Showing papers on "Spillover effect published in 2000"
TL;DR: Ecological theory was used to develop a more expanded conceptualization of the work- family interface and to identify significant correlates of multiple dimensions of work-family spillover.
Abstract: Ecological theory was used to develop a more expanded conceptualization of the work-family interface and to identify significant correlates of multiple dimensions of work-family spillover. Using data from employed adults participating in the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (N = 1,986), negative spillover from work to family, positive spillover from work to family, negative spillover from family to work, and positive spillover from family to work were found to be distinct work-family experiences. Analyses indicated that work and family factors that facilitated development (e.g., decision latitude, family support) were associated with less negative and more positive spillover between work and family. By contrast, work and family barriers (e.g., job pressure, family disagreements) were associated with more negative spillover and less positive spillover between work and family. In some cases, results differ significantly by gender.
1,721 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the magnitude and changing nature of volatility spillovers from Japan and the US to six Pacific-Basin equity markets and constructed a volatility spillover model which allowed the unexpected return of any particular Pacific-basin market be driven by a local idiosyncratic shock, a regional shock from Japan, and a global shock from the US.
728 citations
TL;DR: Health promotion or employment programs and policies may need to focus on minimizing negative spillover between work and family and promoting positive spillover from family to work.
Abstract: Purpose. To examine the association between multiple dimensions of work-family spillover, and physical and mental health among working midlife adults. Design. Cross-sectional analyses of self reported data. Setting. The National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS), 1995. Subjects. Employed adults aged 35-65 years (n = 1547) who participated in the telephone interview and returned the mail-back questionnaires of the MIDUS (overall response rate of 60.8%). Measures. Independent variables included negative spillover from work to family, positive spillover from work to family, negative spillover from family to work, positive spillover from family to work. Self-rated physical health, chronic conditions, obesity, self-rated mental health, negative psychological well-being, and positive psychological well-being were outcomes. Results. Independent of negative spillover between work and family, more positive spillover from work to family was associated with better physical health (o...
358 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined intra-industry productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) in the UK manufacturing sector and found that the very presence of FDI has a positive spillover impact on the productivity of UK owned firms.
Abstract: This paper examines intra-industry productivity spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) in the UK manufacturing sector. The empirical analysis uses panel data for 48 UK industries over the period 1991–1995. A major contribution is empirical evidence on spillover effects in situations where the host country is developed. The results indicate that the very presence of FDI has a positive spillover impact on the productivity of UK-owned firms. The analysis also shows that the extent to which local firms benefit from the introduction of advanced technology depends largely on their own technological capabilities.
350 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of the firms' mode of foreign expansion on the incentive to innovate as well as the effects of R&D activities and technological spillovers was examined in a two country imperfect competition model.
142 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined the stock market reaction to announcements of formal supervisory actions and found that the variation in the quality and timeliness of disclosure by U.S. banks explains much of the variation of the market's reactions.
140 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the relevance of external, domestic, and financial weaknesses as well as trade and financial linkages in inducing financial crises for a sample of 61 emerging market and industrial countries was investigated empirically.
Abstract: This paper investigates empirically the relevance of external, domestic, and financial weaknesses as well as trade and financial linkages in inducing financial crises for a sample of 61 emerging market and industrial countries. A panel probit estimation finds these economic indicators to be significant for emerging market countries during the Mexican, Asian, and Russian crises. In particular, the indicators of vulnerability to international financial spillover (common creditor) and of financial fragility (reserve adequacy) are highly significant and appear to explain the apparent regional concentration of these crises. Exchange rate regimes and capital controls, however, do not seem to matter.
126 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight the many parts spillover can play in catalysis in general and the implications of Bernard Delmon and his various teams in particular, and highlight the role of spillover in heterogeneous catalysis.
