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Standardization

About: Standardization is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 9726 publications have been published within this topic receiving 151409 citations. The topic is also known as: standardisation.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Standards and consensus recommendations are presented for manufacturers, clinicians, operators, and researchers with the aims of increasing the accuracy, precision, and quality of spirometric measurements and improving the patient experience.
Abstract: Background: Spirometry is the most common pulmonary function test. It is widely used in the assessment of lung function to provide objective information used in the diagnosis of lung diseases and monitoring lung health. In 2005, the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society jointly adopted technical standards for conducting spirometry. Improvements in instrumentation and computational capabilities, together with new research studies and enhanced quality assurance approaches, have led to the need to update the 2005 technical standards for spirometry to take full advantage of current technical capabilities.Methods: This spirometry technical standards document was developed by an international joint task force, appointed by the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society, with expertise in conducting and analyzing pulmonary function tests, laboratory quality assurance, and developing international standards. A comprehensive review of published evidence was performed. A patient survey was developed to capture patients' experiences.Results: Revisions to the 2005 technical standards for spirometry were made, including the addition of factors that were not previously considered. Evidence to support the revisions was cited when applicable. The experience and expertise of task force members were used to develop recommended best practices.Conclusions: Standards and consensus recommendations are presented for manufacturers, clinicians, operators, and researchers with the aims of increasing the accuracy, precision, and quality of spirometric measurements and improving the patient experience. A comprehensive guide to aid in the implementation of these standards was developed as an online supplement.

1,481 citations

01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: The IEEE is the sole entity that may authorize the use of IEEE owned trademarks, certification marks, or other designations that may indicate compliance with the materials contained herein.
Abstract: Permission is hereby granted for IEEE Standards Committee participants to reproduce this document for purposes of IEEE standardization activities only. Prior to submitting this document to another standard development organization for standardization activities, permission must first be obtained from the Manager, Standards Licensing and Contracts, IEEE Standards Activities Department. Other entities seeking permission to reproduce portions of this document must obtain the appropriate license from the Manager, Standards Licensing and Contracts, IEEE Standards Activities Department. The IEEE is the sole entity that may authorize the use of IEEE owned trademarks, certification marks, or other designations that may indicate compliance with the materials contained herein.

1,038 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a framework for determining marketing program standardization is introduced, with a focus on the process and program aspects of international marketing strategy standardization, and a discussion of the factors that affect the standardization process.
Abstract: Two aspects of international marketing strategy standardization are process and program standardization. A framework for determining marketing program standardization is introduced. Factors affecti...

946 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the contributions that economists have made to understanding standards-setting processes and their consequences for industry structure and economic welfare are surveyed, and major trajectories along which research has been moving are described and related to both the positive and the normative issues concerning compatibility standards that remain to be studied.
Abstract: This paper surveys the contributions that economists have made to understanding standards-setting processes and their consequences for industry structure and economic welfare. Standardization processes of four kinds are examined, namely: (1) market competition involving products embodying unsponsored standards, (2) market competition among sponsored (proprietary) standards, (3) agreements within voluntary standards-writing organizations, a18d (4) direct governmental promulgation. The major trajectories along which research has been moving are described and related to both the positive and the normative issues concerning compatibility standards that remain to be studied.

896 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Since 1990, the Standardization and Terminology Committee of the International Society of Biomechanics has been working towards a recommendation for standardization in the reporting of kinematic data, and the use of center of mass-based segmental reference frames should be routinely used.

823 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20241
20231,681
20223,661
2021360
2020439
2019429