Showing papers on "Spillover effect published in 1982"

Sex-ratios, sex-role spillover, and sexual harassment of women at work.

Abstract: We propose that sexual harassment of women at work is often a product of sex-role spillover, which is defined as the carryover into the workplace of gender-based expectations for behavior that are irrelevant or inappropriate to work. We argue that, when the sex-ratio at work is skewed—in either direction—sex-role spillover occurs. Thus, women in male-dominated work experience one kind of sex-role spillover. They are “role deviates” who are treated differently from other (male) work-role occupants; they are aware of this differential treatment, and they think it is directed at them as individual women rather than as work-role occupants. On the other hand, women in female-dominated work also experience sex-role spillover but of a different kind. Sex-role and work-role are practically identical. These women are treated similarly to other (female) work-role occupants, so are unaware that their treatment is based on sex-role. Because of this, they think the treatment they receive is a function of their job; the job itself is sexualized. Data from a representative sample survey, about sexual harassment of working women in Los Angeles County, provide some support for these ideas.

The Welfare Economics of Local Public Spending: An Empirical Approach

Abstract: It has been suggested that spillover effects between politically autonomous local governments are common, and that they present a welfare problem for the community as a whole. A local government might under-invest in roads, for example, because they are used by non-residents, or in schools because school-leavers move out of the area. Other researchers, and many consumers, have found fault in the mechanisms of public choice or have claimed that electorates have negligible effective control over the local bureaucracy as far as output is concerned. There might well be a serious local welfare problem even without spillovers. This paper offers an empirically operational methodology for the welfare economic evaluation of local public spending. The setting is the system of local government in Sydney, Australia, although the theoretical approach can be readily adapted to other settings. The questions addressed are: (a) Is there evidence of positive spillovers, and do they imply welf arerelevant externalities when prices, quantities and locations have adjusted? (b) Is an increase in local spending desirable for local residents? (c) On balance, what can be said about the effect on aggregate welfare of a local fiscal expansion? The key to the theoretical approach and its testable implications is the idea that the residential mobility of households between local governments reveals preferences over local public goods. This can be traced to Tiebout (1956), although the present model is appropriate to a considerably more general setting in which restrictions on mobility, spillover effects and local government inefficiencies are allowed. The central problem for the present analysis is to infer consumer preferences over local fiscal policies from observed differences in the rates of population growth between local governments. As far as spillovers are concerned it is useful to make the following distinction from the outset. Direct externalities are said to be present when, for given consumptions of non-government goods and given residential locations, an individual in one local political jurisdiction is not indifferent between alternative expenditures by another government. Mobility externalities result when the welfare of a local resident is affected

Spillover Prevention via Proper Synthesis/Placement of Actuators and Sensors

Abstract: A central problem in the control of lightly damped, flexible large space structures is control and observation spillover of reduced-order controllers which can produce destabilizing interactions with unmodeled modes of vibration. Techniques for preventing control spillover by proper synthesis of the influences of existent actuators on a structure and by proper initial placement of the actuators are applied to two representative numerical models of large space structures. This paper focuses on control spillover, because these techniques can be dualized for the prevention of observation spillover. For both models synthesis is shown to prevent control spillover to a significant number of unmodeled modes of vibration. The synthesis algorithm is also extended to determine how actuators should be placed on these models initially for total spillover prevention.

Efficiency and equity considerations in financing agricultural research and extension

Abstract: Benefits resulting from agricultural research and extension activities conducted in one region may affect producers and consumers throughout the country. Measurement of these benefit spillovers is required to equitably and efficiently finance these activities. Spillover benefit ratios per dollar of internal benefits for all farm production regions in the United States are calculated using an economic surplus framework to account for the effects of research and extension on both producers and consumers. In nine out of ten regions, the spillover ratios are greater than one, indicating that benefits accruing outside the region conducting research and extension activities are greater than the benefits accruing internally to the region. The average spillover ratio, which is 3.71 for all regions, is greater than the ratio of federal expenditures to regional expenditures. The implication of these ratios being unequal is that the federal contribution would need to be increased in order for regional costs to match regional benefits.

Spillover Prevention via Proper Synthesis/Placement of Actuators and Sensors

Abstract: A central problem in the control of lightly damped, flexible large space structures is control and observation spillover of reduced-order controllers which can produce destabilizing interactions with unmodeled modes of vibration. Techniques for preventing control spillover by proper synthesis of the influences of existent actuators on a structure and by proper initial placement of the actuators are applied to two representative numerical models of large space structures. This paper focuses on control spillover, because these techniques can be dualized for the prevention of observation spillover. For both models synthesis is shown to prevent control spillover to a significant number of unmodeled modes of vibration. The synthesis algorithm is also extended to determine how actuators should be placed on these models initially for total spillover prevention.