Showing papers on "Soybean oil published in 2012"

Preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

Abstract: Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by the transesterification of soybean oil and methyl alcohol in the presence of H2SO4 as catalystThe effect of such factors as the amount of methyl alcohol,catalyst,water and resolver,reaction temperature and time was investigated in this paperOrthogonal experiments of parameters in a four-factor and three-level test showed that the optimum conditions were as follows: the amount of water,methyl alcohol,catalyst and resolver was 20%,20%,20% and 15% respectively,the reaction time was 9 hours and the reaction temperature was 78 ℃

Immobilized lipase on magnetic chitosan microspheres for transesterification of soybean oil

Abstract: Biodiesel fuel, produced by transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with methanol, is a promising alternative diesel fuel due to the limited resources of fossil fuels and the environmental concerns. An environmentally benign process for the transesterification reaction using immobilized lipase has attracted considerable attention for biodiesel production. In the work, magnetic chitosan microspheres were prepared by the chemical co-precipitation approach using glutaraldehyde as cross-linking reagent for lipase immobilization. The immobilization of lipase onto the magnetic particles was confirmed by magnetic measurements, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Using the immobilized lipase, the conversion of soybean oil to fatty acid methyl esters reached 87% under the optimized conditions of methanol/oil amount-of-substance ratio 4:1 with the three-step addition of methanol, reaction temperature 35 °C, and reaction duration 30 h. Moreover, the immobilized lipase could be used for four times without significant decrease of the activity.

Organogel Formation of Soybean Oil with Waxes

Abstract: Many waxes including plant waxes and animal waxes were evaluated for the gelation ability toward soybean oil (SBO) and compared with hydrogenated vegetable oils, petroleum waxes and commercial non-edible gelling agents to understand factors affecting the gelation ability of a gelator. Sunflower wax (SW) showed the most promising results and all SW samples from three different suppliers could make a gel with concentrations as low as 0.5 wt%. Candelilla wax and rice bran wax also showed good gelation properties, which, however, varied with different suppliers. Gelation ability of a wax is significantly dependant on its purity and detailed composition. A wax ester with longer alkyl chains has significantly better gelation ability toward SBO than that with shorter alkyl chains indicating that the chain length of a component in a wax such as wax ester is an important factor for gelation ability. The SW–SBO organogel showed increased melting point with increased SW content, showing the melting point range from about 47 to 65 °C with 0.5–10 wt% SW. The effects of cooling rate on crystal size and firmness of a gel were investigated. The dependence of firmness on cooling rate was so significant that the desired texture of an organogel could be achieved by controlling the cooling rate in addition to controlling the amount of gelling agent. This research reveals that a small amount of food grade plant waxes including SW may replace a large amount of the hardstock containing trans-fat or saturated fat.

A.S.P.E.N. position paper: Clinical role for alternative intravenous fat emulsions.

Abstract: The currently available, standard soybean oil (SO)-based intravenous fat emulsions (IVFEs) meet the needs of most parenteral nutrition (PN) patients. There are alternative oil-based fat emulsions, such as medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), olive oils (OOs), and fish oils (FOs), that, based on extensive usage in Europe, have an equivalent safety profile to SO. These alternative IVFEs are metabolized via different pathways, which may lead to less proinflammatory effects and less immune suppression. These alternative oil-based IVFEs are not currently available in the United States. Many patients who require IVFEs are already in a compromised state. Such patients could potentially have better clinical outcomes when receiving one of the alternative IVFEs to diminish the intake of the potentially proinflammatory ω-6 fatty acid—linoleic acid—which comprises more than 50% of the fatty acid profile in SO. Further research is needed on these alternative oil-based IVFEs to identify which IVFE oils or which combination of oils may be most clinically useful for specific patient populations. (Nutr Clin Pract. 2012;27:150-192)

Short-Term Use of Parenteral Nutrition With a Lipid Emulsion Containing a Mixture of Soybean Oil, Olive Oil, Medium-Chain Triglycerides, and Fish Oil A Randomized Double-Blind Study in Preterm Infants

