Showing papers on "Soybean oil published in 2014"

Improved soybean oil quality by targeted mutagenesis of the fatty acid desaturase 2 gene family

Abstract: Soybean oil is high in polyunsaturated fats and is often partially hydrogenated to increase its shelf life and improve oxidative stability. The trans-fatty acids produced through hydrogenation pose a health threat. Soybean lines that are low in polyunsaturated fats were generated by introducing mutations in two fatty acid desaturase 2 genes (FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B), which in the seed convert the monounsaturated fat, oleic acid, to the polyunsaturated fat, linoleic acid. Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) were engineered to recognize and cleave conserved DNA sequences in both genes. In four of 19 transgenic soybean lines expressing the TALENs, mutations in FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B were observed in DNA extracted from leaf tissue; three of the four lines transmitted heritable FAD2-1 mutations to the next generation. The fatty acid profile of the seed was dramatically changed in plants homozygous for mutations in both FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B: oleic acid increased from 20% to 80% and linoleic acid decreased from 50% to under 4%. Further, mutant plants were identified that lacked the TALEN transgene and only carried the targeted mutations. The ability to create a valuable trait in a single generation through targeted modification of a gene family demonstrates the power of TALENs for genome engineering and crop improvement.

Enzymatic Production of Biodiesel from Soybean Oil by Using Immobilized Lipase on Fe3O4/Poly(styrene-methacrylic acid) Magnetic Microsphere as a Biocatalyst

Abstract: A magnetic composite poly(styrene-methacrylic acid) microsphere, was prepared using oleic acid-coated magnetic nanoparticles as seeds by microemulsion copolymerization of styrene (St) and methacrylic acid (MAA). The lipase from Candida rugosa was then covalently bound to the magnetic polymer-coated microspheres by using 1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC) as an activation reagent. The immobilization of lipase could enhance the thermal and pH stability of lipase activity when compared to free lipase. The immobilized lipase microspheres were characterized by lipase activity assays, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and vibrating-sample magnetometer techniques. The bound lipase showed high activities to soybean oil transesterification with methanol to produce biodiesel. It was found that the oil conversion of 86% was attained at a reaction temperature of 35 °C for 24 h. The immobilized lipase is stable with re...

Evaluation of hydrophobic polyvinyl-alcohol formaldehyde sponges as absorbents for oil spill.

Abstract: Macroporous materials are a class of absorbents used for oil spill cleanup. In this article, novel macroporous and hydrophobic polyvinyl formaldehyde (PVF-H) sponges were prepared by the reaction of stearoyl chloride with hydroxyl groups of hydrophilic PVF sponge at different temperatures. Attenuated total reflectance-infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy confirmed the successfully anchoring of hydrophobic stearoyl groups on the PVF networks. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images demonstrated that the as-prepared PVF-H had interconnected open-cell structures, and mercury intrusion porosimetry indicated that the average pore size ranged from 60 to 90 μm and porosity was greater than 94.8%. Such PVF-H sponges can absorb oil products effectively, such as toluene, n-hexane, kerosene, soybean oil, hydraulic oil, and crude oil up to 13.7 g·g–1 to 56.6 g·g–1, and this level of absorption was approximately 2–4 times higher than that absorbed by commercial polypropylene nonwoven mat. In low-viscosity oils, the sample...

The effect of natural antioxidants extracted from plant and animal resources on the oxidative stability of soybean oil

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the antioxidant activity of protein hydrolyzates isolate (PHI) from Crucian carp (Carassius carassius) fish and cow's intestine along with microwave-assisted olive leaf extract (OLE) encapsulated by Arabic gum and maltodextrin, in soybean oil. The antioxidant activity of PHIs at three concentrations of 200, 500 and 1000 mg/kg and OLE samples containing 70 mg/kg total phenolics during 20 days storage was evaluated by peroxide value, TBA value, p-anisidine value and Rancimat stability test. The fish PHI at concentration of 1000 mg/kg, cow's intestine PHI at 500 and 1000 mg/kg and OLE encapsulated with Arabic gum showed best oxidative protection activity (more than BHT at 100 and 200 mg/kg). OLE had a suitable antioxidant activity in soybean oil and encapsulation improved the thermal stability of phenolic compounds, but on the other hand, it decreased the antioxidant efficiency of OLE.

