Showing papers on "Spectrum analyzer published in 1968"

Solid-State Energy-Dispersion Spectrometer for Electron-Microprobe X-ray Analysis

Abstract: Improved lithium-drifted silicon solid-state detectors allow detection and energy dispersion of x-rays of about 3 to 30 kiloelectron volts in the electron-microprobe x-ray analyzer. Energy resolution is sufficient to separate peaks of characteristic x-rays of elements adjacent in the periodic system at atomic number 20 and higher. The detected x-ray spectrum emitted from an unknown sample can be recorded with a multichannel analyzer in approximately 60 seconds.

Resolution Determination in Field Emission Energy Analyzers

Abstract: The influence of energy analyzer transmission function on measured field emission energy distributions has been evaluated by folding a Gaussian transmission function into the field emission total energy distribution. The resulting distributions at 0, 4.2, 20.3, 77, and 300 K are plotted as a function of the field‐ and work‐function‐dependent parameter d, and for the special case φ=4.40 eV, F=3.0×107 V/cm. A criterion is established for determining the width of an analyzer transmission function from distributions measured at the above temperatures. It is shown that the slope of the log of the energy distribution is changed by less than 1% when the analyzer width is changed from 0 to 100 mV.

The Measurement of Oscillator Noise at Microwave Frequencies

Abstract: Improved measurement methods are presented for measuring both AM noise and FM noise from microwave oscillators, The Schottky barrier diode detector is used to measure AM noise 170 dB below the carrier in a 1 Hz bandwidth. A new discriminator is presented that has a measurement threshold below 0.001 Hz rms in a 1 Hz bandwidth. The use of a storage oscilloscope and wave analyzer to study noise modulation is discussed. The new discriminator and storage oscilloscope can be used for short-term stability measurements for intervals up to 100 seconds.

Automated fluid chemical analyzer

Abstract: A FULLY AUTOMATED FLUID CHEMICAL ANALYZER INCLUDING AT LEAST ONE ANALYZER UNIT HAVING THE ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT FOR PERFORMING AN ANALYSIS OF A FLUID-REAGANT MIXTURE AND GENERATING AN ELECTRICAL SIGNAL PROPORTIONAL TO THE QUANTITY OF A SELECTED CONSTITUENT IN THE FLUID. THE APPARATUS IS OPERATED AND CONTROLLED BY AN ELECTRONIC LOGIC AND SEQUENCER CIRCUIT WHICH DRIVES VALVE MOTORS TO CONNECT A SELECTOR AND A CONTROL VALVE IN EACH ANALYZER UNIT TO A FLUID TO BE ANALYZED, REAGENT SOLUTIONS, CALIBRATE SOLUTIONS, AND RINSE SOLUTIONS. THE SOLUTIONS NEEDED FOR THE ANALYSIS OF A FLUID ARE SELF-CONTAINED WITHIN THE APLPARATUS. ALSO SELF-CONTAINED WITHIN THE APPARATUS ARE ALL THE DRIVE MOTORS AND TIMING MECHANISMS NECESSARY FOR AUTOMATED OPERATION OF THE ANALYZER APPARATUS. A DATA HANDLING SYSTEM IS ALSO INCLUDED WITHIN THE APPARATUS FOR RECEIVING AND PROCESSING THE ELECTRICAL SIGNALS PRODUCED BY THE ANALYZER UNITS. EACH ANALYZER UNIT IN ADDITION TO THE SELECTOR AND CONTROL VALVES INCLUDES A TEST CELL FOR RECEIVING A MIXTURE OF THE FLUID TO BE ANALYZED AND THE CHEMICAL REAGENTS AND ANY CHEMICAL MODIFYING SOLUTIONS NEEDED FOR THE ANALYSIS. THE VARIOUS FLUIDS ARE DRAWN INTO THE TEST CELL AND EXPELLED THEREFROM BY A MICROSYRINGE PUMP INCLUDED IN EACH ANALYZER. EACH ANALYZER UNIT CONTAINS AN APPROPRIATE ANALYTICAL DEVICE SUCH AS A COLORIMETER OR FLUOROMETER FOR PERFORMING THE ACTUAL ANALYSIS AND GENERATING THE ELECTRICAL SIGNAL WHICH IS TRANSMITTED TO THE DATA HANDLING SYSTEM. A HEATER AND TEMPERATURE SENSOR MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE TEST CELL TO CONTROL ITS TEMPERATURE DURING THE ANALYSIS. FOR THE ANALYSIS OF A FLUID FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF CREATINE AND CREATININE, A SINGLE CHEMICAL REAGENT CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF PICRIC ACID, A METAL HYDROXIDE, AND A METAL SALT STABILIZER IS UDED. THE ANALYSIS IS PERFORMED AFTER THE PH OF THE FLUID BEING ANALYZED HAS BEEN ADJUSTED BY THE APPARATUS TO FROM 0.1 TO 1.

