Showing papers on "Soybean oil published in 2007"
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel using SrO as a solid base catalyst was studied and the reaction mechanism was proposed and the separate effects of reaction temperature, molar ratio of methanol to oil, mass ratio of catalyst to oil and repeated experiments were investigated.
373 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Sunflower seed oil was subjected to the transesterification reaction with calcium oxide (CaO) in supercritical methanol for obtaining biodiesel for obtaining soybean oil to alcohol.
288 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, three starting materials for rigid polyurethane foams were compared using dynamic mechanical analysis and thermogravimetric analysis techniques, and their cellular structures were investigated by scanning electron microscope.
Abstract: Rigid polyurethane (PU) foams were prepared using three North American seed oil starting materials. Polyol with terminal primary hydroxyl groups synthesized from canola oil by ozonolysis and hydrogenation based technology, commercially available soybean based polyol and crude castor oil were reacted with aromatic diphenylmethane diisocyanate to prepare the foams. Their physical and thermal properties were studied and compared using dynamic mechanical analysis and thermogravimetric analysis techniques, and their cellular structures were investigated by scanning electron microscope. The chemical diversity of the starting materials allowed the evaluation of the effect of dangling chain on the properties of the foams. The reactivity of soybean oil-derived polyols and of unrefined crude castor oil were found to be lower than that of the canola based polyol as shown by their processing parameters (cream, rising and gel times) and FTIR. Canola-PU foam demonstrated better compressive properties than Soybean-PU foam but less than Castor-PU foam. The differences in performance were found to be related to the differences in the number and position of OH-groups and dangling chains in the starting materials, and to the differences in cellular structure.
275 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the preliminary results of using alkaline earth metal-doped zinc oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil were reported, where the highest catalytic activity was obtained with ZnO loaded with 2.5mmol Sr(NO 3 ) 2 /g, followed by calcination at 873k for 5h.
250 citations
TL;DR: The transesterification of soybean oil with methanol to methyl esters was carried out using NaX zeolites loaded with KOH as a solid base catalyst with best result obtained with NaXZeolite loaded with 10% KOH.
241 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, nano-MgO was added from 0.5 wt% to 3 wt%, and the transesterification rate increased evidently, while the catalyst content was further enhanced to 5 wt%.
230 citations
TL;DR: The results show that the replacement of fish oil with soybean or linseed oil in sharpsnout seabream diets does not affect growth or feed utilization after three months of feeding, and the SO diet was the least expensive diet, and had the best economic conversion ratio.
224 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an ion exchange method was used to synthesize the biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters, FAME), which was applied as the ion exchange precursor to incorporate La ion into zeolite beta.
219 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the highest fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) production after 12 hours at 50 °C was achieved in [Emim][TfO].
217 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of fatty acid methyl esters with different proportions of unconverted triglycerides has been evaluated, and the effect of these triglycerides on flash point, water and sediment, kinematic viscosity, sulfur content, sulfated ash, copper strip corrosion, cetane number, cloud point, carbon residue, acid number, free glycerin, acid ratio, total glycerins, phosphorus content and distillation temperature.
184 citations
TL;DR: Under similar feeding conditions, oils rich in linoleic acid (soybean oil) were more effective in enhancing VA and C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk fat than oils containing linolenic oil (flaxseed oil) in dairy cows fed high-forage diets.
TL;DR: In this article, the main objective of this work was to identify the fatty acid composition of several vegetable oils and fats by gas chromatography (GC-fid), and the results showed that the higher contents of saturated fatty acids were found in the coconut and palm fats.
Abstract: The main objective of this work was to identify the fatty acid composition of several vegetable oils and fats. Twenty vegetable oils and fats were analyzed for its fatty acid composition by gas chromatography (gc-fid). Among the evaluated oils the higher contents of saturated fatty acids were found in the coconut and palm fats, that showed above 80% of saturated fatty acids. Except palm fat, that presented about 50% in saturated fatty acids, all other oils showed saturated fatty acids below 25%, being the canola oil that presented the highest unsaturated fatty acid content. Furthermore, canola oil, in the same way soybean oil, showed between 8 and 10% of omega-3 fatty acids. The borage and evening primrose oils differed from the others by presenting appreciable amount of G -linolenic acid, and the linseed oil for presenting more than 50% in linolenic acid. The rice, peanut, cotton and corn oils showed higher content of oleic and linoleic acids.
TL;DR: The results suggest that oil bodies extracted from soybeans have similar or improved stability compared to soybean oil emulsions produced from bulk ingredients and may provide a new way of creating functional soy products for the food industry.
