Showing papers on "State of charge published in 1996"

Generator control system for a hybrid vehicle driven by an electric motor and an internal combustion engine

Abstract: A series hybrid vehicle comprises a generator 30 driven by an internal combustion engine 40, a battery 20 chargeable by generator 30, an electric motor 10 rotated by electric power of generator 30 and battery 20 A parallel hybrid vehicle comprises a battery 200 chargeable by an electric motor 100, and selectively uses an internal combustion engine 400 and electric motor 100 as driving source for driving vehicle wheels 900 In these -hybrid vehicles, there is provided a sensor 21 or 201 for detecting the state of charge (SOC) of battery 20 or 200 An output of generator 30 or internal combustion engine 400 is controlled based on each the SOC and a variation the SOC

Control system for vehicular drive unit

Abstract: A control system for a vehicular drive unit having an engine, a motor-generator for acting as a motor and a generator; a power transmission including a planetary gear composed of at least three rotary elements and a mechanism for selectively connecting/releasing the rotary elements; a battery for storing electric power generated by the motor-generator and for supplying a driving electric power; a residue detector for detecting the state of charge of the battery; and a controller for controlling the engine, the motor-generator and the connecting/releasing mechanism in accordance with an output signal from the residue detector. The first rotary element of the planetary gear is connected to the output shaft of the engine; the second rotary element, as acting a reaction against the first rotary element, is connected to the motor-generator; and the third rotary element is connected to an output member for transmitting the drive power to wheels. The controller includes mode switching capability for switching the mode when the battery is in an ordinary state or in a low charge state, to a power split mode, in which the motor-generator outputs a reaction torque against the output torque of the engine so that the connecting/releasing mechanism can rotate the first, second and third rotary elements individually and, when the battery is in a full charge state, to a parallel hybrid mode, in which the motor-generator adds a torque to the output torque of the engine so that the connecting/releasing mechanism can rotate the first and second rotary elements together.

Power Management system.

Abstract: A system (28) POWER MANAGEMENT MANAGES TO OPERATE AUTOMATICALLY POWER DEVICE BIOMEDICAL, such as a pump (34) INFUSION containing a battery (26) INTERNAL. WHEN THERE IS AVAILABLE EXTERNAL POWER, THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OPERA BIOMEDICAL DEVICE THROUGH EXTERNAL POWER AND CONTROL TO MAINTAIN recharger battery (26) at full load. SYSTEM (28) power management automatically calculates the state of charge of the battery, and USA and provides a screen (24) operating time in which the battery can operate the device BIOMEDICAL REQUIREMENTS OF POWER COURSE BIOMEDICAL DEVICE. SYSTEM (28) power management automatically updates the load calculation BATTERY, AND BATTERY CAPACITY BASED ON ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND battery characteristics. MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MAKES POWER CYCLING automatically and periodically discharge / recharge TOTAL BATTERY TO COOL.

Electronic battery tester with tailored compensation for low state-of charge

Abstract: Various embodiments of an improved electronic device for testing or monitoring storage batteries that may be only partially charged are disclosed. The device determines the battery's small-signal dynamic conductance in order to provide either a proportional numerical readout, displayed in appropriate battery measuring units, or a corresponding qualitative assessment of the battery's relative condition based upon its dynamic conductance and electrical rating. The device also determines the battery's terminal voltage in an essentially unloaded condition and utilizes this information to automatically correct the measured dynamic conductance. The automatic correction is performed by the electronic device using information or functions which are tailored for the particular type of battery being tested. By virtue of this automatic correction, the quantitative or qualitative information displayed to the user conforms with that of a fully-charged battery even though the battery may, in actual fact, be only partially charged. If the battery's state-of-charge is too low for an accurate assessment to be made, no information is displayed. Instead, an indication is made to the user that the battery must be recharged before testing.

Hybrid vehicle and its control method

Abstract: A hybrid vehicle having as a control mode at least a continuous-type parallel series hybrid vehicle (PHV) mode and a series hybrid vehicle (SHV) mode, and a control method thereof. A torque distributing mechanism is provided to distribute the output torque of an internal combustion engine (ICE) to a generator and a motor. A braking mechanism and a clutch are provided in this order between the torque distributing mechanism and the motor. The torque distributing mechanism and the motor are connected by the clutch to keep a power transmission efficiency from the ICE to driving wheels at a high value without depending on the vehicle speed in the continuous-type PHV mode. A battery can be recharged even when the vehicle is not running, by releasing the connection between the torque distributing mechanism and the motor by the clutch. When switching to the SHV mode, the motor side output shaft of the torque distributing mechanism is stopped by the braking mechanism to prevent the ICE from overrunning. An SOC sensor is used to detect the state of charge (SOC), of the battery, and when the SOC is lowered, the control mode is forcedly or automatically switched to the SHV mode. The generated power of the generator is controlled to a very small level to substantiate creeping.