Abstract: Background: For premature neonates needing parenteral nutrition (PN), a balanced lipid supply is crucial. The authors hypothesized that a lipid emulsion containing medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) and soybean, olive, and fish oils would be as safe and well tolerated as a soybean emulsion while beneficially influencing the fatty acid profile. Methods: Double-blind, controlled study in 53 neonates (<34 weeks’ gestation) randomized to receive at least 7 days of PN containing either an emulsion of MCTs and soybean, olive, and fish oils or a soybean oil emulsion. Target lipid dosage was 1.0 g fat/kg body weight [BW]/d on days 1–3, 2 g/kg BW/d on day 4, 3 g/kg BW/d on day 5, and 3.5 g/kg BW/d on days 6–14. Results: Test emulsion vs control, mean ± SD: baseline triglyceride concentrations were 0.52 ± 0.16 vs 0.54 ± 0.19 mmol/L and increased similarly in both groups to 0.69 ± 0.38 vs 0.67 ± 0.36 on day 8 of treatment (P = .781 for change). A significantly higher decrease in total and direct bilirubin vs baseline was seen in the test group compared with the control group P < .05 between groups). In plasma and red blood cell phospholipids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were higher, and the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio was lower in the test group (P < .05 vs control). Conclusions: The lipid emulsion, based on a mixture of MCTs and soybean, olive, and fish oils, was safe and well tolerated by preterm infants while beneficially modulating the fatty acid profile.

Combinations of mutant FAD2 and FAD3 genes to produce high oleic acid and low linolenic acid soybean oil.

Abstract: High oleic acid soybeans were produced by combining mutant FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B genes. Despite having a high oleic acid content, the linolenic acid content of these soybeans was in the range of 4-6 %, which may be high enough to cause oxidative instability of the oil. Therefore, a study was conducted to incorporate one or two mutant FAD3 genes into the high oleic acid background to further reduce the linolenic acid content. As a result, soybean lines with high oleic acid and low linolenic acid (HOLL) content were produced using different sources of mutant FAD2-1A genes. While oleic acid content of these HOLL lines was stable across two testing environments, the reduction of linolenic acid content varied depending on the number of mutant FAD3 genes combined with mutant FAD2-1 genes, on the severity of mutation in the FAD2-1A gene, and on the testing environment. Combination of two mutant FAD2-1 genes and one mutant FAD3 gene resulted in less than 2 % linolenic acid content in Portageville, Missouri (MO) while four mutant genes were needed to achieve the same linolenic acid in Columbia, MO. This study generated non-transgenic soybeans with the highest oleic acid content and lowest linolenic acid content reported to date, offering a unique alternative to produce a fatty acid profile similar to olive oil.

Meal triacylglycerol profile modulates postprandial absorption of carotenoids in humans.

Abstract: cope Dietary lipids are considered to be primary potentiators of carotenoid absorption, yet the amount and source required to optimize bioavailability has not been systematically evaluated. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of both amount and source of triacylglycerols on postprandial absorption of carotenoids from vegetable salads. Methods and results Healthy subjects (n = 29) were randomized using a Latin square design (3×3) and consumed three identical salads with 3, 8, or 20 g of canola oil, soybean oil, or butter. Blood was collected from 0–10 h and triacylglycerol-rich fractions (TRLs) were isolated by ultracentrifugation. Carotenoid contents of TRL fractions were analyzed by HPLC-DAD. Considering all lipid sources, 20 g of lipid promoted higher absorption compared to 3 and 8 g for all carotenoid species (p < 0.05), except for α-carotene (p = 0.07). The source of lipid had less impact on the absorption of carotenoids than amount of lipid. Pooling results from all lipid amounts, monounsaturated fatty acid rich canola oil trended toward enhancing absorption of lutein and α-carotene compared to saturated fatty acid rich butter (p = 0.06 and p = 0.08, respectively). Conclusion While both amount and source of co-consumed lipid affect carotenoid bioavailability from vegetables, amount appears to exert a stronger effect.

Silica-Supported Tin Oxides as Heterogeneous Acid Catalysts for Transesterification of Soybean Oil with Methanol

Abstract: In this work, the SnO2/SiO2 materials with various Sn loadings ranging from 1 to 16 wt % were prepared and used as heterogeneous acid catalysts for soybean oil transesterification to produce biodiesel. The catalyst with 8 wt % Sn loading and calcined at 873 K exhibited the best catalytic activity, giving an oil conversion of 81.7%. The dispersed amorphous SnO2 species on the silica surface are considered to be active sites for the transesterification reaction. The effect of reaction parameters such as catalyst amount, reaction temperature, reaction time, and methanol-to-oil ratio was investigated to optimize the transesterification conditions. It is shown that the free fatty acid (FFA) and water have no significant influence on the catalytic activity to the transesterification reaction. In addition, the heterogeneous acid catalyst was found to have high activities toward the esterification of FFAs. Furthermore, the catalyst could be recovered with a better reusability.