Abstract: This paper, which is dedicated to Prof. Bernard Delmon for his outstanding contributions to heterogeneous catalysis, will only encompass his remarkable findings in the field of spillover phenomena. In a certain way, this paper is not a new additional review about spillover itself, i.e. its formation, but an attempt to highlight the many parts spillover can play in catalysis in general and the implications of Bernard Delmon and his various teams in particular. Of course much will be described about the remote control concept but not exclusively. On the eve of the 5th International Conference on Spillover (5th ICSP) to be held in Madrid in September 2001, it is of particular interest to try getting a good picture of how the spillover-baby has grown up since its experimental discovery in the 1960s.
111 citations
TL;DR: This article found that technological knowledge is to a substantial degree local, not global, as the benefits from foreign spillover are declining with distance: on average, a 10% higher distance to a major technology-producing country such as the U.S. is associated with a 0.15% lower level of productivity.
Abstract: Convergence in per capita income across countries turns on whether technological knowledge spillover are global or local. This paper estimates the amount of spillover from R&D expenditures in major industrialized countries on a geographic basis. A new data set is used which encompasses most of the world's innovative activity at the industry-level between the years 1970 and 1995. First, I find that technological knowledge is to a substantial degree local, not global, as the benefits from foreign spillover are declining with distance: on average, a 10% higher distance to a major technology-producing country such as the U.S. is associated with a 0.15% lower level of productivity. Second, technological knowledge has become more global over the sample period. As a determinant of productivity, foreign R&D has significantly gained in importance relative to domestic R&D, and the extent to which knowledge spillover decline with distance has fallen by 20%. The finding of a falling but still high degree of localization has important implications for macroeconomics and growth, trade, and regional economics.
106 citations
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: Based on exploratory spatial data analysis, this article studied the spread effects in Chinese space economy from a core-periphery perspective, and found that the economic spillover effects are most evident at the first order of province contiguity from Guangdong, where the two coastal provinces of Hainan and Guangxi are identified with a significant spread pattern, while non-coastal provinces Hunan and Jiangxi are observed with a strong polarization pattern.
Abstract: Based on recently developed methods of exploratory spatial data analysis, this article seeks to prove the desired spread effects in the Chinese space economy from a core-periphery perspective. Recently developed methods of exploratory spatial data analysis provide new insights on the spatial pattern of the interaction of Chinese provincial output growth rates over the 1978–1994 period. Findings indicate that the economic spillover effects are most evident at the first order of province contiguity from Guangdong, where the two coastal provinces of Hainan and Guangxi are identified with a significant spread pattern, while non-coastal provinces Hunan and Jiangxi are observed with a strong polarization pattern. A further analysis indicates that the state preferential policies favoring the coastal region are the fundamental force in determining the direction of spread-polarization processes in the Chinese space economy. This finding confirms Friedmann's hypothesis on spatial interaction, namely, that the spread process is a successful diffusion of the core's existing institutions into the periphery.
99 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined state crop, livestock, and aggregate agricultural total factor productivity (TFP) data, 1950-82, for evidence of convergence to a single TFP level (σ-convergence) or to a steady state rate of growth (β- or conditional convergence) and concluded that independent state planning of agricultural research is inefficient and cooperation across states boundaries including establishment of new political jurisdictions for financing public agricultural research can enhance efficiency.
Abstract: State crop, livestock,and aggregate agricultural total factor productivity (TFP) data, 1950–82, are examined for evidence of convergence to a single TFP level (σ‐convergence) or to a steady state rate of growth (β‐ or conditional convergence). Our empirical results do not support σ‐convergence but do support β‐convergence. The rate of β ‐convergence is variable and depends on research and development (R…D) spillins from other states,private R…D, and farmers' schooling. The finding of strong positive interstate spillover effects implies that independent state planning of agricultural research is inefficient and cooperation across states boundaries including establishment of new political jurisdictions for financing public agricultural research can enhance efficiency.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a theoretical framework for understanding the underlying "supply" and "demand" forces determining the scope and magnitude of FDI spillovers to host economies.