Lithium polymer battery charger methods and apparatus

Abstract: Lithium polymer battery charger methods for charging a plurality of equal charge point lithium polymer battery cells prevent overcharging of any cell, whether the cells are arranged in a series stack or are arranged in parallel. When the cells are connected in a series stack, a power supply is connected to the series stack to apply a charge current to the series stack. The state of charge of each cell in the stack is monitored. Information that the state of charge of any cell is approaching full charge is used to control the charge current and to prevent overcharging of any cell.

Hybrid electric vehicle catalyst control

Abstract: A hybrid electric drive system is provided having a heat engine, a catalytic converter, and an electric storage device having a state of charge. The drive system also includes a state of charge sensor and a device for heating the catalytic converter in response to the state of charge of the electric storage device being less than a predetermined state of charge.

Method and apparatus for determining battery state-of-charge using neural network architecture

Abstract: A neural network characterized by a minimal architecture suitable for implementation in conventional microprocessor battery pack monitoring hardware includes linear and non-linear processing elements and battery parameter measurements representative of real time and temporal quantities whereby state of charge estimations actually converge with 100% and 0% states-of-charge.

Vehicle dual battery controller utilizing motion sensor

Abstract: A vehicle battery and controller combination having two batteries where each battery has one positive terminal cell and associated positive terminal conductor and one negative terminal cell and associated terminal conductor. Each terminal cell is independent of any other terminal cell. The controller includes a first switch capable of connecting one or more pairs of like poles of the batteries. The first switch opens to allow individual output from each battery, opens and closes to control the charging and discharging of at least one of the batteries and to preserve the state of charge of at least one battery, and closes to connect both batteries in parallel to receive charge from the alternator.

Float Charging of Valve‐Regulated Lead‐Acid Batteries: A Balancing Act Between Secondary Reactions

Abstract: The behavior of valve-regulated lead-acid batteries on float charging is influenced by many interacting parameters. A mathematical model has been developed that describes the effects of kinetic cell parameters, float voltage (or current), and temperature on electrode potentials and rates of electrode reactions. The considered reactions are: hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, oxygen reduction, grid corrosion, and discharge of active material that may occur under unfavorable conditions. This model, combined with selected experiments, is a very effective tool for surveying the complex situation during float charging. It can also be applied to vented batteries. With model simulations, some fundamental relationships have been shown: when the oxygen reduction efficiency is near 100%, the kinetics of hydrogen evolution and grid corrosion govern electrode polarization at specified float conditions. To achieve a long service life, the rates of water loss and grid dis-integration have to be small, and simultaneously a satisfactory state of charge of the battery is required. Hence, the optimum design of a valve-regulated battery requires a high and balanced hindrance of hydrogen evolution and grid corrosion. Furthermore, small rates of oxygen evolution are favorable. Oxygen intake from the surroundings by a leakage may cause discharge of the negative electrodes. The modelmore » helps to estimate the maximum size of such a leakage that can be tolerated. Temperature has not only a marked effect on all the reaction rates, but also influences electrode polarization and the delicate balance of currents, because the activation energies of the various processes differ.« less

Method for diagnosing battery condition

Abstract: A method for diagnosing the general condition of a battery module in a string of such modules comprising a battery pack monitors voltage, current and temperatures of the modules and battery pack. Accumulators account for various charge quantities including charge out and net charge used for the battery pack as well as discharge period durations. State of charge is provided by appropriate means and used to update module capacities. The various charge and time accumulators are used to derive depth of discharge and discharge rate information providing inputs to predetermined functions for determining a simple scalar outputs directly indicative of the general condition of the modules.

Apparatus and method for determining the current state of charge of a battery by monitoring battery voltage increases above and decreases below a threshold

Abstract: An apparatus and method for determining a current state of charge of a battery are disclosed. The apparatus includes a battery signal developer, a threshold developer, a comparator, and a bi-directional integrating device. The battery signal developer receives a battery voltage and develops a corresponding battery signal. The threshold developer receives an integration result signal based on an integration value representative of the current state of charge of the battery, and develops a threshold signal based on the integration value. The comparator provides first and second comparison signals, respectively, when the battery signal magnitude is greater than and less than the threshold signal magnitude. The integrating device accumulates the integration value and receives a comparison result signal based on the first and second comparison signals. The integrating device adjusts the integration value in first and second opposite directions, respectively, when the first and second comparison signals are being provided by the comparator to reflect both increases and decreases in the current state of charge of the battery.

