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Showing papers on "State (polity) published in 1989"


Book
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: The state has lost its position of centrality in contemporary political theory and an emphasis on bargaining among conflicting interest have usurped ideas that embedded morality in institutions, such as the legal system and the corporation, as foundations for political identity as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The state has lost its position of centrality in contemporary political theory ideas of moral individualism and an emphasis on bargaining among conflicting interest have usurped ideas that embedded morality in institutions, such as the legal system and the corporation, as foundations for political identity. The authors propose a new theory of political behavior that re-invigorates the role of institutions - from laws and bureaucracy to rituals, symbols and ceremonies - as essential to understanding the modern political and economic systems that guide contemporary life.

4,898 citations


Book
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: This paper examined the causes of the emergence in England of this fiscal-military state and the features which distinguished it from European powers. But they did not consider the effect of these developments on society at large: their impact on the economy, on social structure and politics and their role in developing special interest groups and lobbies.
Abstract: Under the later Stuarts, England became a major European military power, English armies and navies grew to an unprecedented size, civilian administration burgeoned and taxation, public borrowing and spending on war reached new heights. This work examines the causes of the emergence in England of this fiscal-military state and the features which distinguished it from European powers. It also charts the effect of these developments on society at large: their impact on the economy, on social structure and politics and their role in developing special interest groups and lobbies. Thus it provided an interpretative framework which links adminstration with politics, public finance with the economy and foreign policy with domestic affairs.

588 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the current literature on state-society relations in sub-Saharan Africa with particular emphasis on the nature of African associational life and the extent to which it is taking on a politically organized form as an identifiable civil society.
Abstract: The current scholarly preoccupation with the state may obscure more than it reveals for students of politics in sub-Saharan Africa. The weakly formed state in Africa—beset by decline in economic production and political authority—is now retreating from overambitious attempts at social transformation. The time is therefore ripe for societal actors to play an enhanced role in political change. This article reviews the current literature on state-society relations in Africa with particular emphasis on the nature of African associational life and the extent to which it is taking on a politically organized form as an identifiable civil society. The author proposes a theoretical framework and research agenda that takes account of the capacity of either state or societal actors to exercise a range of options to engage or disengage.

446 citations


Book
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In the absence of a single unified state power enforcing conformity, there blossomed a hundred schools of thought in China as mentioned in this paper and philosophical argument and rational debate flourished in China as never before or since.
Abstract: Describes the classical age of Chinese philosophy (500-200 B.C.) that coincides with the final decline of the Chou empire and the period of 'warring states' (403-221 B.C.), an exceptional era in Chinese history when there was no central authority which could claim to rule the entire civilized world. In the absence of a single unified state power enforcing conformity, there blossomed a hundred schools of thought. Philosophical argument and rational debate flourished in China as never before or since.

315 citations


Book
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: The case of legal domination of Max Weber and the modernization of China and Japan is discussed in this article. But the case is different from ours in the sense that it deals with a different context: the United States, Japan and Poland.
Abstract: PART ONE: CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN CROSS-NATIONAL RESEARCH Verificational Functions of Comparative Social Studies and the Present State and Problems of Theory in Sociology - Stefan Nowak New Directions in Comparative Research - Charles Ragin Cross-national Research as an Analytic Strategy - Melvin L Kohn PART TWO: MAX WEBER'S ENDURING PERTINENCE FOR CROSS-NATIONAL RESEARCH Legitimate Domination in Comparative-historical Perspective - Wlodzimierz Wesolowski The Case of Legal Domination Max Weber and the Modernization of China and Japan - Ken'ichi Tominaga PART THREE: NATION AS CONTEXT: PRIMARY ANALYSES Effects of Status-inconsistency on the Intellective Process in the United States, Japan, and Poland - Kazimierz M Slomczynski Transition from School to Work in the German Democratic Republic and the Soviet Union - Artur Meier Universals and Particularities of Socialist Educational Systems Class Structure and Class Formation - Erik Olin Wright, Carolyn Howe and Donmoon Cho A Comparative Analysis of the United States and Sweden Class Mobility During the Working Life - Karl Ulrich Mayer et al A Cross-national Comparison between Germany and Norway PART FOUR: NATION AS CONTEXT: SECONDARY ANALYSES Cross-national Research and the Analysis of Educational Systems - Margaret S Archer Alternatives in the Health Area - Magdalena Sokolowska and Andrzej Rychard Poland in Comparative Perspective Ethnicity, Immigration, and Cultural Pluralism - T K Oommen India and the United States of America PART FIVE: NATION AS CONTEXT: MULTI-NATIONAL ANALYSES The Professional-Proletarian Bind - Aaron Antonovsky Doctors' Strikes in Western Societies Action and Reaction - Janet Saltzman Chafetz and Anthony Gary Dworkin An Integrated, Comparative Perspective on Feminist and Antifeminist Movements PART SIX: NATION AS 'UNIT OF ANALYSIS' AND TRANS-NATIONAL ANALYSIS The Other Working Class - Bryan R Roberts Uncommitted Labor in Britain, Spain, and Mexico Educational and Occupational Attainment in 21 Countries - Donald J Treiman and Kam-Bor Yip Conceptions of Christendom - John W Meyer Notes on the Distinctiveness of the West