Abstract: This paper reviews and synthesizes the available literature focusing on the determinants of efficiency spillovers from inward FDI In order to do so, we outline a theoretical framework for understanding the underlying 'supply' and 'demand' forces determining the scope and magnitude of FDI spillovers to host economies The findings suggest that the competitiveness of host country markets and the technical capability of local firms are among the most important determinants of spillover benefits Both of these characteristics can be influenced by host country policy
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TL;DR: In this paper, a structural estimation framework is developed to assess whether inward foreign direct investment (FDI) generates technological externalities, and the econometric model is implemented in an empirical investigation with data from Colombia's Manufacturing Census.
Abstract: In this paper a structural estimation framework is developed to assess whether inward foreign direct investment (FDI) generates technological externalities. The econometric model is implemented in an empirical investigation with data from Colombia’s Manufacturing Census. So far, evidence of new technological opportunities for host-country firms arising from the operations of multinational corporations (MNCs) has been rather scarce. This is due to serious limitations in the way in which spillovers have been measured. In particular, empirical research has focused almost exclusively on intra-industry externalities while no allowance has been made for inter-industry technological externalities. But, in theory, the optimal location and organizational strategies by a MNC are chosen to minimize the risk of losing profits due to the leakage of technical information to potential competitors. Therefore, the host-country firms within the MNC subsidiary’s sector will tend to experience limited technological gains ensuing FDI, whereas producers in other sectors may benefit, especially if the MNC outsources to local upstream suppliers. While FDI may substitute investment by domestic plants within the MNC subsidiary’s sector, it can complement investment in other sectors. Hence, spillovers from FDI should be primarily inter-industry and not intra-industry. This conjecture is corroborated by testing of the multisectoral model of FDI spillover diffusion on Colombian manufacturing data. Furthermore, both generic knowhow spillovers and linkage externalities are sizable
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, a new, easy to construct measure of inter-industry knowledge spillovers was proposed, which could be used as an alternative to the existing more sophisticated but rather inflexible (especially with respect to the number of industries that can be distinguished) methods already in use.
Abstract: This paper investigates whether a new, easy to construct measure of interindustry knowledge spillovers could be used as an alternative to the existing more sophisticated but rather inflexible (especially with respect to the number of industries that can be distinguished) methods already in use. First, the method is shown to measure pure knowledge spillovers, contrary to earlier input-output based measures picking up with rent spillovers. Second, the measure is computed for the U.S. in 1987 to identify a number of technological clusters. Finally, using a database for American firms, the new measure is shown to yield estimates of spillover impacts similar to the existing knowledge spillover measures, but sometimes strongly different from rent spillover measures. A further novel aspect is the eldi me-5(f).27 Tm -28003 Tc 05(t,2175(tgle-4(sG)5(e)1(aa75(tger-4(sYosimiledgetinaper in)eps)0()4(sedm)5(e)1(as) siob4(s)a)-10( m)5(n an)3)-6(3 )-10(eshowaperim)5( t2(es)6(t)f(b)4(lpil om)5()-1) B)-5(a)4 of
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TL;DR: This article surveys the literature on trade and foreign direct investment as channels for technology transfer and concludes that knowledge spillover is more likely to be national for developing countries than for industrial countries, and that a country's policy on protection of intellectual property rights affects the type of industry it attracts.
Abstract: The author surveys the literature on trade and foreign direct investment--especially wholly-owned subsidiaries of multinational firms and international joint ventures--as channels for technology transfer. He also discusses licensing and other arm's length channels of technology transfer. He concludes: 1) How trade encourages growth depends on whether knowledge spillover is national or international. Spillover is more likely to be national for developing countries than for industrial countries. 2) Local policy often makes pureforeign direct investment infeasible, so foreign firms choose licensing or joint ventures. The jury is still out on whether licensing or joint ventures lead to more learning by local firms. 3) Policies designed to attract foreign direct investment are proliferating. Several plant-level studies have failed to find positive spillover from foreign direct investment to firms competing directly with subsidiaries of multinationals. (However, these studies treat foreign direct investment as exogenous and assume spillover to be horizontal-when it may be vertical.) All such studies do find the subsidiaries of multinationals to be more productive than domestic firms, so foreign direct investment does result in host countries using resources more effectively. 4) Absorptive capacity in the host country is essential for getting significant benefits from foreign direct investment. Without adequate human capital or investments in research and development, spillover fails to materialize. 5) A country's policy on protection of intellectual property rights affects the type of industry it attracts. Firms for which such rights are crucial (such as pharmaceutical firms) are unlikely to invest directly in countries where such protections are weak, or will not invest in manufacturing and research and development activities. Policy on intellectual property rights also influences whether technology transfer comes through licensing, joint ventures, or the establishment of wholly-owned subsidiaries.
