Showing papers on "Spectrum analyzer published in 2006"

Simple broadband measurements of balanced loads using a network analyzer

Abstract: This paper presents a simple broadband network analyzer technique for measuring balanced loads, such as antennas, without a balun. The technique uses the normal two-port calibration of the network analyzer, which is extended by the addition of two short lengths of cable. From the measured data, a circuit model of the antenna impedances can be found, and both the balanced and unbalanced impedances are readily extracted. Measured and computed data are presented and compared.

Portable sample analyzer system

Abstract: A system relating to sample analyzers, and more particular, to sample analyzers that are simple to operate and have a reduced risk of providing an erroneous result to a user. In some cases, the sample analyzer may be a portable sample analyzer that includes a disposable fluidic cartridge. The operators of the analyzers need not be trained.

Ultra compact ion mobility based analyzer apparatus, method, and system

Abstract: An ultra compact ion mobility based analyzer in a multilayered chip assembly employing various features such as a ion flow generator to propel ions through an ion mobility based filter and, thereby, reduce analyzer size, cost, and power requirements

Simple and inexpensive time-of-flight charge-to-mass analyzer for ion beam source characterization

Abstract: We describe the design, electronics, and test results of a simple and low-cost time-of-flight ion charge-to-mass analyzer that is suitable for ion source characterization. The method selects a short-time sample of the beam whose charge-to-mass composition is then separated according to ion velocity and detected by a remote Faraday cup. The analyzer is a detachable device that has been used for rapid analysis of charge-to-mass composition of ion beams accelerated by voltages of up to about 100kV.

Resonant inelastic hard x-ray scattering with diced analyzer crystals and position-sensitive detectors

Abstract: A novel design of a high-resolution spectrometer is proposed for emission spectroscopy and resonant inelastic hard x-ray scattering applications. The spectrometer is based on a Rowland circle geometry with a diced analyzer crystal and a position-sensitive detector. The individual flat crystallites of the diced analyzer introduce a well-defined linear position-energy relationship within the analyzer focus. This effect can be exploited to measure emission spectra with an unprecedented resolution. For demonstration, a spectrometer was constructed using a diced Si(553) analyzer working at the CuK edge with an intrinsic resolution of 60meV. With the proposed design, spectrometers operating at the K edges of 3d transition metals can have intrinsic resolutions below 100meV even with analyzer crystals not working in Bragg-backscattering conditions.

Automated test case result analyzer

Abstract: A test result analyzer for processing results of testing software. The analyzer has an interface emulating the interface of a traditional data logger. After analyzing the test results, selected results may be output to a log file or otherwise reported for subsequent use. The test result analyzer compares test results to results in a database of historical data from running test cases. The analyzer filters out results representative of fault conditions already reflected in the historical data, thereby reducing the amount of data that must be processed to identify fault conditions.

Power line filter design for conducted electromagnetic interference using time-domain measurements

Abstract: A time-domain technique for the design of passive power line conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters in the frequency range 150 kHz-30 MHz is described. A digital storage oscilloscope (DSO) with adequate sampling, storing and processing features is sufficient for the design using the proposed technique. Accordingly, Agilent's Infiniium Oscilloscope (Model 54810A) has been used. The signals from LISN are directly fed into the two channels of the DSO where they are added and subtracted to separate the CM and DM components, thereby eliminating the need for common-mode-differential mode (CM-DM) separator. These components are stored in the DSO. A specially designed filter design software (FDS), residing in the DSO, estimates the noise spectrum by computing the Bartlett and Welch periodograms. It also computes the filter component values. Thus, the sampling of the conducted noise, separation of CM and DM components, signal processing, and filter value computations are all done using one DSO. A spectrum analyzer is not required. Bartlett periodograms have been preferred over Welch periodograms due to low memory storage requirements of the former. The proposed technique has been applied to the design of power line filter for a switched mode power supply (SMPS), and satisfactory results have been obtained. The proposed measurement scheme is compact, economical, and convenient. All the details of this work are presented

Speech analyzer detecting pitch frequency, speech analyzing method, and speech analyzing program

Abstract: A speech analyzer includes a speech acquiring section, a frequency converting section, an autocorrelation section, and a pitch detection section. The frequency converting section converts the speech signal acquired by the speech acquiring section into a frequency spectrum. The autocorrelation section determines an autocorrelation waveform by shifting the frequency spectrum along the frequency axis. The pitch detection section determines the pitch frequency from the distance between two local crests or troughs of the autocorrelation waveform.

