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Showing papers on "Spark-ignition engine published in 1985"


Book
01 Jun 1985
TL;DR: In this article, a zero-dimensional model of a turbocharged medium speed diesel engine is used to evaluate scavenge and results for port flow co-efficients for a two-stroke diesel engine.
Abstract: Fundamental operating principles early internal combustion engine development, characteristics of internal combusion engines, additional types of internal combustion engine, prospects for internal combustion engines, thermodynamic principles introduction and definitions of efficience, ideal air standard cycles, comparison between thermodynamic and mechanical cycles, additional performance parameters for internal combustion engines, fuel-air cycle, computer models, combustion and fuels combustion chemistry and fuel chemistry, combustion thermodynamics, dissociation, combustion in spark ignition engines, combustion in compression ignition engines, fuels and additives, engine emissions, combustion modelling, spark ignition engines combustion chambers, catalysts and emissions from spark ignition engines, mixture preparation, electronic control engines, compression ignition engines direct injection (DI) systems, indirect injection (IDI) systems, cold starting of compression ignition engines, fuel injection equipment, diesel engine emissions, induction and exhaust processes valve gear, flow characteristics of poppet valves, valve timing, unsteady compressible fluid flow, manifold, silencing, two stroke engines two stroke gas flow performance parameters, scavenging systems, scavenge modelling, experimental techniques for evaluating scavenge and results for port flow co-efficients, engine performance and technology, in-cylinder motion flow measurement techniques, turbulence, turbocharging radial flow and axial flow machines, turbocharging the compression ignition engine, turbocharging the spark ignition engine, engine modelling zero-dimensional modelling, application of modelling to a turbocharged medium speed diesel engine, mechanical design considerations the disposition and number of the cylinders, cylinder block and head materials, the piston and rings, the connecting-rod, crankshaft, camshaft and valves, lubrication and bearings, advanced design concepts, heat transfer in internal combustion engines engine cooling, liquid coolant systems, experimental facilities quasi-steady engine instrumentation, experimental accuracy, measurement of exhaust emissions, computer based combustion analysis, advanced test systems, case studies Jaguar V12 HE engine, Chrysler 2.2 litre spark ignition engine, Ford 2.5 litre DI diesel engine. Appendices: the use of SI units answers to numerical problems engine specifications stratified charge engines engine tuning.

1,106 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis is conducted on how the various factors which influence the combustion, such as the gas temperature, pressure and residual gas fraction in the cylinder during the compression stroke, change when the intake-valve closing timing is modified.
Abstract: When pumping loss is reduced by controlling intake-valve closing timing, an improvement in fuel economy equivalent to the reduction in pumping loss is not obtained. The major contributing factor to this phenomenon is the deterioration of the combustion, namely, increase in combustion duration and in combustion fluctuation. Therefore, an analysis is conducted on how the various factors which influence the combustion, such as the gas temperature, pressure and residual gas fraction in the cylinder during the compression stroke, change when the intake-valve closing timing is modified. As a result of experiments and simulation based on computations, it is found that the principal cause of the combustion deterioration is the drop in cylinder gas temperature and pressure which is traced to a decrease in the effective compression ratio.

50 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of changing the compression ratio from 7 to 3.5 and of different fuels, viz., propane, methane, and isooctane, on early flame development in a spark-ignition engine has been studied using an optical technique.

40 citations


01 Feb 1985
TL;DR: In this article, a series of tests were conducted on a Toyota 4-cylinder, spark ignition engine which was modified to run on either gasoline or natural gas, with particular emphasis on its low burning velocity, and the results indicated that the low laminar burning velocity of natural gas extends its ignition delay period (time to 1% burned) by up to 100% compared with gasoline.
Abstract: A series of tests were conducted on a Toyota, 4-cylinder, spark ignition engine which was modified to run on either gasoline or natural gas. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the performance and combustion behaviour of natural gas, with particular emphasis on its low burning velocity. A pressure transducer installed in the cylinder head was used to obtain pressure vs. crank angle curves from which mass burn rates and burning velocities were calculated, using a heat release analysis program. Results indicate that the low laminar burning velocity of natural gas extends its ignition delay period (time to 1% burned) by up to 100% compared with gasoline. This contrast with the remainder of the combustion period which is dominated by turbulence effects that produce very similar burning velocities for the two fuels.

