Showing papers on "Spark-ignition engine published in 2008"
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of reduction in the concentration of CO 2 in biogas on performance, emissions and combustion in a constant speed spark ignition (SI) engine was studied experimentally.
241 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of hydrogen addition on cycle-by-cycle variation (CCV) in an SI engine was conducted on a 6-cylinder throttle body injection natural gas (NG) engine.
239 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate a what-if scenario in terms of using butanol as an oxygenate, in place of ethanol, in an engine calibrated for gasoline operation.
Abstract: This study was designed to evaluate a ‘what-if’ scenario in terms of using butanol as an oxygenate, in place of ethanol in an engine calibrated for gasoline operation. No changes to the stock engine calibration were performed for this study. Combustion analysis, efficiency and emissions of pure gasoline, 10% ethanol and 10% butanol blends in a modern, direct-injection four-cylinder, spark ignition engine were analyzed. Data was taken at engine speeds of 1000 RPM up to 4000 RPM with load varying from 0 Nm (idle) to 150 Nm. Relatively minor differences existed between the three fuels for the combustion characteristics such as heat release rate, 50% mass fraction burned, and coefficient of variation of indicated mean effective pressure at low and medium engine loads. However at high engine loads the reduced knock resistance of the butanol blend forced the engine control unit to retard the ignition timing substantially, compared to the gasoline baseline and even more pronounced compared to the ethanol blend. Brake specific volumetric fuel consumption which represented a normalized volumetric fuel flow rate, was lowest for the gasoline baseline fuel, due to the higher energy density. The 10% butanol blend had a lower volumetric fuel consumption compared to the ethanol blend, as expected based on energy density differences. Results showed little difference in regulated emissions between 10% ethanol and 10% butanol. The ethanol blend produced the highest peak specific NOx due to the high octane rating of ethanol and effective anti-knock characteristics. Overall, the ability of butanol to perform equally as well as ethanol from an emissions and combustion standpoint, with a decrease in fuel consumption, initially appears promising. Further experiments are planned to explore the full operating range of the engine and the potential benefits of higher blend ratios of butanol.Copyright © 2008 by UChicago Argonne LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory
230 citations
TL;DR: An experimental study aimed at investigating the extension of lean operation limit through hydrogen addition in a SI engine was conducted on a six-cylinder throttle body injection natural gas engine as mentioned in this paper, where four levels of hydrogen enhancement were used for comparison purposes: 0, 10, 30% and 50% by volume.
173 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of hydrogen addition on cycle-by-cycle variations of a spark ignition engine fueled with natural gas-hydrogen blends with hydrogen volumetric fraction of 0, 12, 23, 30% and 40% was analyzed.
167 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of different methanol/gasoline ratios on engine power, thermal efficiency, and emissions, especially the exhaust methanols emission, were investigated using three-cylinder, port fuel injection engine.
Abstract: Three typical methanol−gasoline blends M10, M20, and M85 containing 10%, 20%, and 85% of methanol by volume, respectively, were used to investigate the effects of different methanol/gasoline ratios on engine power, thermal efficiency, and emissions, especially the exhaust methanol emission. A three-cylinder, port fuel injection engine was applied. Experimental results show that the engine power/torque ratio under the wide open throttle condition mainly depends on the amount of heat delivered to the engine. The addition of methanol significantly improves the brake thermal efficiency, while the methanol/gasoline ratio has a slight effect on it. Engine out CO and NOx emissions decrease with the increase of the methanol/gasoline ratio. The use of M85 leads to a reduction of CO and NOx by about 25% and 80%, respectively. A gas chromatograph is calibrated and used to measure the methanol emission. Measurement indicates that the addition of methanol in gasoline results in an increase of the unburnt CH3OH emissio...
151 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an overall stoichiometric mixture of air, gaseous ammonia, and gasoline was metered into a single cylinder, variable compression ratio, supercharged cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine at varying ratios of gasoline to ammonia.