One-Step Hydrotreatment of Vegetable Oil to Produce High Quality Diesel-Range Alkanes

Abstract: A one-step hydrotreatment of vegetable oil combining deoxygenation and isomerization to directly produce low cloud point, high quality diesel is devised. The Pt/zeolite bifunctional catalysts prepared by using SAPO-11 and ZSM-22 zeolites as supports are used in this process. Catalytic reactions are conducted in a fixed-bed reactor under a hydrogen atmosphere. Over the bifunctional catalyst, 100?% conversion of soybean oil is obtained at 357?degrees C, 4 MPa, and 1 h-1, and 80?% organic liquid yield is achieved, which is close to the maximum theoretical liquid yield. In the organic products, the alkanes selectivity is 100?% with an i-alkanes selectivity above 63?%. NH3-temperature programmed desorption (TPD), pyridine IR spectroscopy, and other characterization techniques are used to study the effect of the support acidity on the reaction pathway. Over the Pt/zeolite bifunctional catalyst with less strong Lewis acid sites, the reaction proceeds via the decarboxylation plus decarbonylation pathway. This one-step method provides a new strategy to produce low cloud point, high quality diesel from biomass feedstock in a more economic and attractive way. (c) 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH& Co. KGaA, Weinheim

PM2.5 and ultrafine particles emitted during heating of commercial cooking oils

Abstract: UNLABELLED Seven commercial cooking oils were investigated to determine the PM(2.5) mass and ultrafine particle (UFP) emission rates and emission fluxes (rates per area). The results of this study showed that at 197°C soybean, safflower, canola, and peanut oils produced lower PM(2.5) emission fluxes (6.1 × 10(5), 3.0 × 10(5), 5.4 × 10(5), and 3.9 × 10(5) μg/min/m(2), respectively) than corn, coconut, and olive oils (2.7 × 10(6), 2.9 × 10(6), and 5.7 × 10(6) μg/min/m(2), respectively). Similarly, the total particle number flux at 197°C was lower for soybean, safflower, and canola oils (3.5 × 10(13), 8.6 × 10(13), and 1.0 × 10(14) #/min/m(2), respectively) than the corn, coconut, olive, and peanut oils (2.4 × 10(14), 1.4 × 10(14), 1.7 × 10(14), and 3.8 × 10(14) #/min/m(2), respectively). In general, oils with a higher smoke temperature resulted in lower particle concentrations over the measured temperature range (131-197°C). The percentage of UFP (particle diameter D(p) 10-100 nm) to total particles (D(p) 10-500 nm) ranged from 76 to 99% for this temperature range. Particles below 10 nm in diameter were not measured. The particle number size distribution showed a polydisperse behavior with major mode sizes ranging from 25 nm (for peanut oil) to 82 nm (for soybean oil) at an oil temperature of 197°C. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The study presents particle number and mass concentrations, size distributions, emission rates, and emission fluxes from heating common cooking oils. The emission rates and emission fluxes can be used as inputs to models for indirect exposure analysis studies. The study may also be used to provide guidance on choosing oils that result in lower emission rates when heated.

Detail study on the properties of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) for the production of biofuel.

Abstract: An ever increasing demand of fuels has been a challenge for today’s scientific workers. The fossil fuel resources are dwindling day by day. Biodiesel seem to be a solution for future. It is an environmental viable fuel. Several researchers have made systematic efforts to use plant oil and their esters (biodiesel) as a fuel in compression ignition (CI) engines .There is various types of raw material like Jatropha curcus L, Pongamia Pinnata (Karanja), Moha, Undi, Castor, Saemuruba, Cotton seed etc. An non- edible oil seeds and Various vegetable oils including palm oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil and canola oil have been used to produce biodiesel fuel and lubricants. Out of these Pongamia pinnata can be a definite source of raw material due to its easy availability in wild. Pongamia pinnata is drought resistant, semi-deciduous, nitrogen fixing leguminous tree. It grows about 15-20 meters in height with a large canopy which spreads equally wide. After tranesterification of crude oil shows excellent properties like calorific value, iodine number, cetane number and acid value etc. Detail study intends to identify all advantages and disadvantages of pongamia pinnata as a sustainable feedstock for the production of Biodiesel equivalent to fossil fuel as per ASTM 6751-9B.