29 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence on cylinder head temperatures of parameters such as cylinder head material, coolant composition, pressure, temperature and velocity was investigated and good agreement was shown between the measured values and corresponding predictions from a heat transfer model incorporating forced-convective, sub-cooled, nucleate boiling.
Abstract: The influence on cylinder head temperatures of parameters such as cylinder head material, coolant composition, pressure, temperature and velocity was investigated. Each of these parameters was systematically varied and its influence on combustion chamber wall temperature measured. Good agreement is shown between the measured values and corresponding predictions from a heat transfer model incorporating forced-convective, sub-cooled, nucleate boiling. The results suggest that nucleate boiling can play an important role in the transfer of heat from cylinder head to coolant.

27 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a high-pressure hydrogen injector was designed and developed in the laboratory for a single-cylinder spark ignition engine, and the results of the tests showed that the engine performance was superior to that achieved with carbureted gasoline fuel.

27 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a series of tests were conducted on a four-cylinder, spark ignition engine which was modified to run on either gasoline or natural gas, with particular emphasis on its low burning velocity, and the results indicated that the low laminar burning velocity of natural gas extends its ignition delay period (time to 1 percent burned) by up to 100 percent compared with gasoline.
Abstract: A series of tests was conducted on a Toyota, four-cylinder, spark ignition engine which was modified to run on either gasoline or natural gas. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the performance and combustion behavior of natural gas, with particular emphasis on its low burning velocity. A pressure transducer installed in the cylinder head was used to obtain pressure versus crank angle curves from which mass burn rates and burning velocities were calculated, using a heat release analysis program. Results indicate that the low laminar burning velocity of natural gas extends its ignition delay period (time to 1 percent burned) by up to 100 percent compared with gasoline. This contrasts with the remainder of the combustion period which is dominated by turbulence effects that produce very similar burning velocities for the two fuels.

27 citations



Proceedings ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a noble-metal catalyst was used for partially dissociated methanol (PDM) engines to improve energy efficiency and exhaust gas composition, and the results showed that such a catalyst gave up to 10% better energy consumption and very favorable exhaust emissions as compared to engines on pure methanoline.
Abstract: Operation of a methanol engine on partially dissociated methanol is an efficient tool to improve energy efficiency and exhaust gas composition. The key factor of the system is the dissociation catalyst, which should be highly active, break down methanol completely with only minor formation of by-products, and unaffected by air addition. Laboratory scale screening tests showed that a noble-metal catalyst is best suited for this purpose. Engine tests employing such a catalyst gave up to 10% better energy consumption and very favorable exhaust emissions as compared to engines on pure methanol.

16 citations



Proceedings ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Possibilites d'augmenter le rendement des moteurs a allumage par etincelle en utilisant du gaz naturel comme carburant as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Possibilites d'augmenter le rendement des moteurs a allumage par etincelle en utilisant du gaz naturel comme carburant