Blood analyzer, sample analyzer, and flow cytometer

Abstract: A sample analyzer is provided that is capable of eliciting sufficient performance of an avalanche photodiode, and performing high-precision analysis of the sample. The sample analyzer is provided with a WBC detection section that uses the avalanche photodiode as a photoreceptor element. The WBC detection section is provided with a flow cell, semiconductor light source, side collective lens, dichroic mirror, and avalanche photodiode. The side collective lens is a lens with a high NA (numeric aperture), and an aspheric lens with a small aberration. The sample analyzer prepares a scattergram using side fluorescent light signals and side scattered light signals to classify white blood cells into five categories.

Portable Swing Analyzer

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to apparatus and methods for analyzing the motion of sporting equipment, such as a golf club, a baseball bat, a hockey stick, or a tennis racquet. The apparatus comprises an imaging system in communications with the sporting equipment to measure motion parameters. The imaging system may be located on the sporting equipment or, optionally, within the sporting equipment. The systems and methods described herein can be used to determine the impact location of the sporting equipment with another object, the momentum transferred, the velocity of the sporting equipment and/or the angular orientation of the sporting equipment during a motion.

Broadband radio-frequency spectrum analysis in spectral-hole-burning media

Abstract: We demonstrate a 20 GHz spectrum analyzer with 1 MHz resolution and >40 dB dynamic range using spectral-hole-burning (SHB) crystals, which are cryogenically cooled crystal hosts lightly doped with rare-earth ions. We modulate a rf signal onto an optical carrier using an electro-optic intensity modulator to produce a signal beam modulated with upper and lower rf sidebands. Illuminating SHB crystals with modulated beams excites only those ions resonant with corresponding modulation frequencies, leaving holes in the crystal's absorption profile that mimic the modulation power spectrum and persist for up to 10 ms. We determine the spectral hole locations by probing the crystal with a chirped laser and detecting the transmitted intensity. The transmitted intensity is a blurred-out copy of the power spectrum of the original illumination as mapped into a time-varying signal. Scaling the time series associated with the transmitted intensity by the instantaneous chirp rate yields the modulated beam's rf power spectrum. The homogeneous linewidth of the rare-earth ions, which can be 20 GHz, determines the spectral bandwidth.

Multigas monitoring and detection system

Abstract: A spectroscopic detection system is described for monitoring ambient air for toxic chemical substances. The system can be a compact, portable multiple gas analyzer capable of detecting and discriminating a broad range of chemical constituents including various nerve and blister agents as well as toxic industrial chemicals at low or sub part per billion (ppb) levels. The system minimizes false alarms (e.g., false positives or negatives), features high specificity, and can operate with response times on the order of a few seconds to a few minutes, depending on the application. The system can be an entirely self-contained analyzer, with a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, a gas sample cell, a detector, an embedded processor, a display, power supplies, an air pump, heating elements, and other components onboard the unit with an air intake to collect a sample and an electronic communications port to interface with external devices.

Multi-channel fluorescence measuring optical system and multi-channel fluorescence sample analyzer

Abstract: A multi-channel fluorescence measuring optical system and a multi-channel fluorescence sample analyzer using the optical system are provided. The multi-channel fluorescence measuring optical system, which irradiates light onto a plurality of sample channels and detecting fluorescence radiated from samples, includes: a light source; an integrator for giving the light irradiated from the light source a uniform intensity distribution; a sample holder having a plurality of sample channels on which the samples are mounted, wherein the samples are exited by the light emitted from the integrator; and a beam splitter between the integrator and the sample holder for dividing the incident light in a predetermined ratio. Since the light intensities of fluorescence images are detected using optical fiber bundles and photodiodes, the manufacturing cost can be greatly reduced, and the optical system can be miniaturized.