Abstract: An overall stoichiometric mixture of air, gaseous ammonia, and gasoline was metered into a single cylinder, variable compression ratio, supercharged cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine at varying ratios of gasoline to ammonia. The engine was operated such that the combustion was knock-free with minimal roughness for all loads ranging from idle up to a maximum load in the supercharge regime. For a given load, speed, and compression ratio, there was a range of ratios of gasoline to ammonia for which knockfree, smooth firing was obtained. This range was investigated at its rough limit and also at its maximum brake torque (MBT) knock limit. If too much ammonia was used, then the engine fired with an excessive roughness. If too much gasoline was used, then knock-free combustion could not be obtained while the maximum brake torque spark timing was maintained. Stoichiometric operation on gasoline alone is also presented, for comparison. It was found that a significant fraction of the gasoline used in spark ignition engines could be replaced with ammonia. Operation on about 100% gasoline was required at idle. However, a fuel mix comprising 70% ammonia/30% gasoline on an energy basis could be used at normally aspirated, wide open throttle. Even greater ammonia to gasoline ratios were permitted for supercharged operation. The use of ammonia with gasoline allowed knock-free operation with MBT spark timing at higher compression ratios and higher loads than could be obtained with the use of gasoline alone. DOI: 10.1115/1.2898837
114 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of hydrogen addition on the combustion behaviors and cycle-by-cycle variations in a turbocharged lean-burn natural gas SI engine were investigated and it was found that after hydrogen addition the engine's thermal efficiency could keep at relatively high level over a much wider range of equivalence ratios.
111 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a single cylinder conventional spark ignition engine was converted to operate with hydrogen using the timed manifold fuel injection technique, and a solenoid operated gas injector was used to inject hydrogen into the inlet manifold at the specified time.
105 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a zero-dimensional, multi-zone combustion model is presented for predicting the performance and nitric oxide (NO) emissions of a spark ignition (SI) engine, which is validated against experimental data from a multi-cylinder, four-stroke, turbocharged and aftercooled, SI gas engine running with syngas fuel.
88 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a zero-dimensional, multi-zone, thermodynamic combustion model for the prediction of spark ignition (SI) engine performance and nitric oxide (NO) emissions has been extended to include second-law analysis.
TL;DR: The first system to use the potential of waste heat in order to enhance the efficiency of the combustion process in the automobile is the turbosteamer from BMW as mentioned in this paper, which uses the principle of cogeneration to reduce fuel consumption in a four-cylinder spark ignition engine.
Abstract: BMW’s turbosteamer is the first system to use the potential of waste heat in order to enhance the efficiency of the combustion process in the automobile. Applying the principle of cogeneration, fuel consumption can be reduced in a four-cylinder spark ignition engine by more than 10 per cent or, conversely, power and performance may be increased accordingly under relevant stationary operating conditions.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of methanol blending to base gasoline on the performance and fuel cost of a spark ignition (SI) engine were investigated, and the results of the study showed that the M5 blend yields the best engine performance in terms of the brake mean effective pressure (BMep), while the M20 blend suggests the best performance of brake thermal efficiency (bte), and the economical analysis performed in the study is based on both the current blending fuel prices in Turkey and brake-specific fuel consumption of the engine while using...
Abstract: This study is concerned with investigating experimentally the effects of methanol blending to base gasoline on the performance and fuel cost of a spark ignition (SI) engine. The fuel blends were prepared by blending 5, 10, 15, and 20 vol % of methanol with a specified amount of base gasoline. These fuel blends were designated as M5, M10, M15, and M20, respectively. Base, leaded, and unleaded gasolines were also used in the study. The experiments were conducted under various engine speeds, spark timings (STs), and compression ratios (CRs). The engine was operated under wide-open-throttle (WOT) conditions. The result of the study showed that the M5 blend yields the best engine performance in terms of the brake mean effective pressure (bmep), while the M20 blend suggests the best performance in terms of brake thermal efficiency (bte). The economical analysis performed in the study is based on both the current blending fuel prices in Turkey and brake-specific fuel consumption (bsfc) of the engine while using ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the combustion and emission characteristics of a lean burn natural gas fuelled spark ignition engine at various throttle positions, fuel injection timings, spark timings and air fuel ratios.