Abstract: Soybeans contain oil bodies that are coated by a layer of oleosin proteins. In nature, this protein coating protects the oil bodies from environmental stresses and may be utilized by food manufacturers for the same purpose. In this study, oil bodies were extracted from soybean using an aqueous extraction method that involved blending, dispersion (pH 8.6), filtration, and centrifugation steps. The influence of NaCl (0-250 mM), thermal processing (30-90 degrees C, 20 min) and pH (2-8) on the properties and stability of the oil bodies was analyzed using zeta-potential, particle size, and creaming stability measurements. The extracted oil bodies were relatively small ( d 32 approximately 250 nm), and their zeta-potential went from around +12 mV to -20 mV as the pH was increased from 2 to 8, with an isoelectric point around pH 4. The oil bodies were stable to aggregation and creaming at low (pH = 2) and high (pH >/= 6) pH values but were unstable at intermediate values (3
TL;DR: In this article, a novel biodiesel-like material (abbreviated as DMC-BioD) was developed by reacting soybean oil with dimethyl carbonate (DMC), which avoided the co-production of glycerol.
TL;DR: In this paper, the oxidative and thermal stabilities of genetically modified high oleic sunflower oil were compared with those of regular sunflower, soybean, corn, and peanut oils during storage at 55°C and simulated deep fat frying at 185°C.
TL;DR: The effect of synthetic antioxidants such as BHT (butyl-hydroxytoluene), BHA (butYL-hydroxyanisol), and TBHQ (t-butylhydroxyquinone) was evaluated on the induction time of soybean oil ethyl esters with low oxidation stability, employing the Rancimat method (EN14112).
Abstract: The effect of synthetic antioxidants such as BHT (butyl-hydroxytoluene), BHA (butyl-hydroxyanisol) and TBHQ (t-butyl-hydroxyquinone) was evaluated on the induction time of soybean oil ethyl esters with low oxidation stability, employing the Rancimat method (EN14112). Interaction effects were also investigated by employing a 23 factorial design, which had as minimum and maximum levels the concentrations of zero and 1500 ppm of each antioxidant. Among the synthetic antioxidants evaluated, BHT displayed the highest effectiveness in the concentration range from 200 to 7000 ppm. TBHQ displayed a greater stabilizing potential when used at higher concentrations (8000 ppm), while BHA was found to provide no noticeable increase in the induction time at concentrations greater than 2000 ppm. The combined use of these antioxidants, at the levels tested in this study, yielded no evidence of any positive synergic effect that would justify their use in binary or ternary mixtures.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the effect of the Rancimat method on the oxidative stability index (OSI), temperature coefficient, Q 10 number, and shelf-life prediction for soybean oil.
Abstract: Operational parameters of the Rancimat method, including oil sample size, airflow rate, and temperature, were evaluated to determine their effects on the oxidative stability index (OSI), temperature coefficient, Q
10 number, and shelf-life prediction for soybean oil. Operational parameters of the Rancimat method had statistically significant effects (P < 0.05) on the OSI. Whenever the oil sample size and airflow rate at a given temperature were such that the air-saturated condition could be established, the OSIs showed no statistically significant differences. As temperature increased, OSIs decreased, while their average coefficient of variation (CV) increased. In general, the conditions where the sample was saturated with air and had a relatively lower CV were an oil sample size of 6 g at all temperatures and airflow rates, then 3-g oil sample size at low temperatures (100 and 110 °C) and low airflow rates (10 and 15 L h−1). The temperature coefficient and Q
10 number were found to be independent of the oil sample size and airflow rate, and their mean values for soybean oil were calculated to be −3.12 × 10−2 °C−1 and 2.05, respectively. Oil sample size and airflow rate showed a significant effect on shelf-life prediction for soybean oil. Therefore, choosing the right levels of these operational parameters in the Rancimat method may produce the least possible difference between predictions from long-term storage studies and the OSI test.
TL;DR: The transesterification procedure of triacylglycerides from soybean oil to give biodiesel was adapted to semi-micro laboratory scale as an additional experimental technique of nucleophilic acyl substitution for undergraduate courses in Chemistry and related areas as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The transesterification procedure of triacylglycerides from soybean oil (in natura and waste oil) to give biodiesel was adapted to semi-micro laboratory scale as an additional experimental technique of nucleophilic acyl substitution for undergraduate courses in Chemistry and related areas.
TL;DR: Modifications, the inheritance of the modifications, the impact of the trait on agronomic and seed characteristics, the methods of phenotypic and genotypic selection, and the commercial status of the modified oils.