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this article, the mean velocity and turbulence intensity measured during combustion in a research engine were also recorded for subsequent application of conditional sampling techniques in the data-averaging procedure, showing how the pressure history for each individual engine cycle can be used to relate the fluid mechanics from point to point.
Abstract: Laser Doppler velocimeter results are presented for the mean velocity and turbulence intensity measured during combustion in a research engine. The cylinder pressure and time of flame arrival at the LDV measurement volume were also recorded for subsequent application of conditional sampling techniques in the data-averaging procedure. For velocity measurements made at different locations along the path of flame propagation, it is shown how the pressure history for each individual engine cycle can be used to relate the fluid mechanics from point to point. Additional conditional sampling, using the flame arrival time, is applied to further identify a set of similar combustion events with reduced bias from cyclic variations in the combustion rate. The fluid mechanics in the engine are very complex with strong mean motions and anisotropic and nonhomogeneous turbulence. Combustion appears to amplify the turbulence in the preflame gas although the measured changes may be due, in part, to flame-induced convection of nonhomogenous turbulence.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a methodology for determining the minimum energy condition for a spark ignition engine for given inlet conditions and ignition system is presented with a new misfire detection technique which yields good repeatability.
Abstract: A methodology is presented for determining the minimum energy condition for a spark ignition engine for given inlet conditions and ignition system. This is accomplished with a new misfire detection technique which yields good repeatability. The effects of changes in the equivalence ratio, turbulence level, and residual gas fraction are investigated. A simplified thermal ignition model is evaluated at the experimentally determined ignition limits. The model is unable to satisfactorily predict the effect of engine speed changes. The results suggest that the use of a fully developed value for the eddy diffusivity during the ignition process is invalid in spark ignition engines.

Patent
26 Sep 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the angled form of the connecting rod together with the lateral displacement of the cylinder modify the hitherto braking downwards movement of the piston in the bottom third into a smooth flow beyond BDC, accompanied by the complete combustion of the gases.
Abstract: Since the invention of the spark ignition engine nothing has changed in the concept of power transmission from the piston to the crankshaft. Many detailed improvements have obviously generated much energy but at the same time have also created a problem: the exhaust gas. In order to achieve a more intensive combustion and hence improved exhaust gas values, it is necessary to alter the existing ratio of piston travel to the associated crank position. The object of the present invention is to solve this problem by design measures. By retarding the piston energy is saved during compression, and energy obtained on the working stroke, whilst due to the greater lever action of the offset connecting rod much energy is obtained. The angled form of the connecting rod together with the lateral displacement of the cylinder modify the hitherto braking downwards movement of the piston in the bottom third into a smooth flow beyond BDC, accompanied by the complete combustion of the gases.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Performances et emissions polluantes d'un moteur a allumage par etincelle utilisant comme carburant du methanol dissocie ou reforme a la vapeur as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Performances et emissions polluantes d'un moteur a allumage par etincelle utilisant comme carburant du methanol dissocie ou reforme a la vapeur

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a two-equation model of turbulence in a four-stroke, homogeneous charge, spark-ignition engine is presented, which is equipped with an intake valve, an exhaust valve, and a constant rate heat source which simulates the spark plug.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this article, a more reasonable model of torch combustion in a spark ignition engine with an auxiliary combustion chamber was proposed, where gas temperature diagrams measured under a wide range of air-fuel ratio and torch nozzle diameter were analyzed to determine such combustion characteristics show a reasonable agreement with those estimated from the pressure diagrams.
Abstract: Up to date, a pressure indicator diagram has been usually used to estimate the heat release rate and mass burned fraction and thereby analyse the combustion process in a spark ignition engine. However, this analysis has only provided unitary information on the combustion process in the engine. Recently, gas temperature diagrams measured by an infrared absorptionemission pyrometer were recognized to give information on the combustion process at various stations in the combustion chamber. The temperature measuring technique and its results are already described in a previous paper. In this paper, to make a more reasonable model of torch combustion in a spark ignition engine with an auxiliary chamber, gas temperature diagrams measured under a wide range of air-fuel ratio and torch nozzle diameter are analysed to determine such combustion characteristics show a reasonable agreement with those estimated from the pressure diagrams. Accordingly, the combustion analysis with gas temperature diagrams are found to provide such a lot of useful local information for combustion modeling as optimum diameter of torch nozzle, two-step combustion and reverse flow through torch nozzle.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Conception d'un moteur de two temps a allumage par etincelle avec entrainement du vilebrequin par un mecanisme a etrier as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Conception d'un moteur deux temps a allumage par etincelle avec entrainement du vilebrequin par un mecanisme a etrier

