Topic
State of charge
About: State of charge is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 12013 publications have been published within this topic receiving 201419 citations. The topic is also known as: SoC & SOC.
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TL;DR: In this article, a method for the dimensioning of a battery energy storage system (BESS) to provide a primary frequency reserve is presented, where numerical simulations based on historic frequency measurements are used to determine the minimum possible capacity, which fulfills the technical requirements of the grid code.
Abstract: This paper presents a method for the dimensioning of a battery energy storage system (BESS) to provide a primary frequency reserve. Numerical simulations based on historic frequency measurements are used to determine the minimum possible capacity, i.e., the lowest possible cost, which fulfills the technical requirements of the grid code. We implement a novel control algorithm with adjustable state of charge limits and the application of emergency resistors. At current European market prices, an optimized lead-acid BESS can be a profitable utility solution for the primary frequency control.
584 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the unscented Kalman filtering (UKF) was applied to tune the model parameters at each sampling step to cope with various uncertainties arising from the operation environment, cell-to-cell variation, and modeling inaccuracy.
582 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of the operation conditions temperature and state of charge (SOC) on the performance of a commercial high-power lithium-ion cell is investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
569 citations
TL;DR: The review presents the key feedback factors that are indispensable for accurate estimation of battery SoC, and presents the possible recommendations for the development of next generation of smart SoC estimation and battery management systems for electric vehicles and battery energy storage system.
Abstract: Battery technology is the bottleneck of the electric vehicles (EVs). It is important, both in theory and practical application, to do research on the modeling and state estimation of batteries, which is essential to optimizing energy management, extending the life cycle, reducing cost, and safeguarding the safe application of batteries in EVs. However, the batteries, with strong time-variables and nonlinear characteristics, are further influenced by such random factors such as driving loads, operational conditions, in the application of EVs. The real-time, accurate estimation of their state is challenging. The classification of the estimation methodologies for estimating state-of-charge (SoC) of battery focusing with the estimation method/algorithm, advantages, drawbacks, and estimation error are systematically and separately discussed. Especially for the battery packs existing of the inevitable inconsistency in cell capacity, resistance and voltage, the advanced characterizing monomer selection, and bias correction-based method has been described and discussed. The review also presents the key feedback factors that are indispensable for accurate estimation of battery SoC, it will be helpful for ensuring the SoC estimation accuracy. It will be very helpful for choosing an appropriate method to develop a reliable and safe battery management system and energy management strategy of the EVs. Finally, the paper also highlights a number of key factors and challenges, and presents the possible recommendations for the development of next generation of smart SoC estimation and battery management systems for electric vehicles and battery energy storage system.
544 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a combined state of charge (SOC) and SOH (State Of Health) estimation method over the lifespan of a lithium-ion battery is proposed, where the SOH is estimated in real-time and the capacity and internal ohmic resistance are updated offline.
537 citations