Nondispersive ir analyzer and method for calibrating

Abstract: A nondispersive infrared analyzer having a source, flow cell, filter and detector is disclosed The inlet to the flow cell may be switched from one of two intakes and the outlet is connected to a jet pump With air flowing through the cell the zero suppression control is adjusted to reduce the signal input to the DC amplifier to zero The calibration blade is started and the span control adjusted to provide a given up-scale reading of the meter The analyzer is then calibrated to provide a reading directly in concentration of the desired constituent

Frequency spectrum analyzer with displayable colored shiftable frequency spectrogram

Abstract: Sound signal is analyzed so that there are provided a plurality of different constituent frequency components by means of a set of band-pass filters, and the thus analyzed frequency components are time-sequentially supplied to a color display which employs a color picture tube and its associate circuits for displaying different colors representative of the intensities of the frequency components.

Sampling system utilizing electrooptic techniques

Abstract: A sampling system is described which utilizes electrooptic techniques for sampling an electrical signal. Short duration light pulses are polarized and directed through a crystal exhibiting either a linear or longitudinal electrooptic effect or through a liquid showing a large Kerr effect, located in traveling wave relationship with a terminated transmission line structure. The group velocity of the polarized light, that is, the velocity of a light pulse, or the velocity, of the modulation envelope of a modulated light beam, along the electrooptic crystal and the phase velocity of the electrical signal along the transmission line structure are in synchronism. Due to electrically induced birefringence, the state of polarization of the light pulse is altered according to the electrical field intensity to which the electrooptic crystal is subjected by that portion of the electrical signal traveling coincidentally along the transmission line structure. Consequently, the transmission of the light pulse by a crossed analyzer placed at the output of the electrooptic crystal varies in response to the coincidental portion of the electrical signal. The energy of the light pulse emanating from the analyzer is detected and directed to a utilization of circuit, for example, the hold and display circuitry of a sampling oscilloscope.

Method of determining characteristics of earth formations

Abstract: A METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING CHARACTERISTICS OF EARTH FORMATIONS. A PULSE OF ACOUSTIC ENERGY IS PASSED FROM AN ELECTROACOUSTIC TRANSMITTER, THROUGH THE EARTH FORMATION, TO AN ELECTROACOUSTIC RECEIVER. THE RECEIVED SIGNAL IS APPLIED TO A SPECTRUM ANALYZER WHICH PRODUCES A SPECTRUM INDICATIVE OF THE AMPLITUDES OF THE DIFFERENT FREQUENCY COMPONENTS WITHIN THE RECEIVED SIGNAL. THIS FREQUENCY SPECTRUM CAN BE RECORDED FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS.

Recording apparatus utilizing plane of polarization modulator

Abstract: A laser produces a beam of coherent light which is polarized and transmitted through a light modulator that adjusts the orientation of the plane of polarization of the transmitted light in response to a video signal. The light transmitted by the light modulator then impinges on an analyzer. In one embodiment, the analyzer is adjusted to produce maximum extinction ratio by a motor responsive to the output of a phase detector. The inputs to the phase detector are a reference signal and a signal derived from a reference component of the video signal. The reference component of the video signal is in turn derived in part from the reference signal. In another embodiment, the output of the phase detector controls the video gain so that the white level is properly adjusted.

Non-dispersive infrared gas analyzer with unbalanced operation

Abstract: Separate pulsed sample and reference beams of infrared energy are passed, respectively, through sample and reference gases to separate chambers in a detector unit for measuring the absorption of the sample beam by a component of interest in the sample gas. In the detector unit, the relative absorption of the two beams is measured by a flow responsive sensor in a passage connecting the two chambers, the sensor having a rate of change of resistance that varies inversely with temperature. By substantially unbalancing the two beams, in the absence of a component of interest in the sample gas, so that the sample beam is the stronger before the beams enter the detector unit, the sensitivity of the instrument is greatly increased because of the nonlinear response of the sensor. The greater the initial unbalance, the greater the sensitivity. In the extreme case, the unbalance amounts to complete suppression of the reference beam, so that the analyzer becomes a single beam instrument.

Electronic wave analyzer for determining the frequency and amplitude of components in a complex waveform

Abstract: A wave analyzer capable of determining the amplitudes and phases of frequency components in a complex waveform. he selection of a frequency component is determined by the frequency of an external ''''tuning'''' signal source. The selectivity or ability to resolve frequency components close to each other is controlled by a manual or automatic bandwidth switching circuit or a voltage controlled continuously variable bandwidth circuit.

Real time digital fourier analyzer

Abstract: A real time digital Fourier analyzer utilizing either the Cooley-Tukey or the Danielson-Lanczos algorithms consisting of particularly adapted hardware to facilitate the calculations of said algorithms. Specifically, the preferred embodiment utilizes hardware equally adapted to both algorithms with fixed point arithmetic, a look-ahead two''s complementor, and an address generator employing three binary counters.

Apparatus for varying the detector slit width in fully focusing x-ray spectrometers

Abstract: A mechanism in a fully focusing X-ray spectrometer for adjusting the width of the detector slit to an optimal value as the analyzer crystal is rotated during the spectrometric process. The analyzer crystal, the detector slit and the detector are mounted on a detector arm. The width of the detector slit is defined by the space (viewed from the analyzer crystal) between two screening members affixed to a pulley in a diametrically opposed relation. Said pulley is rotatably connected with another pulley being at a constant distance therefrom and being secured to the analyzer crystal. A relative rotation of the analyzer crystal with respect to the detector arm is transmitted as a rotation of the same extent to the pulley carrying the screening members.