01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the papers given at a conference on the use of measuring instruments in energy applications, including instrumentation for the measurement of two-phase flows in gas turbine engines, laser doppler velocimeter signal quality in a spark ignition engine, measurements of flow from a fuel nozzle, anemometers for loss of coolant measurements, twophase flow in pipelines, flame propagation, shock wave-turbulent boundary layer interaction, and open-channel flow.
Abstract: This book presents the papers given at a conference on the use of measuring instruments in energy applications. Topics considered at the conference included instrumentation for the measurement of two-phase flows in gas turbine engines, laser doppler velocimeter signal quality in a spark ignition engine, measurements of flow from a fuel nozzle, anemometers for loss of coolant measurements, two-phase flow in pipelines, flame propagation, shock wave-turbulent boundary layer interaction, and open-channel flow.



Patent
01 Feb 1985
TL;DR: In this article, a feeling of uncomfortableness due to the operating selection of a cooler compressor or the like is checked by controlling ignition timing in an engine for spark delay when an operating state of auxiliary machinery is changed over to a direction of decreasing load to the engine according to detecting results of the auxiliary machinery driven by the engine.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To check a feeling of uncomfortableness due to the operating selection of a cooler compressor or the like, by controlling ignition timing in an engine for spark delay when an operating state of auxiliary machinery is changed over to a direction of decreasing load to the engine according to the operating state detecting results of the auxiliary machinery driven by the engine. CONSTITUTION:Each detection output or the like of a water temperature sensor 11 for an engine E, a cooler switch detecting the presence of operation by a cooler compressor, a power steering switch 13 detecting a state of hydraulic pressure and a speed sensor 14 is inputted into a control unit 15 consisting of a central processing unit, a random access memory and a read-only memory. And, at the central processing unit 15, when a decreased of load in those of cooler, power steering and so on is detected, ignition timing in the engine is controlled for its spark delay during the required setting time. Doing like this, a feeling of uncomfortableness given to a driver at a time when the cooler compressor or the like is selected from an operating state to a nonoperating one is well decreasable.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it was experimentally confirmed that formaldehyde was formed in a diluted exhaust gas from a methanol-fueled spark ignition engine by ultraviolet irradiation and the amount of aldehydes formation as well as alkylnitrite, methyl-product from an ethanol engine emission is C 1-nitrate, under the condition of ultraviolet exposure and high dilution with air.
Abstract: Formaldehyde was experimentally confirmed to be formed in a diluted exhaust gas from a methanol-fueled spark ignition engine by ultraviolet irradiation. For exhaust gases released into the air from an ethanol-fueled engine, formations of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde took place due to the phtochemical reaction. The amount of aldehydes formation as well as alkylnitrite, methyl-product from an ethanol engine emission is C1-nitrate, under the condition of ultraviolet exposure and high dilution with air.

Patent
07 Oct 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, a spark current detector between an ignition coil and an ignition plug is provided, which detects the current from a spark igniter, and enabling to indicate the results of discrimination on occurrence of short or leak at the ignition plug, based on output wave-form-shaped signals from the current detector, presence/ absence of capacity discharge, and the number of revolutions of an engine.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To precisely carry out misfire monitoring by providing a spark current detector, which detects the current from a spark igniter, and enabling to indicate the results of discrimination on occurrence of short or leak at an ignition plug, based on output wave-form-shaped-signals from the current detector, presence/ absence of capacity discharge, and the number of revolutions of an engine. CONSTITUTION:A spark current detector 5 which detects the current from a spark igniter, is provided between an ignition coil and an ignition plug. The detected current thus obtained is converted into optical signals and transferred by means of a optical fiber cable 5a and converted again into electric signals by means of a photoelectric converter 10. Based on these electric signals and by using a capacity discharge detecting circuit 11, presence/absence of capacity discharge is detected, while the wave form is shaped by means of a wave-form shaping circuit 12. Next, based on the outputs from respective circuits 11 and 12 by using a short discriminating circuit 14, presence/absence of short at the ignition plug is discriminated, while, based on the outputs from an r.p.m. detector 13 and the wave-form shaping circuit 12 and by using a leak discriminating circuit 15, presence/absence of leak is discriminated. The results of the discrimination are indicated on respective indicators 18 and 19.