Soybean oil‐based polyurethane networks as candidate biomaterials: Synthesis and biocompatibility

Abstract: Biobased polymeric materials are gaining increasing attention in biomedical areas. Here, we report a new class of biocompatible polyurethanes prepared from soybean oil-based polyol that was synthesized by ring-opening reaction of epoxidized monoglyceride (EMG) with lactic acid. By adjusting the molar ratio of hydroxyl to isocyanate group and the content of chain extender, soybean oil-based polyurethanes with tensile strength of 9.3027.1?MPa and elongation at break of 74.1110.7% were prepared, while usual lipid-based polyurethanes with the same 1,6-diisocyanatohexane as reactant hardly have tensile strength higher than 5?MPa. Mouse fibroblast cells (L-929) showed good adhesion and growth behavior on the polyurethane samples with more hydrophilic surfaces, and the cell viabilities of more than 50% were achieved with commercial tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) disk as control. The good mechanical property and biocompatibility of the soybean oil-based polyurethanes will make them suitable for wide range of potential biomedical applications. Practical applications: The synthesized soybean oil-based polyurethanes have adjustable tensile strengths from 9.3027.1?MPa and elongation at break of 74.1110.7%. Along with their good biocompatibility, the polyurethanes can potentially replace wide range of part of petroleum-based polymeric materials, particularly as biomedical materials.

Cold performance of various biodiesel fuel blends at low temperature

Abstract: This study examines the cold performance of biodiesel blends in a passenger car and a light duty truck at −16 °C and −20 °C. Six different types of biodiesels derived from soybean oil, waste cooking oil, rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil, palm oil and jatropha oil were blended with different volume ratios (B5 (5 vol. % biodiesel — 95 vol. % diesel), B10 and B20). The cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and the cloud point had an effect on the startability and driveability of both the passenger car and the light duty truck. The startability and driveability of the passenger car with all biodiesel blends (B5) were generally good at −20 °C. In the light duty truck, biodiesel blends (B10 and B20) of soybean, waste cooking, rapeseed and jatropha tended to be good at −20 °C in the startability and driveability tests than the biodiesel blends (B10 and B20) of cottonseed and palm. In particular, the palm biodiesel blend (B10) failed at −20 °C, and the palm biodiesel blend (B20) also failed at −16 °C in the startability test. The cold flow properties of biodiesel dictate that the length of the hydrocarbon chains and the presence of unsaturated structures significantly affect the low temperature properties of biodiesel.

A double-blind, randomized clinical trial comparing soybean oil–based versus olive oil–based lipid emulsions in adult medical–surgical intensive care unit patients requiring parenteral nutrition

Abstract: Protein-calorie malnutrition is common in critically ill patients (1) and is associated with increased risk of hospital complications and mortality (2-5), longer hospital stay, and hospital costs (6). Improving nutrition status may restore immunologic competence and reduce the frequency and severity of infectious complications in critically ill patients (7-10). The beneficial effects of parenteral nutrition (PN) administration in improving nutritional status and reducing complications in significantly malnourished intensive care unit (ICU) patients are well established (11-14). Recent randomized trials and metaanalyses, however, have suggested that treatment with PN compared to enteral nutrition may increase the risk for infectious complications and hospital mortality (15-17). The increased rate of PN-associated complications is likely multifactorial but may be related to the development of hyperglycemia (18-20) or to effects of specific PN components, including administration of conventional soybean oil–based lipid emulsions, which contain a high content of linoleic acid and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (9, 21). Soybean oil–based lipid emulsions are the only FDA-approved lipid formulations available for PN use in the United States. Experimental reports suggest that such ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid–rich lipid emulsions may promote the generation of arachidonic acid–derived eicosanoids, which, in turn, could potentially exaggerate the inflammatory response during stress and trauma (22), contribute to immunosuppression by impairing neutrophil and macrophage function (21, 23), and adversely affect endothelial function (9, 24). In addition, soybean oil–based lipid emulsion inhibits lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophil functions, besides impairing reticuloendothelial function and reducing plasma lipid clearance (9, 21). The concern regarding the potential complications associated with the use of high ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid formulations has led to the development of alternative lipid emulsions for PN (9, 25). Limited data suggest that lowering linoleic acid content by partly replacing soybean oil with olive oil may improve the safety of PN (26, 27). Several in vitro animal and human studies have shown that the impairment of immune function, oxidative stress, glucose metabolism, endothelial function and inflammation that occurs with soybean oil–based emulsions may be attenuated with olive oil–based lipid emulsions (21-24, 27, 28). However, it is unclear whether the use of olive oil–based lipid emulsions in PN results in improved clinical outcomes compared to PN containing conventional soybean oil–based formulations. Accordingly, we designed this investigator-initiated, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial to compare clinical outcomes and metabolic responses to PN containing either olive oil–based or soybean oil–based lipid emulsion in adult medical–surgical ICU patients.