearized the melting profile of all palm oil-soybean oil (POSBO) blends between 5 and 40°C. Lard SFC followed an entirely different trend. The melting behavior of lard and lard-canola oil (LCO) blends in the 0–40°C range was linear. CIE led to more abrupt melting for all LCO blends. Both systems displayed monotectic behavior. CIE increased the DP of POSBO blends with ≥80% PO in the blend and lowered that of blends with ≤70% PO. All CIE LCO blends had a slightly lower DP vis-a-vis their noninteresterified counterparts.
TL;DR: In this paper, a new nickel catalyst supported on a natural silicate, for tallow hydrogenation and for the selective hydrogenation of sunflower seed oil and soybean oil, has been prepared by the precipitation method.
TL;DR: In this paper, changes of natural vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols) and added retinyl palmitate (12.5 μg/g or 250 IU/100 kcal) in soybean oil, corn oil, and palm olein were evaluated during stimulated deep learning.
Abstract: Changes of natural vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols) and added retinyl palmitate (12.5 μg/g or 250 IU/100 kcal) in soybean oil, corn oil, and palm olein were evaluated during stimulated deep...
TL;DR: The use of transgene constructs has been assisted by the use of soybean somatic embryos in suspension culture as a model system for soybean seed transformation, which has allowed the selection of the right genes and promoters to achieve the desired phenotypes in transgenic soybeans.
Abstract: The major uses of soybean oils world-wide are for food products such as frying oils, shortenings and margarine. Refined soybean oil is usually chemically hydrogenated to increase storage life, stability during frying, and to increase its melting point for use in solid fat applications. Hydrogenation results in the formation of monounsaturated trans fatty acids, the consumption of which has been associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease in humans. It is nutritionally desirable, therefore, to produce trans-free soybean oils rich in monounsaturated fatty acids for cooking and trans-free oils rich in stearic and oleic acids for shortenings and margarine. Cloned genes may be introduced into soybeans to create transgenic lines with improved oil traits. The design of transgene constructs has been assisted by the use of soybean somatic embryos in suspension culture as a model system for soybean seed transformation. This system has allowed the selection of the right genes and promoters to achieve the desired phenotypes in transgenic soybeans. By manipulating the expression of fatty acid desaturase genes we have produced lines with 85% oleic acid in their seed oil and lines with up to 30% stearic acid. Commercialization of high-oleic acid transgenic soybeans has demonstrated that it is possible to drastically alter the fatty acid composition of a soybean seed without affecting the yield or environmental sensitivity of the soybean plant. We have demonstrated that high-oleic soybean oil is also useful for non-food applications such as biodegradable lubricants. We have now cloned a number of fatty acid desaturase-related genes from species which produce unusual and industrially useful fatty acids. By expressing these genes it will be possible to produce new fatty acids in soybean seeds, which could potentially replace petrochemicals as raw material for many industrial processes.
TL;DR: The study shows that ingestion of oxidized oils, regardless of the vitamin E supply, also affects hepatic lipogenesis, and hence influences triglyceride levels in liver and plasma, and it is strongly suggested that neither exogenous nor endogenous lipid peroxidation products play a significant role in the suppression of hepaticlipogenic enzymes by diets rich in PUFA.
Abstract: Diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are well known to suppress hepatic lipogenic enzymes compared to fat-free diets or diets rich in saturated fatty acids. However, the mechanism underlying suppression of lipogenic enzymes is not quite clear. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether lipid peroxidation products are involved in suppression of lipogenic enzymes. Therefore, an experiment with growing male rats assigned to six groups over a period of 40 d was carried out. Rats received semisynthetic diets containing 9.5% coconut oil and 0.5% fresh soybean oil (coconut oil diet, peroxide value 5.1 meq O2/kg oil), 10% fresh soybean oil (fresh soybean oil diet, peroxide value 9.5 meq O2/kg oil), or 10% thermally treated soybean oil (oxidized soybean oil diet, peroxide value 74 meq O2/kg oil). To modify the antioxidant state of the rats, we varied the vitamin E supply (11 and 511 mg alpha-tocopherol equivalents per kg of diet) according to a bi-factorial design. Food intake and body weight gain were not influenced by dietary fat and vitamin E supply. Activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes were markedly influenced by the dietary fat. Feeding either fresh or oxidized soybean oil diets markedly reduced activities of fatty acid synthase, (FAS), acetyl CoA-carboxylase, (AcCX), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and ATP citrate lyase (ACL) relative to feeding the coconut oil diet. Moreover, feeding oxidized soybean oil slightly, but significantly, lowered activities of FAS, AcCX, and ACL compared to feeding fresh soybean oil. Activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes were reflected by concentrations of triglycerides in liver and plasma. Rats fed the coconut oil diet had markedly higher triglyceride concentrations in liver and plasma than rats consuming fresh or oxidized soybean oil diets, and rats fed oxidized soybean oil had lower concentrations than rats fed fresh soybean oil. The vitamin E supply of the rats markedly influenced concentrations of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in liver, but it did not influence activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes. Because the vitamin E supply had no effect, and ingestion of an oxidized oil had only a minor effect, on activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes, it is strongly suggested that neither exogenous nor endogenous lipid peroxidation products play a significant role in the suppression of hepatic lipogenic enzymes by diets rich in PUFA. Therefore, we assumed that dietary PUFA themselves are involved in regulation of hepatic lipogenic enzymes. Nevertheless, the study shows that ingestion of oxidized oils, regardless of the vitamin E supply, also affects hepatic lipogenesis, and hence influences triglyceride levels in liver and plasma.