Abstract: Genetic modification of the fatty acid composition of soy bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil has been successful in better meeting the needs of end users than is possible with conventional oil. Three modified oils are or have been sold commercially. Oil in which the linolenic acid (18:3) content has been reduced from 8 to 1% makes it possible to reduce or eliminate the need for chemical hydrogenation to achieved. the stability and shelf life necessary for some food applications. Elimination of chemical hydrogenation and the trans fatty acids produced by the process is important for human health. Oil in which the acid (18:1) has been increased from 25 to > 80% also have increased its stability and shell life. An oil with palmitic acid (16.0) reduced from 11 to <4% makes impossible to achieve a low content of saturated fatty acids which is desirable for cardiovascular health. The genetic changes in soybean oil were achieved by conventional breeding and genetic engineering. Mutagenesis was the conventional breeding method used to develop the major genes for reduced palmitic and linolenic acids that are in the cultivars currently grown for commercial production. Genetic engineering was used to elevate oleic acid to <80%. The purpose of this paper modifications, the inheritance of the modifications, the impact of the trait on agronomic and seed characteristics, the methods of phenotypic and genotypic selection, and the commercial status of the modified oils.
TL;DR: The suitability of palm oil and its products for frying was widely demonstrated in many investigations, and the paper showed some examples for the comparison of palm oils with other commonly used oils as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Today, palm oil and its products, mainly palm olein, belong to the most important oils used for the preparation of fried food. The reason is that the oil is relatively cheap, it is available in huge amounts, it has a high oxidative stability and results in high-quality and tasty foods. Thus, the oil meets the demands of the consumer and the producer of fried food. The suitability of palm oil and its products for frying was widely demonstrated in many investigations, and the paper shows some examples for the comparison of palm oil with other commonly used oils. Nevertheless palm oil and its products have a decisive drawback in comparison to conventional vegetable oils like rapeseed or soybean oil, resulting from the high content of saturated fatty acids, which are unfavourable in view of health aspects. Therefore, the search for healthier oils is going on and, in the meantime, several genetically or conventionally modified vegetable oils have appeared on the market. The paper demonstrates that palm oil and its products have a similar frying performance compared to the new so-called “high-oleic” oils.
TL;DR: In this article, the content of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was assessed throughout alkaline refining in soybean, sunflower and olive oil samples.
TL;DR: In this paper, a kinetic study on soybean oil transesterification without a catalyst in subcritical and supercritical methanol was made at pressures between 8.7 and 36 MPa.
Abstract: A kinetic study on soybean oil transesterification without a catalyst in subcritical and supercritical methanol was made at pressures between 8.7 and 36 MPa. It was found that the conversion of soybean oil into the corresponding methyl esters was enhanced considerably in the supercritical methanol. The apparent activation energies of the transesterification are different with the subcritical and the supercritical states of methanol, which are 11.2 and 56.0 kJ/mol (molar ratio of methanol to oil: 42, pressure: 28 MPa), respectively. The reaction pressure considerably influenced the yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in the pressure range from ambient pressure up to 25 MPa (280 °C, 42:1). The reaction activation volume of transesterification in supercritical methanol is approximately −206 cm3/mol. The PΔV
≠ term accounts for nearly 10% of the apparent activation energy, and can not be ignored (280 °C, 42:1).
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the production of fatty acid ethyl esters from soybean oil in sub-and supercritical ethanol in a tubular reactor in the temperature range of 473−648 K, from 7 to 20 MPa, adopting the oil-to-ethanol molar ratio interval from 1:10 to 1:100.
Abstract: This work investigates the production of fatty acid ethyl esters from soybean oil in sub- and supercritical ethanol. The experiments were performed in a tubular reactor in the temperature range of 473−648 K, from 7 to 20 MPa, adopting the oil-to-ethanol molar ratio interval from 1:10 to 1:100. Results showed that temperature and pressure below the solvent critical point led to very low reaction conversions while appreciable yields were verified around 623 K and 20 MPa using an oil-to-solvent molar ratio of 1:40 and with a reaction time of approximately 15 min. A pseudo-first-order kinetic modeling was employed in representing the experimental alcoholysis data with a satisfactory agreement between experimental and calculated conversion values.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the functionalities of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and showed that gel points with diisocyanates vary from 54 to 76% conversion.
Abstract: Vegetable oils are very heterogeneous materials with a wide distribution of triacylglycerol structures and double-bond contents. The hydrogenation of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) produces polyols having a functionality distribution related to that of soybean oil. Therefore, these polyols are convenient substances for studying the impact of structural heterogeneity on network formation and properties. Polyols of hydroxyl numbers ranging from 225 to 82 mg KOH/g and weight-average functionalities ranging from 4.4 to 2.7 were obtained by the variation of the time of hydrogenation of ESO. An analysis of the functionality distribution in polyols shows that gel points with diisocyanates vary from 54 to 76% conversion. The molecular weights of the network chains of polyurethanes prepared from these polyols and diphenyl methane diisocyanate varied from 688 to 1993. Polyols with hydroxyl numbers above 200 mg KOH/g gave glassy polymers, whereas those below that value gave rubbers. The heterogeneity of polyols had a negative effect on the elastic properties only at low crosslinking densities. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
TL;DR: In this article, a 23 experimental design was carried out under the following levels: ethanol:oil molar ratios (MR) of 6:1 and 12:1, NaOH concentrations of 0.3 and 1.0, respectively, and reaction temperatures of 30 and 70°C.