Detection of Chemlali Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Adulteration Mixed with Soybean Oil, Corn Oil, and Sunflower Oil by Using GC and HPLC

Abstract: Fatty acid composition as an indicator of purity suggests that linolenic acid content could be used as a parameter for the detection of extra/virgin olive oil fraud with 5% of soybean oil. The adulteration could also be detected by the increase of the trans-fatty acid contents with 3% of soybean oil, 2% of corn oil, and 4% of sunflower oil. The use of the ΔECN42 proved to be effective in Chemlali extra-virgin olive oil adulteration even at low levels: 1% of sunflower oil, 3% of soybean oil, and 3% of corn oil. The sterol profile is almost decisive in clarifying the adulteration of olive oils with other cheaper ones: 1% of sunflower oil could be detected by the increase of Δ7-stigmastenol and 4% of corn oil by the increase of campesterol. Linear discriminant analysis could represent a powerful tool for faster and cheaper evaluation of extra-virgin olive oil adulteration.

Unsaturated fatty acids promote bioaccessibility and basolateral secretion of carotenoids and α-tocopherol by Caco-2 cells

Abstract: Bioavailability of carotenoids and tocopherols from foods is determined by the efficiency of transfer from food/meal to mixed micelles during digestion, incorporation into chylomicrons for trans-epithelial transport to lymphatic/blood system, and distribution to target tissues. Fats and oils are important factors for facilitating the absorption of lipophilic compounds. However, dietary fats and oils are composed of various types of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids which may differentially impact the bioavailability of carotenoids and tocopherols from foods. We have investigated the effects of several common commercial lipids on bioavailability using an in vitro digestion model and Caco-2 human intestinal cells. Meals consisted of mixed salad vegetables containing a single test lipid. Micellarization and cellular uptake of β-carotene (βC) and lycopene (LYC) during small intestinal digestion was increased by lipids rich in unsaturated fatty acids: soybean oil > olive > canola > butter. In contrast, type of lipid minimally affected the bioaccessibility of lutein (LUT) and zeaxanthin (ZEA). To examine the influence of type of dietary triglyceride on uptake and basolateral secretion of carotenoids, Caco-2 cells grown on Transwell membranes were incubated with micellar mixtures of fatty acids (1.0 mM) mimicking the types and ratio of saturated to unsaturated (mono- + poly-unsaturated) fatty acids (FA) present in butter (70 : 30), olive oil (7 : 93) and soybean oil (11 : 89). Cells were exposed to micelles containing βC, LUT, α-tocopherol (α-TC) and a mixture of test fatty acids. Uptake and basolateral secretion of βC, LUT and α-TC were greater in cells pre-treated with mixtures enriched in unsaturated compared to saturated FA and these effects were mediated by increased assembly and secretion of chylomicrons. These results suggest that dietary fats/oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids promote carotenoid and α-TC bioavailability by enhancing their micellarization during digestion and intestinal transport.

Alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol concentration in vegetable oils

Abstract: Vegetable oils are the richest dietary sources of vitamin E. Vitamin E determination levels in foods are of great importance to adjust the ingestion of nutrients by the population. The purpose of this paper is to determine the concentration of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in vegetable oils and compare the alpha-tocopherol value to the nutritional requirement of vitamin E. The analysis was performed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The values expressed as mg/kg for alpha and gamma-tocopherol were, respectively, 120.3±4.2 and 122.0±7.9 in canola oil; 432.3±86.6 and 92.3±9.5 in sunflower oil; 173.0±82.3 and 259.7±43.8 in corn oil; 71.3±6.4 and 273.3±11.1 in soybean oil. A significant difference was encountered between the alpha-tocopherol concentrations in vegetable oils. Similar results were found for gamma-tocopherol, except for corn and soybean oils. It was concluded that the soybean oil was not considered a source of vitamin E. The canola and corn oils were considered sources, and the sunflower oil was considered an excellent source.