TL;DR: In this paper, the spillover effects of foreign direct investments on Turkish manufacturing industry have been examined by five single equation econometric models, and the results suggest that while the presence of foreign firms increases competition in domestic industries, there is no significant contribution on the productivity of domestic firms.
Abstract: In this article, spillover effects of foreign direct investments on Turkish manufacturing industry have been examined by five single equation econometric models. All models are constructed in line with the recent spillover models both for developed and developing economies. The first two models aimed to estimate the spillover effects of the presence of foreign firms on the productivity and competitiveness of domestic firms. Estimation results suggest that while the presence of foreign firms increases competition in domestic industries, there is no significant contribution on the productivity of domestic firms. Two of the remaining three models basically tested the impact of technology gap between domestic and foreign firms on the productivity and market growth of domestic firms. However, no significant relation is found between those variables. The final model estimated the impact of the initial technology gap on the change in technology gap in the course of time. In the final model, a significant correlation is found. Those results and some accommodating data on the performances of multinational firms led us to conclude that Turkey is at the crossroad. If locational advantages of the country are developed by proper policies, spillover effects on the domestic industries could be materialized with the rising competition, which has already brought into by the presence of foreign firms. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed rural-urban spillover effects using a bi-regional SAM model which allows for flows of commodities and factor incomes between the two areas and investigated the nature of spillovers.
Abstract: The paper analyzes rural-urban spillover effects using a bi-regional SAM model which allows for flows of commodities and factor incomes between the two areas Multiplier decomposition is used to investigate the nature of spillovers The results indicate stronger spillover effects from urban to rural Grampian, than viceversa In contrast, results from a restricted, input output version of the model suggest that the effects are more consistent with nodal response Input-output an alysem say produce biased results and studies of contemporary rural-urban relationships should look beyond production linkages to the broader range of relationships within a SAM framework
TL;DR: This paper examined the spillover effects of the global financial crises of 1997-9 on five small open economies with different types of exchange rate regimes: the Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Israel and Poland.
Abstract: This paper examines the spillover effects of the global financial crises of 1997–9 on five small open economies with different types of exchange rate regimes: the Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Israel and Poland. We found empirical evidence that the regional aspect played a dominant role in the intensity of the spillover effects. We found no empirical evidence that the pressures on exchange rates, interest rates and stock markets were primarily influenced by the exchange rate regime in place. Our findings do not support the commonly held view that flexible regimes are the best choice for small open emerging market economies exposed to volatile capital flows.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of process and product innovation in a multisectoral framework are analyzed and a simple measure for the spillover of innovation effects to the other sectors is developed.
TL;DR: In this article, the causal relationship between the intensity of FDI inflow and the increase of technical efficiency in various cities in China was examined. But, FDI intensity in terms of the geographical size of the city does not Granger-cause the increase in labor productivity.
Abstract: We use a pooled city-level data set, consisting of 2032 observations from 11 consecutive years, to examine the causal relationship between the intensity of FDI inflow and the increase of technical efficiency in various cities in China. The results confirm the exis-tence of feedback effects between per capita FDI intensity and labor productivity. However, FDI intensity in terms of the geographical size of the city does not Granger-cause the increase in labor productivity. Spillover efficiency to various cities in China is investigated in detail. We split the sample into coastal and inland cities, taking into consideration time lags. The feedback effects of labor productivity on inward FDI also are estimated statistically. Finally, we discuss the policy implications of our research. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the relationship between R&D activity, spillovers and productivity at the firm level, focusing on the formalization of technological spillovers, and found that spillover effects influence significantly firm's productivity.