Reconstruction of the polarization ellipse of the EM field of Telecommunication and broadcast antennas by a fast and low-cost measurement method

Abstract: A low-cost measurement method for the extraction of the relative phases of the field of base station and broadcast antennas is presented. Our purpose is to determine the polarization of the field at a measurement site using magnitude measurements only. By determining six amplitude components using a spectrum analyzer, the polarization ellipse of the field can be obtained. This low-cost method can be used for outdoor measurements, which is not possible with network analyzers. Using this method and thus knowing the polarization of the incident field we are able to determine more accurately the actual electromagnetic power absorbed in people at a measurement site.

On the Measurement of Power via a Superheterodyne Spectrum Analyzer

Abstract: The measurement of power via a superheterodyne spectrum analyzer is investigated. In particular, the performances of two common measurement techniques, in which one is based on a "channel-power" approach and the other on the use of the analyzer in a "zero-span" mode, are assessed. The purpose is both to show advantages and drawbacks of these techniques and to provide useful hints for improving the measurement accuracy and repeatability. To this aim, an original theoretical approach, which is suitably supported by meaningful experimental examples, is proposed in this paper. The experiments also show how to compensate some typical measurement errors due to the analyzer video-filter effects by a simple calibration procedure

A Magnetic Electron Analyzer for Plasma Focus Electron Energy Distribution Studies

Abstract: The paper describes the construction of a magnetic electron analyzer for pulsed beam electron energy distribution studies. The single shot information is obtained using a NMOS linear image sensor. Both the energetical and the sensitivity calibration were performed using careful numerical simulations. For simplicity, the signals can be read on an oscilloscope, and they are transmitted via an optic fiber, which allows the analyzer to work while connected to high voltage. The analyzer was successfully implemented on a 15 kV/3 kJ plasma focus device and was used to study the electron energy distribution in the 30–660 keV range.

Quick parallel radio frequency test system and test method for mobile terminals

Abstract: The invention relates to a mobile terminal parallel radio frequency testing device, which comprises a CDMA signal resource, a frequency spectrum analyzer and a switch matrix connected to the CDMA signal resource and the frequency spectrum analyzer; a testing control unit via the GPIB connecting the CDMA signal resource, the frequency spectrum analyzer, and the switch matrix; and a communication direct current power resource connected to the CDMA signal resource, the frequency spectrum analyzer and the tested mobile terminal to supply power for them. The invention uses the dynamic power testing technique based on the single point trigger and the mobile terminal sender, to realize the parallel correction test. The invention can correct and test the radio frequency property of the sender and the receiver of CDMA mobile terminal to improve the testing speed and improve the utilization of device.

A vector intermodulation analyzer applied to behavioral modeling of nonlinear amplifiers with memory

Abstract: A large signal vector intermodulation network analyzer with a dynamic range of 90 dB and phase resolution of better than 2/spl deg/ is reported. The analyzer is used in conjunction with a multislice behavioral model to characterize memory effects in three different RF power amplifiers: an MOSFET instrumentation amplifier, a multistage GaAs/silicon-based broadband microwave integrated-circuit amplifier, and an SiGe HBT monolithic-microwave integrated-circuit amplifier. The multislice behavioral model architecture builds on conventional single-tone AM-AM and AM-PM modeling extended to capture long-term memory effects that are characterized by asymmetric intermodulation distortion (IMD). Phase asymmetries of upper and lower IMD are captured. A systematic procedure for extracting the model is presented.

X-ray imaging systems and methods using temporal digital signal processing for reducing noise and for obtaining multiple images simultaneously

Abstract: X-ray imaging systems and methods are provided that use temporal digital signal processing for reducing noise and for obtaining multiple images simultaneously. An x-ray imaging system can include an x-ray source adapted to generate a pulsed x-ray beam having a predetermined frequency and apply the pulsed x-ray beam to an object to be imaged. An x-ray detector can be adapted to detect x-ray radiation from the object and generate temporal data based on the x-ray radiation. A temporal data analyzer can be adapted to apply a temporal signal process to the temporal data to remove at least a portion of the temporal data having a different frequency than the predetermined frequency.

