Showing papers on "Spillover effect published in 1980"

Spillover Versus Compensation: A Review of the Literature on the Relationship Between Work and Nonwork

Abstract: This paper reviews the evidence concerning the relationship between workers' experiences on and off the job. Of particular interest is the debate over two rival hypotheses: the "spillover" hypothesis and the "compensation" hypothesis. The former argues that workers' experiences on the job carry over into the nonwork arena, and possibly vice versa, such that there develops a similarity in the patterning of work and nonwork life. The latter marshals several arguments for a negative association between work and nonwork, for example, the contention that the work situation is likely to be deficient in needfulfillment, at least in some respects, for most workers and that they will compensate for these deficiencies in their choices of leisure and family activities. Data from relevant studies support the notions of spillover and compensation under different conditions but, overall, offer more evidence of spillover than compensation. Support for spillover, for example, is reflected in the positive correlations bet...

Studies of hydrogen spillover. Part 4.—Factors affecting hydrogen spillover and its reversal

Abstract: The factors affecting the rate and extent of the spillover of hydrogen and the reverse phenomenon in a variety of catalysts containing WO3 and MoO3 have been studied by volumetric measurements, cyclohexene dehydrogenation and pent-1-ene hydrogenation. Primary spillover in systems where initiating and accepting phases are in contact is faster and more extensive than secondary spillover in systems where these phases are not in contact. Only the latter type of spillover may be increased by the presence of H2O but its reversal is not so accelerated.

A Microeconometric Analysis of Spillovers within the Canadian Wage Determination Process

Abstract: T HE objective of this paper is to develop and test models of wage spillovers utilizing a large micro data base constructed from Canadian collective bargaining wage contracts signed between 1966 and October 1975 (the introduction of wage controls in Canada). There are two basic approaches to the wage spillover hypothesis that can be found in the literature. 1 Institutional spillover models, characterized by Dunlop's wage contours and Ross' orbits of coercive comparisons, emphasize the distributional structure of wage rates between occupational-industrial groups. A second approach follows the tradition of microeconomic labour market theory and emphasizes relative wages, labour mobility, labour turnover costs, etc. For example, a simple Marshallian model would include both the firm's own wage rate as well as competing wage rates as determinants of labour supply (and consequently wage changes). More recently Phelps (1968) has proposed a generalized excess demand model of frictional labour markets in which a profit-maximizing firm establishes an optimal wage differential between its own wage rate and competing wage rates.2 Unfortunately it may be impossible to identify empirically the precise "theoretical" origin of wage spillover effects. The existence of wage spillovers is totally consistent with economic models of wage determination as well as being consistent with institutional hypotheses that emphasize key bargains, wage leadership, pattern wage adjustments, maintenance of "historical wage differentials," etc.3 Thus, our interpretation of the theoretical rationale for wage spillovers must, of necessity, be somewhat agnostic. Turning to the empirical evidence, three studies have advanced evidence pertaining to wage spillovers, each study based on a very different statistical methodology. Perhaps the classic study in this area is the Eckstein-Wilson (1962) paper which emphasizes a number of institutional aspects of the wage determination process. Eckstein and Wilson provide empirical evidence, based on the identification of specific wage rounds, supporting a combined market-institutional spillover model of wage determination within the U.S. manufacturing sector. For a "key group" of industries, identified largely from impressionistic evidence, wage changes are determined by profit and unemployment rates based on the aggregate rates for all industries within the key group. Outside the key group of industries, wages are principally determined by wage spillovers from the key group. Unfortunately, the underlying wage round technique employed by Eckstein and Wilson is notoriously difficult to implement, i.e., to identify unambiguous aggregate wage rounds. McGuire and Rapping (1967) have challenged the Eckstein-Wilson study on the grounds that at best their evidence lends weak support to their institutional hypothesis, that their central result for the key group of industries is ambiguous, and finally that they have not resolved the problem of distinguishing between neo-classical labour supply forces and institutional spillover effects. McGuire and Rapping's own model (1968), which is tested with cross-sectional data (industries at the state level), reveals that while market forces play an important role in the relative wage determination process for the U.S. manufacturing sector, wage spillovers from steel and automobile key bargains (particularly steel) are also relevant explanatory variables. Received for publication July 13, 1978. Revision accepted for publication May 23, 1979. * University of Guelph. We gratefully acknowledge the helpful comments that we have received from Doug Auld, David Dodge, Mark Mueller, and John Vanderkamp. This paper could not have been written without the financial support of the Anti-Inflation Board and the diligence of an exceptionally fine research assistant, Jane Forster. None of the above-named individuals, nor the Anti-Inflation Board, should be held responsible for the arguments and conclusions of this paper. 1 For a thorough review and critique of spillover theories, see Burton and Addison (1977). 2 This optimal wage differential takes into account the turnover costs associated with recruiting, hiring, and training new workers. 3 For further discussion of this "identification problem," see Addison and Burton (1979). [ 213 ]

The World of Nonwork: Some Implications for Job Re-Design Efforts.