Abstract: — This paper analyzes the relationship between R&D activity, spillovers and productivity at the firm level. Particular attention is put on the formalization of technological spillovers. The analysis is based upon a new dataset composed of 625 worldwide R&D-intensive manufacturing firms whose information has been collected for the period 1987–1994. Given the panel data structure of the sample, ad hoc econometric techniques which deal with both firm’s unobserved heterogeneity and weak exogeneity of the right hand-side variables are implemented. The empirical results suggest that spillover effects influence significantly firm’s productivity. Nevertheless the effects differ substantially among the pillars of the Triad. The United States are mainly sensitive to their national stock of spillovers while Japan appears to draw from the international stock. On its side, Europe shows a tendency to internalize spillovers.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present direct, in situ observations of spillover for the reaction of oxygen with Pd nanoparticles on TiO 2 (1/1/0), and this is connected to a form of SMSI, and it is proposed that this spillover may also be the mechanism of the oxygen storage phenomenon for CeO 2 -doped automobile catalysts.
Abstract: Various aspects of ‘spillover’ and ‘reverse spillover’ in catalysis are considered. The ideas of Kisliuk regarding the kinetic role of weakly held adsorbed states as precursors to stronger chemisorption are shown to be important for reverse spillover, as highlighted by Boudart’s concept of the ‘collection zone’. STM has proved to be an important tool for the understanding of the formation and thermal evolution of nanoparticles on surfaces. Here we present direct, in situ observations of spillover for the reaction of oxygen with Pd nanoparticles on TiO 2 (1 1 0). In turn, this is connected to a form of SMSI, and it is proposed that this spillover may also be the mechanism of the oxygen storage phenomenon for CeO 2 -doped automobile catalysts.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that in a model of endogenous growth, either a small tax on capital income, whose proceeds are wasted, increases growth and welfare or a small marginal subsidy to consumption increases growth.
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, a new, easy to construct measure of inter-industry knowledge spillovers was proposed, which could be used as an alternative to the existing more sophisticated but rather inflexible (especially with respect to the number of industries that can be distinguished) methods already in use.
Abstract: This paper investigates whether a new, easy to construct measure of interindustry knowledge spillovers could be used as an alternative to the existing more sophisticated but rather inflexible (especially with respect to the number of industries that can be distinguished) methods already in use. First, the method is shown to measure pure knowledge spillovers, contrary to earlier input-output based measures picking up with rent spillovers. Second, the measure is computed for the U.S. in 1987 to identify a number of technological clusters. Finally, using a database for American firms, the new measure is shown to yield estimates of spillover impacts similar to the existing knowledge spillover measures, but sometimes strongly different from rent spillover measures. A further novel aspect is the eldi me-5(f).27 Tm -28003 Tc 05(t,2175(tgle-4(sG)5(e)1(aa75(tger-4(sYosimiledgetinaper in)eps)0()4(sedm)5(e)1(as) siob4(s)a)-10( m)5(n an)3)-6(3 )-10(eshowaperim)5( t2(es)6(t)f(b)4(lpil om)5()-1) B)-5(a)4 of
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-country intertemporal macroeconomic model similar to one developed recently by Obstfeld and Rogoff is used to examine both short-run and steady-state effects of the imposition of a tariff in one of the countries.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that as domestic rules improve and international financial markets become more complete, the Nash and cooperative monetary rule-setting games converge, and that international welfare spillover effects seldom receive much consideration in the design of monetary reforms.
Abstract: In recent years, many countries have instituted monetary reforms aimed at improving anti-inflation credibility. Is it a problem, however, that international welfare spillover effects seldom receive much consideration in the design of monetary reforms? Surprisingly, the answer may be no. Under plausible conditions, as domestic rules improve and international financial markets become more complete, the Nash and cooperative monetary rule setting games converge. We base our analysis on a utility-theoretic sticky-wage (new open economy macroeconomics) model; the question we pose simply could not have been adequately formulated using earlier models of monetary cooperation.