Abstract: Lean burn is an effective way to improve spark ignition engine fuel economy. In this paper, the combustion and emission characteristics of a lean burn natural gas fuelled spark ignition engine were investigated at various throttle positions, fuel injection timings, spark timings and air fuel ratios. The results show that ignition timings, the combustion duration, the coefficient of variation (COV) of the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and engine-out emissions are dependent on the overall air fuel ratio, spark timings, throttle positions and fuel injection timings. With the increase of the air fuel ratio, the ignition delays and combustion duration increases. Fuel injection timings affect ignition timings, combustion duration, IMEP, and the COV of the IMEP. Late fuel injection timings can decrease the COV of the IMEP. Moreover, the change in the fuel injection timings reduces the engine-out CO, total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions. Lean burn can significantly reduce NOx emissions, but it results in high cyclic variations.
TL;DR: In this paper, a predictive model used to simulate the working cycle of HCNG engines which is applicable for variable hydrogen blending ratios is presented. But the model is not suitable for the case of high laminar burning velocity.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of purified sulfate turpentine obtained from a kraft pulp mill in Turkey on an engine performance and exhaust emissions of a spark ignition engine were examined.
TL;DR: In this article, a computer simulation of a variable stroke length, LPG fuelled, four stroke, single cylinder, water cooled spark ignition engine was done, where the engine capacity was varied by varying the stroke length of the engine, which also changed its compression ratio.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors apply dimensional time series analysis to heat release and construct recurrence plots for different advance angles of spark ignition to analyze combustion variations in a four cylinder spark ignition engine.
Abstract: We analyze combustion variations in a four cylinder spark ignition engine. We apply dimensional time series analysis to heat release and construct recurrence plots for different advance angles of spark ignition. The results show that the qualitative change in combustion can be easily related to patterns in recurrence plots. Fluctuations for a larger advance angle have more deterministic nature influenced by an intermittency phenomenon.
Journal Article•
20 Dec 2008-World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, Mechatronic and Manufacturing Engineering
TL;DR: In this article, an adaptive fuzzy based input-output model is used to model an internal combustion engine from the throttle to the crankshaft output, with the response specification set by desired percent overshoot and settling time.
Abstract: In order to meet the limits imposed on automotive emissions, engine control systems are required to constrain air/fuel ratio (AFR) in a narrow band around the stoichiometric value, due to the strong decay of catalyst efficiency in case of rich or lean mixture. This paper presents a model of a sample spark ignition engine and demonstrates Simulink’s capabilities to model an internal combustion engine from the throttle to the crankshaft output. We used welldefined physical principles supplemented, where appropriate, with empirical relationships that describe the system’s dynamic behavior without introducing unnecessary complexity. We also presents a PID tuning method that uses an adaptive fuzzy system to model the relationship between the controller gains and the target output response, with the response specification set by desired percent overshoot and settling time. The adaptive fuzzy based input-output model is then used to tune on-line the PID gains for different response specifications. Experimental results demonstrate that better performance can be achieved with adaptive fuzzy tuning relative to similar alternative control strategies. The actual response specifications with adaptive fuzzy matched the desired response specifications. Keywords—Modelling, Air–fuel ratio control, SI engine, Adaptive fuzzy Control.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of base oil, friction modifier (FM) and viscosity grade on firing engine friction were investigated in an automotive gasoline engine, and it was shown that replacing conventional oil with synthetic oil of the same visco-ity grade reduces friction, especially at high boundary friction conditions.
01 May 2008
TL;DR: Considering the pollution problems and energy crisis today, investigations have been focused on lowering the concentration of toxic components in combustion products and decreasing fuel con... as discussed by the authors, the authors of this paper
Abstract: Considering the pollution problems and energy crisis today, investigations have been focused on lowering the concentration of toxic components in combustion products and decreasing fuel con...
TL;DR: In this paper, a parametric analysis of piston friction in spark-ignition internal combustion engines is presented, and the effect of oil viscosity is investigated over a wide range of engine speeds and oil temperatures.
Abstract: This paper presents thermodynamic analysis of piston friction in spark-ignition internal combustion engines. The general effect of piston friction on engine performance was examined during cold starting and normal working conditions. Considerations were made using temperature-dependent specific heat model in order to make the analysis more realistic. A parametric study was performed covering wide range of dependent variables such as engine speed, taking into consideration piston friction combined with the variation of the specific heat with temperature, and heat loss from the cylinder. The results are presented for skirt friction only, and then for total piston friction (skirt and rings). The effect of oil viscosity is investigated over a wide range of engine speeds and oil temperatures. In general, it is found that oils with higher viscosities result in lower efficiency values. Using high viscosity oil can reduce the efficiency by more than 50% at cold oil temperatures. The efficiency maps for SAE 10, SAE 30, and SAE 50 are reported. The results of this model can be practically utilized to obtain optimized efficiency results either by selecting the optimum operating speed for a given oil type (viscosity) and temperature or by selecting the optimum oil type for a given operating speed and temperature. The effect of different piston ring configurations on the efficiency is also presented. Finally, the oil film thickness on the engine performance is studied in this paper.