Power Measurement in Digital Wireless Communication Systems Through

Abstract: Power measurement in digital wireless communica- tion systems often suffers from poor repeatability, usually ac- companied by a low accuracy. To face the problem, the use of parametric spectral estimators is investigated in this paper. In par- ticular, a new method is proposed, which first estimates the power spectral density (PSD) of the analyzed signal through Burg's so- lution, and then evaluates the power by applying straightforward measurement algorithms to the estimated PSD. The results of a number of experiments, carried out on both laboratory and actual signals peculiar to digital wireless communication systems, assess the efficacy and reliability of the method. Moreover, a comparison of the achieved performance to that offered by an alternative measurement solution, already proposed by the authors and based on nonparametric PSD estimation, shows that the method allows for a significant reduction of measurement time, while exhibiting the same repeatability. Index Terms—Channel power measurement, digital video broadcasting-satellite (DVB-S), occupied bandwidth measure- ment, performance spectrum analyzers, power-spectral-density (PSD) estimation, spread-spectrum systems, universal mobile tele- communication system (UMTS), vector signal analyzers (VSAs).

A Multiplexed Impedance Analyzer for Characterizing Polymer-Coated QCM Sensor Arrays

Abstract: This paper describes the development and evaluation of a custom-built impedance analyzer, which uses a multiplexing bridge circuit to characterize an array of polymer-coated quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors. The analyzer is constructed on a single printed circuit board with minimum components and is sufficiently compact for integration into a handheld format. The custom-built device is used to observe the changes that occur in QCM sensors when experimental conditions such as polymer coating film thickness, odorant vapor pressure, and relative molecular mass are varied. An equivalent electric circuit for a QCM is used to model the conductance and susceptance data captured by the analyzer. The measured response of an array of QCM sensors demonstrates that the custom-built device is a suitable instrument for detecting different gases and understanding polymer-vapor interactions

Automatic linearity and frequency response tests with built-in pattern generator and analyzer

Abstract: We present a built-in self-test (BIST) approach based on a direct digital synthesizer (DDS) for functionality testing of analog circuitry in mixed-signal systems. A main contribution of this paper is the BIST-based hardware implementation and measurement of amplifier linearity (IP3) and frequency response, including both phase and gain. The approach has been implemented in Verilog and synthesized into a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), where it was used for functional testing of an actual device under test (DUT) and compared to simulation results

Cusp type electrostatic analyzer for measurements of medium energy charged particles

Abstract: We have developed a new electrostatic analyzer which enables medium energy (≲200 keV∕q) plasma particle measurements with full solid angle coverage. The design of the test model realizes the uppermost measurement energy of ∼200 keV∕q with applied high voltages of ±5 kV. Laboratory experiments with the test model analyzer show that its performance agrees with numerical simulations. The test model design is well suited for combination with a mass analysis unit, while our new design can also be applied to medium energy electron measurements. Medium energy ion/electron sensors with this new design will surely be appreciated for upcoming space missions that will observe hot/energetic plasma structures in the regions such as the inner magnetosphere or reconnection region.

The Minimal Instrumentation Requirements for Hoechst Side Population Analysis: Stem Cell Analysis on Low‐Cost Flow Cytometry Platforms