Condition tester for a battery

Abstract: A condition indicator assembly (10) for testing the condition of a main cell is disclosed. The condition indicator assembly comprises an electrochemical indicator cell (20) connected in series to an auxiliary cell (25). The indicator cell each have an anode (47), cathode (43) and electromotive force of its own. The condition indicator assembly may be permanently connected in parallel to the terminals of a main cell being tested. The condition indicator assembly is thin enough that it may be integrated into a label for the main cell. As the main cell discharges, the indicator cell anode clears proportionally to provide a continuous visually discernible indication of the state of charge of the main cell.

Voltage cutoff compensation method for a battery in a charger

Abstract: A battery charging system (300) is capable of maintaining a fully charged battery (304) without overcharging or undercharging the battery regardless of the chemistry type, number of cells, state of charge, or rated charge current. A charging technique (200) allows a charger (306) to sense a capacity indicator of the battery, through a capacity resistor (Rc) or memory (302) located in the battery (304), and translate data pertaining to the number of battery cells, the battery chemistry, and the rated charge current into a relative impedance (210), a cutoff adjustment voltage (212), and a stead state cutoff voltage (214). An adjusted steady state cutoff voltage is determined (216) and used as a threshold with which to compare the battery voltage (220).

Implantable medical device with end-of-life battery detection circuit

Abstract: A battery-operated implantable medical device comprises a battery, a measuring device for determining the state of charge of the battery through measurement of the no-load voltage, and an electric load. The no-load voltage of the battery has an increased drop in a range in which a remaining residual energy suffices to keep the operation of the device going for a minimum period of time required to carry out a therapeutic process.

A Multiphase Mathematical Model of a Nickel/Hydrogen Cell

Abstract: A mathematical model for a nickel/hydrogen cell is developed to investigate the dynamic performance of the cell`s charge and discharge processes. Concentrated solution theory and the volume averaging technique are used to characterize the transport phenomena of the electrolyte and other species in the porous electrode and separator. Other physical fundamentals, such as Ohm`s law, are employed to describe the electrical and other physical processes in the cell. The model is designed to predict the distribution of electrolyte, hydrogen, and oxygen concentrations within the cell, hydrogen and oxygen pressure, potential, current density, electrochemical reaction rates, and state of charge. The model can be used to evaluate the influences of all the physical, design, and operation parameters on the behavior of a nickel-hydrogen cell. The model simulations show excellent agreement with experimental data for charge and discharge operations. The model simulations show the formation of a secondary discharge plateau by the end of discharge. This plateau is caused by oxygen reduction at the nickel electrode. It is the first model that predicts this feature, which is a characteristic of the nickel electrode. The model simulations also show the existence of an optimum charge rate that maximizes the charge efficiency, which canmore » be used for the implementation of optimal operating conditions.« less

Control of power metering in electrical circuits for bicycle with motor/generator assistance

Abstract: A control circuit is described for metering the power to electrical loads on a bicycle which has an auxiliary drive (10). This works on one of the wheels and has a motor/generator (11). There are signal transmitters (21 to 23) for the bicycle state, feeding their signals to a microcontroller (14) which acts on the power electronics (13). The microcontroller apportions the battery power not only to the lamps but also to the motor/generator. Relevant data for the built-in program are the battery's state of charge and the bicycle speed, which determine the power flow of the motor/generator when acting as a generator to charge up the battery and also the bicycle speed during braking when travelling downhill.

Circuit and method for detecting and indicating the state of charge of a cell or battery

Abstract: A circuit and method for detecting and indicating the state of charge of an electrochemical cell or battery are disclosed. The invention finds particular application in the field of battery chargers for alkaline manganese dioxide cells, but may also be used in other types of chargers and electrochemical cells or batteries. In one preferred feature of the invention, a circuit low-pass filters or time-averages a charge enable control or transistor base drive signal, and provides the filtered or averaged signal as a first input to a comparator. The second input to the comparator is a predetermined reference voltage. When the voltage of the low-pass filtered or time-averaged signal becomes less than the reference voltage, the output of the comparator changes state. The change in state indicates that the cell has attained a full state of charge. Microprocessor means for accomplishing the same state of charge detection function are also disclosed.

Battery monitor and method

Abstract: A battery monitor (10) which monitors the operating parameters of a battery (12) to provide an indication of, for example, the absolute state of charge, the relative state of charge, and the capacity of the battery (12) under battery discharge, rest, and recharge conditions. The battery monitor (10) includes a current sensor (18) for sensing battery current, a voltage sensor (20) for sensing battery voltage, and a temperature sensor (22) for sensing battery temperature. A processor (26) approximates to a high level of accuracy the battery parameters utilizing an iterative process based upon predetermined relationships, employing empirically determined constants and parameters determined in the immediately preceding iteration stored in memory (28, 30, 33). Output signals (32, 16) indicative of the determined parameters are provided and may be utilized for many different battery applications.