Composition, properties and potential food applications of natural emulsions and cream materials based on oil bodies

Abstract: Oil bodies are micron- or submicron-sized organelles found mainly in parts of plants such as seeds, nuts or some fruits and their main role is to function as energy stores. Their structure is made up of a core of triglycerides covered by a protein–phospholipid layer which protects the oil bodies against external chemical/mechanical stresses. Following treatment with aqueous media of the rich-in-oil raw materials, an extract of oil bodies, dispersed in a solution of exogenous plant proteins, is obtained. Effective recovery of oil droplets from the initial extract, which is in effect a relatively dilute natural emulsion, leads to the preparation of either a more concentrated natural emulsion with a composition in terms of oil and protein close to that of animal milk or, alternatively, to a concentrated oil droplet-based “cream”. Both the natural emulsion and the “cream” can be exploited in the development of a number of novel food products by suitably substituting the oil/fat droplets of the traditionally-prepared food product with natural oil droplets.

Preparation of margarines from organogels of sunflower wax and vegetable oils.

Abstract: UNLABELLED It was previously reported that sunflower wax (SW) had high potential as an organogelator for soybean oil-based margarine and spread products. In this study, 12 other vegetable oils were evaluated in a margarine formulation to test feasibility of utilization of SW as an alternative to solid fats in margarine and spread products containing these oils. The minimum quantity of SW required to form a gel with these oils ranged from 0.3% to 1.0% (wt.). Organogels were prepared from the vegetable oils with 3%, 5% and 7% SW and were tested for firmness as well as melting behaviors using differential scanning calorimetry. These organogels were also incorporated into a margarine formulation. All of the vegetable oil organogels produced relatively firm margarines. The margarines prepared from organogels containing 3% (wt.) SW had greater firmness than commercial spreads, whereas margarines made from 7% SW were softer than commercial stick margarines. However, dropping points of the margarine samples were higher than those of commercial spread and margarine products. Margarine firmness was modestly inversely correlated with the amount of polar compounds in the oils and did not correlate with fatty acid compositions. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using a number of healthy vegetable oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids to make healthy margarine and spread products by utilizing SW as an organogelator. PRACTICAL APPLICATION This study showed that sunflower wax could be used as an alternative to traditional solid fats for the development of new margarine and spread products from a variety of healthy vegetable oils.

Growth and fatty acid profiles of VLBW infants receiving a multicomponent lipid emulsion from birth.

Abstract: Very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants are dependent on parenteral nutrition after birth. A parenteral lipid emulsion with a multicomponent composition may improve growth and neurodevelopment and may prevent liver injury, which is often observed in association with long-term parenteral nutrition with pure soybean oil. Our aim was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a multicomponent lipid emulsion containing 30% soybean oil, 30% medium-chain triacylglycerol, 25% olive oil, and 15% fish oil compared with a conventional pure soybean oil emulsion in VLBW infants. We conducted a double-blind randomized controlled trial in VLBW infants randomized to parenteral nutrition with the multicomponent (study group) or pure soybean oil emulsion (control group) from birth at a dose of 2 to 3 g · kg(-1) · day(-1) until the infants were receiving full enteral nutrition. We assessed efficacy by growth rates and measuring plasma fatty acid profiles (representative subset). Safety was evaluated by assessing hematologic and biochemical parameters, potentially harmful phytosterol concentrations (same subset), and clinical neonatal outcome parameters. Ninety-six infants were included (subsets n = 21). The multicomponent emulsion was associated with higher weight and head circumference z scores during admission. Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations were higher in the study group. The hematological, biochemical, and neonatal outcomes were not different between groups, whereas the plasma concentrations of phytosterols were higher in the control group. The multicomponent lipid emulsion was well tolerated and associated with improved growth and higher plasma fatty acid profiles in VLBW infants in comparison with the pure soybean oil emulsion

Fish Oil (SMOFlipid) and olive oil lipid (Clinoleic) in very preterm neonates.