Abstract: The ethanolysis of refined soybean oil was investigated through a 23 experimental design that was carried out under the following levels: ethanol:oil molar ratios (MR) of 6:1 and 12:1, NaOH concentrations of 0.3 and 1.0 wt% in relation to the oil mass, and reaction temperatures of 30 and 70 °C. The ethanol:oil MR and the alkali concentration had an almost equivalent influence on the reaction yield, whereas the influence of increased reaction temperatures was very limited and higher catalyst concentrations led to greater yield losses due to the formation of soap. Ethyl ester yields of 97.2% were obtained at 70 °C, MR of 12:1 and 0.3 wt% NaOH. Replacement of 0.3 wt% NaOH by 1.0 wt% KOH under the same reaction conditions led to lower ester yields. Likewise the former, KOH provided the maximum ester yield (95.6%) at the highest molar ratio (12:1), with the reaction temperature having little influence on the catalyst performance. Ester yields beyond 98% were only achieved when a second ethanolysis stage was included in the process. In this regard, the application of 2 wt% Magnesol® after the first ethanolysis stage eliminated the need for water washing prior to the second ethanolysis stage and helped to generate a final product with less contaminating unreacted glycerides.
TL;DR: In this paper, Moringa oleifera oil (MOO) with sunflower oil and soybean oil (SBO) was used to evaluate the changes in fatty acid (FA) composition, oxidative and thermal stability of SFO and SBO.
TL;DR: In this article, Fourier transform (FT)-Raman spectroscopy combined with partial least squares (PLS) multivariate analysis was successfully applied to the quantification of soybean oil/ethyl ester mixtures.
Abstract: Biodiesel fuel (fatty acid esters) has become more and more attractive due to its environmental benefits. Transesterification is the most common and important method for making biodiesel from vegetable oils or animal fats. Several studies have focused on the development and improvement of analytical methods for monitoring biodiesel production and determining the fuel quality. Analytical procedures reported in the literature include chromatographic methods (e.g., gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, gel permeation chromatography, etc.) and spectroscopic methods [e.g., 1H and 13C NMR, near infrared, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and recently, Fourier transform (FT)-Raman]. The study presented in this paper expands our previous research, in which FT-Raman spectroscopy combined with partial least squares (PLS) multivariate analysis was successfully applied to the quantification of soybean oil/ethyl ester mixtures. The FT-Raman/PLS methods developed by our group were used to m...
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of type and amount of solvents, phosphoric acid content and water content on the rate of ring-opening reactions and the characteristics of the derived products were studied.
Abstract: Ring-opening hydrolysis of epoxidized soybean oil in the presence of phosphoric acid was studied under varying experimental conditions. The influence of type and amount of solvents, phosphoric acid content and water content on the rate of ring-opening reactions and the characteristics of the derived products were studied. The soy-polyols prepared were characterized by determination of hydroxyl content, viscosity measurements, determination of average molecular weight and polydispersity index (GPC). The structural confirmation was done by FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The study shows that under the reaction conditions employed, a substantial degree of oligomerization due to oxirane-oxirane, and/or oxirane-hydroxyl reaction takes place. It is possible to synthesize soy-polyols having varying hydroxyl content and phosphate-ester functionality by controlling the type and amount of polar solvent and phosphoric acid content.
TL;DR: In this paper, a functional food oil, rich in fatty acids and antioxidants, coloured with pigments (carotenoids) extracted with supercritical CO2 from the microalga Chlorella vulgaris, was produced, having in view its use in food industry (namely for derived seafood).
TL;DR: In this paper, the friction and abrasion rate characteristics of soybean and sunflower oils in comparison to a base mineral oil under sliding wear at ambient conditions for various applied loads were investigated.
Abstract: In light of diminishing natural resources, global climatic change and increased environmental sensitivity, renewable-based lubricants are being considered potential alternatives to petroleum-based lubricants. Understanding the tribological performance of vegetable-based lubricants in relation to their chemical composition is essential for their industrial implementation. This study focuses on the friction and abrasion rate characteristics of soybean and sunflower oils in comparison to a base mineral oil under sliding wear at ambient conditions for various applied loads. It was found that the abrasion rate and friction were the least severe for the soybean, followed by the sunflower oil. The observed trends were attributed to differences in their fatty acid compositions, in particular, a lower percentage of linoleic and oleic acids within the soybean oil. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.