Abstract: The Hoechst side population (SP) technique is a critical method of identifying stem cells and early progenitors in rodent, nonhuman primate, and human hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic tissues. In this technique, the cell-permeable DNA-binding dye Hoechst 33342 is loaded into the cell population of interest; stem cells and early progenitors subsequently pump this dye out via an ATP-binding cassette membrane pump-dependent mechanism, resulting in a low-fluorescence "tail" (the SP) when the cells are analyzed by flow cytometry. This population contains stem cells and early progenitors. One significant drawback of this method is the requirement of an UV laser to excite the Hoechst 33342. Unfortunately, flow cytometers equipped with UV sources are expensive to own and operate and are not readily available to many laboratories or institutions. In the interests of designing a less expensive flow cytometric system for stem cell analysis, we determined the minimum UV excitation and instrumentation requirements for measuring Hoechst SP. Less than 3 mW of UV laser output was required for adequate resolution of Hoechst SP on two cuvette-based flow cytometers, one of which was a simple, inexpensive benchtop analyzer (the Quanta Analyzer; NPE Systems). Furthermore, Hoechst SP could also be adequately resolved on this epifluorescence-based cytometer platform using two nonlaser UV sources, a mercury arc lamp with a UV bandpass filter and a UV-emitting light-emitting diode. These results suggest that an economical flow cytometric system can be designed that is capable of resolving Hoechst SP, with a cost far lower than most UV laser-equipped commercial systems. An inexpensive system of this type would make Hoechst SP analysis available to a much broader group of stem cell investigators.

Standard material for particle analyzer

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a standard material that is used for judging an abnormal portion in a particle analyzer, and to provide a method and an analyzer that can judge an abnormal portion in a particle analyzer by using such a standard material. SOLUTION: The standard material is used for the particle analyzer that applies fluorescence-staining treatment to a measurement object particle contained in a biological sample and analyzes the fluorescence-stained measurement object particle. The standard material for the particle analyzer comprises first standard particles to be fluorescence-stained by a fluorescence-staining treatment and second standard particles that have preliminarily contained a fluorescence dye. The method and analyzer that can judge an abnormal portion in the particle analyzer by using the standard material are disclosed. COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

High precision determinations of NH3 concentration by means of diode laser spectrometry at 2.005 μm

Abstract: This paper reports on the development of a compact analyzer for ammonia monitoring in air, based on a distributed feedback diode laser at 2.005 μm. A dual-beam long-path technique was combined with wavelength modulation detection of absorption in order to reach a detection limit of about 25 ppb, with a 0.2-Hz equivalent noise bandwidth. Retrieval of NH3 concentration was accomplished through a careful spectra analysis procedure based on the formalism of Fourier expansion of the 2nd harmonic signals, also taking into account residual-amplitude-modulation effects. The system was tested on certified gas-mixtures and revealed a good performance in terms of accuracy and reproducibility. Particularly, the short-term precision was found to be about 1 ‰, for NH3 mixing ratios of 10 ppm. Finally, the possibility to make use of the analyzer for measurements of ammonia fluxes from soils is discussed.

Wide-bandwidth spectrum analysis of transient signals using a real-time spectrum analyzer

Abstract: A system and method for performing wide-band spectral analysis of transient signals using a real-time spectrum analyzer (RTSA). A frequency window is selected for RTSA acquisition, the frequency window being narrower in bandwidth than the frequency spectrum of interest. An RTSA is successively tuned to a plurality of different frequencies within the frequency spectrum of interest, where such successive tuning is controlled based on a characteristic of the signal. The RF signal is received, and, for each of the plurality of different frequencies, power data is acquired for the signal in a band centered on the frequency and having a bandwidth equal to that of the frequency window. A representation of the frequency spectrum of interest is then constructed from the power data acquired during the successive tunings of the RTSA.

Performance of the solid state neutral particle analyzer array on the national spherical torus experiment

Abstract: The solid state neutral particle analyzer (SSNPA) array on the national spherical torus experiment (NSTX) consists of four chords with tangency radii of 60, 90, 100, and 120cm that view across the three coinjection neutral beam lines. Each chord utilizes a silicon photodiode that is coupled to fast digitizers to measure the energy distribution of charge exchange fast neutral particles (30–100keV). By the end of the NSTX 2005 experimental campaign, the electromagnetic noise in the SSNPA was reduced by half and reasonable signals were obtained with good electromagnetic shielding, fast digitization of raw signals, software-based pulse height analysis, and pulse shape discrimination. Energy resolution of ∼10keV and time resolution of 2ms have been achieved. Temporal evolutions of energetic neutral flux obtained with the SSNPA are in good agreement with those obtained with the E‖B-type neutral particle analyzer. With these improvements, the SSNPA can be used to study magnetohydrodynamic instabilities and fast ...