Abstract: The compensatory and spillover models of adjustment to work are described. Data from a pharmaceutical firm and two different research and development organizations are examined to illustrate the operation of these two models. Evidence of both the compensatory and spillover models were found for several different groups of workers. Furthermore, some groups of workers displayed complex combinations of both compensatory and spillover adjustments to their work experiences. Implications of these results for job re-design efforts are described.

Union spillover effects on unorganized labor markets

Abstract: Previous research has found that union standard rate policies lower the dispersion of union wages and that unions indirectly raise nonunion wage levels, as firms weigh the probability of unionizing and wage costs. These two findings imply that unions ...

Three steps to alleviate control and observation spillover problems of large space structures

Abstract: "Control spillover" and "observation spillover" have surfaced as major roadblocks to successful application of state-of-the-art control techniques to vibration control of large space structures. Nevertheless, control (observation) spillover may be prevented by proper placement of actuators (sensors). If proper placement is not possible because of structural constraints, control spillover to (observation spillover from) secondary modes can still be prevented by synthesizing the existent actuator (sensor) influences. Alternatively, control spillover to (observation spillover from) nonprimary modes can be reduced, to various extent, by adding some bandstop filter to each input (output) channel. A combined systematic use of placement, synthesis, and filtering will yield better results. This paper presents the underlying theoretical foundation of a proposed three-step approach for alleviating the spillover problems, along with conditions and techniques for proper placement, proper synthesis, and proper filtering. An illustrative numerical example is also included.

Liquidity preference or loanable funds: interest rate determination in market disequilibrium

Abstract: THE purpose of this paper is threefold: (1) to specify a generalized disequilibrium macroeconomic model which explicitly incorporates the concept of spillover in non-tatonnement financial and real markets; (2) to relate the model, and particularly the concept of spillover, to the liquidity preference and loanable funds theories of interest rate determination; and (3) to investigate the implications of these two interest rate theories for the timing of monetary policy. The notion of market spillover is well established in the literature on non-tatonnement market processes. As early as 1952 Patinkin ([17], p.41) recognized that markets in disequilibrium imply a general pattern of 'spillover', which he defined as the market condition in which "...buyers who have not succeeded in spending all they intended to at given prices... redirect part of their unspent income." Clower [2] provided a choicetheoretic basis for the spillover concept by focusing on the individual maximization process in situations of constrained demand. However, it was Grossman [8, 9] who synthesized Patinkin's concept of spillover with the Hahn-Negishi [16] non-tatonnement transaction process and the Clower dual decision hypothesis to develop a non-tatonnement model incorporating spillover. Despite well established micro-foundations for spillover, the important disequilibrium macroeconomic studies of Tucker [19], Feige [3], Laidler [12, 13], and Grossman and Dolde [10] do not explicitly consider the concept. The contribution of this paper is to extend Grossman's discussion of market spillover to a generalized disequilibrium macroeconomic model which also includes gradual adjustment of expectations and demand. The liquidity preference and loanable funds theories of interest rate determination are then shown to represent special cases of the model, and the dynamic implications of these two theories are examined. More specifically, it is shown that the degree to which excess demand for commodities spills over into the bond market creates special cases of the model which conform to the alternative interest rate theories. In addition, the implications of spillover for monetary policy are examined by solving the dynamics of the

A perturbation analysis of spillover in closed-loop distributed-parameter systems

Abstract: The design of controllers for distributed-parameter systems from truncated modal system descriptions is inherently conducted in ignorance of the actuator and sensor coupling to the unmodeled modes. The real presence of this coupling, referred to here as spillover, can cause significant changes in the expected closed-loop system behavior. To examine the effects of spillover, this coupling is treated as a perturbation to the truncated modal distributed system dynamic model with a scale parameter of smallness ?. Perturbation power series in ? are derived for the spillover-induced shift in each closed-loop pole location. Providing that ? = 1 is within the region of convergence of a particular series, that series is evaluated at ? = 1 to obtain a pole shift expression for the associated pole. The resulting expressions are simple and yield considerable insight into the nature of spillover.