Abstract: Objectives:Fat emulsions used in Australia for parenteral nutrition in preterm neonates have been based on either soybean oil or olive oil (OO). OO lipid Clinoleic has a high ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids (9:1); this may not be ideal for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supply. Newly

Ti-incorporated SBA-15 mesoporous silica as an efficient and robust Lewis solid acid catalyst for the production of high-quality biodiesel fuels

Abstract: One-pot synthesized Ti-SBA-15 mesoporous materials with various Ti loadings of 0.808–6.78 mol% were applied as heterogeneous solid acid catalysts for simultaneous esterification and transesterification of vegetable oils with methanol into high-quality biodiesel fuel (BDF) at 200 °C under autogeneous pressure. According to the diffuse-reflectance (DR) UV–vis spectra, diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectra and pulsed ammonia (NH3) chemisorption studies combined with other conventional characterizations, the catalytically active site for high-quality BDF synthesis was mostly related to the tetrahedral Ti4+ species with weak Lewis acid character, which differential heat of NH3 adsorption was lower than 90 kJ mol−1. Due to that the tetrahedral Ti4+ species were accessible on largely mesoporous framework, the Ti-SBA-15 catalyst gave much higher activity in transesterification of crude Jatropha oil (CJO) with methanol than microporous titanosilicate of TS-1 and commercial TiO2 nanocrystallites. Among them, the 3Ti-SBA-15 catalyst with a Ti loading of 2.46 mol% showed a highest fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content of 90 mass% at 200 °C for 3 h using a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 27. When the reaction period and methanol-to-oil molar ratio were increased to 3–6 h and 108, respectively, a great variety of edible and non-edible vegetable oils with various acid values (0.06–190 mg KOH g−l), including refined soybean oil (RSO), refined rapeseed oil (RRO), waste cooking oil (WCO), crude palm oil (CPO), CJO and palm fatty acid distillates (PFAD), was directly transformed into high-quality BDFs, which met with a European standard (EN 14214:2009), over 3Ti-SBA-15 catalyst at 200 °C. The used 3Ti-SBA-15 catalyst was easily regenerated by calcination and its high activity was maintained. Most importantly, the 3Ti-SBA-15 catalysts could resist 5 wt% of water or 30 wt% of free fatty acid (FFA), which tolerance levels were several ten times better than those of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in the current BDF production technology.

DHA-containing oilseed: a timely solution for the sustainability issues surrounding fish oil sources of the health-benefitting long-chain omega-3 oils.

Abstract: Benefits of long-chain (≥C20) omega-3 oils (LC omega-3 oils) for reduction of the risk of a range of disorders are well documented. The benefits result from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); optimal intake levels of these bioactive fatty acids for maintenance of normal health and prevention of diseases have been developed and adopted by national and international health agencies and science bodies. These developments have led to increased consumer demand for LC omega-3 oils and, coupled with increasing global population, will impact on future sustainable supply of fish. Seafood supply from aquaculture has risen over the past decades and it relies on harvest of wild catch fisheries also for its fish oil needs. Alternate sources of LC omega-3 oils are being pursued, including genetically modified soybean rich in shorter-chain stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4ω3). However, neither oils from traditional oilseeds such as linseed, nor the SDA soybean oil have shown efficient conversion to DHA. A recent breakthrough has seen the demonstration of a land plant-based oil enriched in DHA, and with omega-6 PUFA levels close to that occurring in marine sources of EPA and DHA. We review alternative sources of DHA supply with emphasis on the need for land plant oils containing EPA and DHA.