Patent
21 Nov 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, an air feed line opening out in the outlet area of the intake chamber, approximately in the centre of the cross-sectional area of this chamber, is provided for performing the above-mentioned process.
Abstract: In the process for preparation of the mixture in a spark-ignition engine the fuel fed to a mixing area by means of a spray nozzle is mixed with air drawn in by the engine and the fuel is vaporised by heating in the spray area of the nozzle. Part of the respective total air demand is initially introduced into the mixture immediately before it leaves the intake chamber in the area of the centre of the cross-sectional area of the intake chamber. In a spark-ignition engine with carburettor an air feed line opening out in the outlet area of the intake chamber, approximately in the centre of the cross-sectional area of this chamber, is provided for performing the above-mentioned process.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a new technique of measuring the combustion temperature using the sodium line reversal method, which is possible to measure the distribution of flame temperature in the cylinder even near the cylinder wall, and measured value of these techniques are discussed for the various operating conditions of the engine.
Abstract: For the purpose of analyzing the combustion process in a spark ignition engine, it is necessary to know the combustion temperature in the combustion chamber. The author has developed a new technique of measuring the combustion temperature using the sodium line reversal method. By this new technique, graduation of temperature is possible to the output of flame radiation from the combustion chamber. The distribution of flame temperature in the cylinder could be measured by this method even near the cylinder wall. For the purpose of measuring the flame temperature in the commercial engine cylinder, the compact sensor with prisms and optical fibers was developed. Measured value of these techniques are discussed for the various operating conditions of the engine.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, aldehydes were confirmed to be formed in a diluted exhaust gas from a methanol-fueled spark ignition engine by ultraviolet irradiation, under the conditions of ultraviolet exposure and high dilution with air.
Abstract: Formaldenhyde was experimentally confirmed to be formed in a diluted exhaust gas from a methanol-fueled spark ignition engine by ultraviolet irradiation. For exhaust gases released into the air from an ethanol-fueled engine, formation of acetaldehyde took place due to photochemical reaction. The amount of aldehydes formation cannot be negligible as well as that of alkylnitrate methylnitrate or ethylnitrate. The important secondary product from an ethanol engine emission is CL-nitrate, under the conditions of ultraviolet exposure and high dilution with air.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of NO 2 in the catalytic oxidation process of unburned species in methanol combustion products was examined with emphasis on the role role in NO 2, and two kinds of experiments were carried out.
Abstract: Catalytic oxidation processes of unburned species in methanol combustion products are examined with emphasis on the role of NO 2 . Two kinds of experiments were carried out. One was on the catalytic oxidation of the exhaust gases from a methanol fueled spark ignition engine, and the other on prepared gases which simulated the engine exhaust gases. Exhaust gases of air-fuel equivalence ratio ranging from 0.8 to 1.5 were investigated. In the catalyst bed, unburned methanol, formaldehyde, NO and NO 2 concentrations were determined at gas temperatures ranging from 400 to 540 K. Experimental results were expressed by two parameters, methanol oxidation ratio and NO 2 reduction ratio. As soon as the exhaust gas entered the catalyst bed, methanol was oxidized and its concentration decreased. At the same time, NO 2 decreased, while NO increased. The methanol oxidation ratio had a maximum value at an equivalence ratio of about 1.2 and was related to the NO 2 emission characteristics. The conversion of NO 2 to NO was improved by the presence of methanol and the oxidation of methanol was promoted by NO 2 , within the experimental range. In comparison with ethanol combustion products, the effect of NO 2 in catalytic oxidation was greater for methanol combustion products because of the higher NO 2 concentration in the methanol combustion products.