An EV on-board battery charger

Abstract: A battery charger for electric vehicles (EV) is described. This charger is designed to provide the minimum recharge time by completely utilizing the available power sources. Charging rates up to 10 kW are supported. The required external infrastructure is also minimized so that charging may safely occur without specialized equipment. The power sources utilized are as flexible as possible to permit charging at as many places as possible. Additionally a DC power source, such as another EV, can be used as the power source permitting safe energy transfer between vehicles. The charging circuitry is lightweight and small, 37 pounds and 720 cubic inches, since the charger is on board the vehicle. Efficiency has been optimized, to reduce the need for heavy heat sinks and to maximize the energy available for charging. A microprocessor controls the charging process and tracks state of charge for several battery electrochemistries.

Lithium polymer battery charger apparatus

Abstract: Lithium polymer battery charger apparatus for charging a plurality of equal charge point lithium polymer battery cells prevent overcharging of any cell, whether the cells are arranged in a series stack or are arranged in parallel. When the cells are connected in a series stack, a power supply is connected to the series stack to apply a charge current to the series stack. The state of charge of each cell in the stack is monitored. Information that the state of charge of any cell is approaching full charge is used to control the charge current and to prevent overcharging of any cell.

Ni-Cd and Ni-MH battery optimized fast-charge method for portable telecommunication applications

Abstract: The market for portable batteries for telecommunication applications is dominated by the Ni-Cd system. This system is now being substituted by another-the Ni-MH system which avoids harming the environment. This paper presents an optimized fast-charge method for Ni-Cd and Ni-MH batteries used in portable applications. The proposed method performs the following two basic functions: the first determines battery state (detecting deteriorated batteries, analyzing the state of charge and so on); and the second optimizes the charging time, simultaneously guaranteeing a safe fast-charge without negative effects on battery life.

Selective call receiver with rechargeable battery

Abstract: A selective call receiver includes a receiver circuit for receiving calling information and message information, a processor for processing the calling information to determine whether the calling information identifies the selective call receiver, a message memory for storing the message information if the processor determines that the calling information does identify the selective call receiver, a message information output circuit for outputting the message information stored in the message memory to a portable data processing apparatus, a power receiving terminal for receiving power from the portable data processing apparatus, a rechargeable battery for powering the selective call receiver, a detector for detecting a state of charge of the rechargeable battery, and a charging circuit, responsive to the detector, for charging the rechargeable battery with the power received by the power receiving terminal from the portable data processing apparatus.

Electrically-driven vehicle

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obviate a charger for uniform charging and discharger for refresh discharging. SOLUTION: A battery circuit 12 is provided with a bi-directional boosting converter 44. A main contactor SM is turned off to open the connection between a battery block A and a battery block B, and further contactors S1, S2 are turned on to connect the battery block A across the terminals a and b on the bi-directional boosting converter 44 and the battery block B across the terminals c and d on the said boosting converter. The output of the battery block A is boosted to charge the battery block B, and the refresh discharging of the battery block A or the uniform charging of the battery block B is thereby performed. The direction of the boosting by the bi-directional boosting converter 44 is changed to perform the uniform charging of the battery block A and the refresh discharging of the battery block B. The boosting direction is changed again to balance the SOC(State Of Charge) of the battery blocks A and B.

Control of charge on super-capacitor supplementing battery of motor vehicle

Abstract: The supercapacitor (above 1500 Farad) is connected across the electrical supply of a motor vehicle so it can assist starting and be recharged from the alternator. The charge on the supercapacitor is controlled by a circuit that measures (1) the state of charge of the battery (B). The voltage over the terminals of the supercapacitor (SC) is measured and used with the battery state to control operation of a switching circuit (I1,I2) that determines whether the capacitor is connected to or disconnected to the battery. The connection is via a bidirectional or unidirectional controlled switch.

Vehicle battery charging systems

Abstract: The system comprises a cranking battery, a auxiliary battery, a normally open switch RLV1 for connecting the batteries, a normally closed switch RLV2 for connecting the auxiliary battery to vehicle loads such as the lights, and a micro processor U4 for preventing overcharging of the auxiliary battery and for allowing the auxiliary battery to discharge into the loads whilst maintaining the state of charge of the cranking battery sufficiently to start the vehicle. The micro processor receives battery current, voltage and temperature inputs to control the charging of the batteries.