Non-coherent multi-channel optical spectrum analyzer

Abstract: A system for simultaneously analyzing the frequency content of a plurality of complex input signals. The input signals are converted to optical signals and recorded on photographic film. Each input signal is assigned a discrete track on the continuous film. Each track appears as a density modulated series of bands across the track. The optical representation of the signal as it appears on the track is analyzed by superimposing on the track a pattern representative of the frequency band of interest. When the superimposed image corresponds to the frequency of the track, light projected through the film is modulated and is picked up by photo-detectors which transform the modulated optical signals to electrical signals for recording or viewing on a cathode-ray tube.

Detection of extreme ultraviolet radiation by retarding potential analyzers.

Abstract: Planar and spherical retarding potential analyzers have been studied as detectors of extreme uv (xuv) radiation between 200 A and 1300 A. Current-voltage diagrams (CVD's) are presented for the photoelectrons emitted from the front and rear surfaces of a semitransparent aluminum cathode for the planar analyzer and from the rear surface of an aluminum cathode for the spherical analyzer. The CVD's obtained in planar geometry for the front and rear surface photoelectrons of aluminum are essentially identical for properly prepared films. The analyzers are compared as tools for a simple method of nonoptical spectrometry. The spherical analyzer is shown to be superior to the planar analyzer in spectral discrimination in the xuv. Calculations applicable to the detection of xuv radiation below 600 A in the presence of unfiltered solar radiation are given.

Mass analyzer including magnetic field control means

Abstract: An electronic mass analyzer The analyzer comprises an electrical discharge source of charged particles, a peak selector system that controls the analyzer magnetic field and an electronic collecting system Charged particle beams from the source are brought into register at an electronic collector by the peak selector without reference to the beams being detected The addition of suitable control circuitry adapts the analyzer to programmed operation

Flow responsive detector for infrared gas analyzers

Abstract: The analyzer comprises, in succession, an infrared ray source, a modulator, an analysis chamber containing the mixture of gasses, and a detector together with associated electronic circuits for processing the electric signals delivered by the detector. The modulator periodically interposes in the path of the radiation of gaseous reference filter which absorbs the characteristic lines of the particular gas to be analyzed, and a measurement filter which does not absorb these lines. The filters are separated from each other by two identical base filters comprising an element permitting grey transmission slightly lower than the average transmission of the reference filter so that the detector delivers successively a measurement signal and a reference signal respectively defined with respect to a common level determined by the base filters. The electronic processing circuits comprise means for amplifying and demultiplexing the signals and means for establishing and reading out the quotient of the measurement signal and the reference signal. This quotient is representative of only the concentration sought.

Automatic dynamic response analyzer

Abstract: The Automatic Dynamic Response Analyzer (ADRA) is a laboratory tool for developing improved methods of characterizing and measuring the dynamic performance of integrated circuit logic packages ADRA consists of ensembles of computer controlled electronic equipment which provide a suitable electrical environment for the logic unit under examination, subject the unit to appropriate patterns of shaped pulses, measure and digitize the input/output waveforms, and process the resulting data This paper describes the ADRA system, its organization and hardware characteristics, and an example of its use

Electrical waveform analyzer and data tabulation system combining digital and multiplexing techniques

Abstract: A SYSTEM FOR ANALYZING ANALOG ELECTRICAL WAVEFORMS OF RELATIVELY HIGH COMPLEXITY IN AMPLITUDE AND FREQUENCY EMPLOYING DIGITAL TECHNIQUES FOR TABULATING CERTAIN DATA DERIVED FROM THE WAVEFORMS, WHICH DATA CAN BE EMPLOYED TO CATEGORIZE SAID WAVEFORMS. WITHIN SELECTED BANDS OF THE INPUT FREQUENCY SPECTRUM, THE INPUT ANALOG SIGNAL IS DIGITALLY ENCODED AND THROUGH MULTIPLEXING A TABULATION IS MADE OF PARTICULAR BINARY WORD CHARACTERISTICS. BY MEANS OF FURTHER MULTIPLEXING, THE TABULATED DATA IS READ OUT TO SUITABLE OUTPUT MEANS. AN IMPORTANT APPLICATION OF ANALYSIS.

End-point analyzer

Abstract: A METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR QUICKLY DETERMINING THE END-POINT OF A DISTILLATION PROCESS BY RAPIDLY HEATING A VERY SMALL SAMPLE OF THE LIQUID TO BE DISTILLED, MEASURING THE SAMPLE TEMPERATURE WITH THERMOCOUPLES, FINDING THE SECOND DERIVATIVE OF THE THERMOCOUPLE OUTPUTS, AND DETECTING A PREDETERMINED VOLTAGE LEVEL IN THE SECONDDERIVATIVE SIGNAL.