TL;DR: In this paper, statistical analysis methods were used for optimizing a spark ignition engine fueled by NG and hydrogen mixtures, and a flexible model of this kind of engine that is catered to multidimensional optimization has been built.
TL;DR: In this paper, a 1D thermo-fluid dynamic simulation code for the simulation of a hydrogen fuelled S.I. engine has been developed; in particular, a quasi-D multi-zone combustion model has been enhanced to predict the burning rate of a homogeneous mixture of hydrogen and air, on the basis of an extended database for laminar burning velocities.
TL;DR: In this paper, the transient firing behavior of a spark-ignition engine fueled with methanol, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and methanoline/LPG, respectively, during cold start by means of a cycle-by-cycle control strategy was investigated.
Abstract: The objective of this investigation is to compare the transient firing behavior of a spark-ignition engine fueled with methanol, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and methanol/LPG, respectively, during cold start by means of a cycle-by-cycle control strategy. The experimental results showed that the ambient temperature affects the methanol-fueled engine reliable cold start the most significantly, and the amount of methanol injected per cycle takes the second place. When the ambient temperature is below 16, the methanol-fueled engine can not be started reliably without auxiliary start-aids even at a large amount of methanol injected per cycle under low injection pressure. The amount of fuel injected per cycle affects the LPG- and the methanol/LPG-fueled engine cold start reliability significantly. A proper amount of fuel injected per cycle can ensure reliable start of the LPG- and the methanol/LPG-fueled engine. At the same injection timing of LPG and methanol, the LPG-fueled engine may realize the ideal firi...
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-zone quasi-dimensional cycle model was installed, not considering the complex calculation of fluid motions, and the results of exergy analysis showed that variations of operational parameters examined have considerably affected the exergy transfers, irreversibilities and efficiencies.
Abstract: This study aims at the theoretical exergetic evaluation of spark ignition engine operation. For this purpose, a two-zone quasi-dimensional cycle model was installed, not considering the complex calculation of fluid motions. The cycle simulation consists of compression, combustion and expansion processes. The combustion phase is simulated as a turbulent flame propagation process. Intake and exhaust processes are also computed by a simple approximation method. The results of the model were compared with experimental data to demonstrate the validation of the model. Principles of the second law are applied to the model to perform the exergy (or availability) analysis. In the exergy analysis, the effects of various operational parameters, i.e. fuel–air equivalence ratio, engine speed and spark timing on exergetic terms have been investigated. The results of exergy analysis show that variations of operational parameters examined have considerably affected the exergy transfers, irreversibilities and efficiencies. For instance, an increase in equivalence ratio causes an increase in irreversibilities, while it decreases the first and also the second law efficiencies. The irreversibilities have minimum values for the specified engine speed and optimum spark timing, while the first and second law efficiencies reach a maximum at the same engine speed and optimum spark timing.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, a four-stroke single cylinder spark ignition (SI) engine with methanol blended gasoline was evaluated with a catalytic converter with sponge iron as catalyst and compared with a conventional SI engine with gasoline operation.
Abstract: This paper reports performance evaluation of four-stroke, single cylinder spark ignition (SI) engine with methanol blended gasoline (20% methanol, 80% gasoline, by vol) having copper coated engine [copper (thickness, 300 1/4) coated on piston crown and inner side of cylinder head] provided with catalytic converter with sponge iron as catalyst and compared with conventional SI engine with gasoline operation. Brake thermal efficiency increased with methanol blended gasoline with both engine types. Copper-coated engine showed improved performance than conventional engine with both test fuels. Catalytic converter with air injection significantly reduced pollutants with both test fuels on both engine types.
TL;DR: In this article, a thermodynamic model is developed and validated for the prediction of the combustion process and pollutant formation in s.i. engines, fuelled by gasoline and compressed natural gas.