TL;DR: A neglected aspect of the advertising spillover issue is the levy's role, which confers a welfare benefit to producers of the competing product as mentioned in this paper. But this welfare benefit is typically ignored when assessing advertising spill-over.
Abstract: A neglected aspect of the advertising spillover issue is the levy's role. For example, if two goods are substitutes, a per-unit levy on one of the goods (to fund an advertising scheme) will cause the demand for the other good to increase. With upward-sloping supply, and abstracting from the advertising effect, the price of the substitute good increases, which confers a welfare benefit to producers of the competing product. This welfare benefit is typically ignored when assessing advertising spillover (e.g., Kinnucan, Xiao, and Hsia; Piggott, Piggott, and Wright). A related issue is that it is often assumed (or implied) that if advertising decreases the demand for a substitute good, it will decrease the welfare of producers of that good (e.g., Green, Carman, and McManus). In reality, competing producer welfare may increase or decrease depending inter alia on the strength of substitution effects between the advertised
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TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of foreign direct investment on the productivity performance of domestic firms in Portugal was investigated by taking into account several aspects: the influence of the "technological gap" on spillovers diffusion and the choice of its most appropriate interval; sectoral variation in the coefficients of the spillovers effect; identification of constant, idiosyncratic sectoral factors by means of a fixed effects model; and the search for inter-sectoral positive spillover effects.
Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of foreign direct investment on the productivity performance of domestic firms in Portugal. The data comprise nine manufacturing sectors for the period 1992-95. Relatively to previous studies, model specification is improved by taking into consideration several aspects: the influence of the “technological gap” on spill-overs diffusion and the choice of its most appropriate interval; sectoral variation in the coefficients of the spill-overs effect; identification of constant, idiosyncratic sectoral factors by means of a fixed effects model; and the search for inter-sectoral positive spillover effects. The relationship between domestic firms productivity and the foreign presence does take place in a positive way, only if a proper technology differential between the foreign and domestic producers exists and the sectoral characteristics are favourable. In broad terms, spillovers diffusion is associated to modern industries in which the foreign owned establishments have a clear, but not too sharp, edge on the domestic ones. Besides, other specific sectoral influences can be pertinent; agglomerative location factors being one example.
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01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the spillover mechanism identifying its main components by analyzing the effect of university-based star scientists through explicit and implicit ties, and other neighbor firms, on the performance of semiconductor enterprises measured with patents.
Abstract: To understand the impact of science and engineering innovations on economic growth requires relating discoveries to products, and identifying the scientists and engineers who are responsible for the knowledge transfer. Studies reliant on geographic proximity alone can show only that economic activity varies positively with the amount of research being done at a university [David (1992), Nelson and Romer (1996), Jaffe (1989,93)]. These "geographically localized knowledge spillovers" have proved unable to explain what it is about research universities that is crucial for their local economic impact (training, the research findings?) and, therefore, are unconvincing both to policy makers and the public. This paper analyses the spillover mechanism identifying its main components by analyzing the effect of university-based star scientists through explicit and implicit ties, and the effect of other neighbor firms, on the performance of semiconductor enterprises measured with patents. Explicit ties are modeled by the full and part-time job mobility of scientists located in universities; and implicit ties, by the presence of positive externalities or spillover effects to the firms of untied scientists at Universities in the same economic area. Specifically, this study examines the Silicon Valley and Route 128 cases in detail identifying the differences and similarities between these two major semiconductor regions in their spillover mechanisms. Previous research on high-technology industries has demonstrated the importance of geographically localized "knowledge spillovers" by building specific links between university scientists and firms and estimating the local effects of different types of links. This research goes an step forward, by not only measuring the effect of University research through the direct ties to firms (Zucker, Darby, Armstrong; 1998); but also measuring the importance of the inside industry R&D spillovers in the growth of the region.
TL;DR: The authors test for cultural differences in attitudes toward bargaining and find that individuals' distaste for bargaining helps to explain why previous bargaining experience has a negative spillover effect on generosity in the United States but no spill-over effect in Honduras.