231 citations


Book
01 Dec 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore how the state in Hong Kong emerged, the measures it uses to attain its goals, and how autonomous it has been from Britain and China and from popular political demands.
Abstract: The Sino-British agreement and the resumption of Chinese sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997 have posed fundamental questions about the future of that state and the political and individual liberties which Hong Kong citizens will or will not enjoy under the new order. A fundamental question is whether a capitalist economy (guaranteed by the agreement) can exist in Hong Kong after 1997 without the supervisory role of the capitalist state and the implied relationship with the population. To explore this question it is necessary to know how the state in Hong Kong emerged, the measures it uses to attain its goals, and how autonomous it has been from Britain and China and from popular political demands. The author traces the history of the unreformed colony from when it was founded in 1841 till 1967, and then examines the 1967 riots, and the social and governmental reforms and the "relative autonomous" regime that followed. A chapter on the Sino-British negotiations and agreement looks at the resulting anxiety and turbulence in Hong Kong due to conflicting interests, and at the corporate state, aimed at reconciling those interests, which has been created since. In conclusion, the views of future developments held by the Chinese and British governments and leaders in Hong Kong are considered. Ian Scott has co-edited two books on the Hong Kong Civil Service.

218 citations


Book
01 Jan 1989

203 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the nature and types of social stratification and social mobility, but there is no corresponding treatment of equality and egalitarianism, due to the acceptance of a general evolutionary model that postulates a primeval egalitarian community.
Abstract: "If the broad problem in political anthropology is to understand the origin and variety of inequality, that in legal anthropology is to understand the maintenance of inequality" (3: 40). Both the Outline of Cultural Materials(1 14: 7478) and Notes and Queries (133: 93-97) devote considerable attention to the nature and types of social stratification and social mobility, but there is no corresponding treatment of equality and egalitarianism. This neglect of the structure of egalitarian systems is due, at least in part, to the acceptance of a general evolutionary model that postulates a primeval egalitarian community. Inequalities develop through evolutionary differentiation. Fried places the concept of equality at the very foundation of the transition from precultural hominid society (58: 106). The "reduction in the significance of individual dominance" (58: 106) became, not a cultural characteristic subject to variation, but rather a condition of humanity itself. Having naturalized equality, social science faced the problem of explaining the origin and maintenance of inequality (16, 55). The distinction between state and stateless societies (57, 109) has long provided the point of departure for anthropologists addressing the problem of egalitarianism (e.g. 56). Fortes & Evans-Pritchard, for example, divide African political systems into three types (57: 6) of which they describe only two. The first consists of societies that are unequivocally hierarchical and fall outside our present purview. However, they provide the negative case by which the concept of egalitarian society was defined (57, 109). The second consists of "societies which lack centralized authority," in which there are "no sharp divisions of rank, status, and wealth" (57: 5), and in which "distinctions

200 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The types of power relationships and their social and symbolic expressions, which have crystallized around the distribution and circulation of desirables in such a political economy, are the subject of the present study.
Abstract: The state apparatus in China today has taken upon itself almost total responsibility for administering the social and economic domain. The welfare and control of the population, the organization of production, planning all social activities, and the distribution of the means of subsistence have become primary concerns of organs of the state. The types of power relationships and their social and symbolic expressions, which have crystallized around the distribution and circulation of desirables in such a political economy, are the subject of the present study. The study will also examine how certain counter-techniques of power deviate from the larger strategy of power exercised through the state socialist political economy, forming pockets of intransigence from within.

200 citations


Book
01 Apr 1989
TL;DR: In this article, an important collection of essays provides comprehensive, up-to-date coverage and analysis of the recent performance of state political institutions and processes, and examines the challenges ahead for state governments.
Abstract: An important collection of essays provides comprehensive, up-to-date coverage and analysis of the recent performance of state political institutions and processes, and examines the challenges ahead for state governments. Chapters on governors, legislatures, courts, bureaucracy, budgeting, the issues of welfare reform, and education policy highlight the profound changes that state governments have undergone, and point to what lies ahead.

162 citations


Book
21 Aug 1989
TL;DR: Errington as discussed by the authors explores the politics of constituting and maintaining such centered socio-political spaces in a former Indic State called Luwu, which lies in South Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia.
Abstract: The ruler in the Indic States of Southeast Asia was seen not as the "head of state" but as the center or navel of the world. Like polities, persons and houses were and are viewed as centered spaces (locations) where spiritual potency can gather. Shelly Errington explores the politics of constituting and maintaining such centered socio-political spaces in a former Indic State called Luwu, which lies in South Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia. The meaning of political life and the ways its cultural forms were and are sustained depend on locally construed ideas of "power" or spiritual potency and "the person," which the author explores in detail. She views the polity neither as a frame in which political actors pursue advantage nor as a structure for extracting wealth but as a hierarchical system of signs ultimately backed by force--but force which was not fully centralized and whose import must be understood within ideas about spiritual potency widespread in the region. Although focused on Luwu, the book's theoretical scope is wide, and it ranges comparatively over a broad geographical area, making a contribution to ethnographic, historical, and regional studies as well as to the study of politics in nonsecular societies. Part One traces how the person, the house, and the polity are constituted symbolically in everyday practices as centered spaces. Part Two examines how centers can be de-centered, while Part Three explores the structure that tended to hold centers together in Luwu and other Indic States. The introduction and the three conclusions (each of the three being broader than the last in comparative scope) locate the author's views with respect to other current theoretical approaches to power and culture. Originally published in 1989. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Book
01 Dec 1989
TL;DR: In this article, a cultural framework for studying state policy is proposed, where the subculture of state education policy makers and state policy mechanisms are considered as cultural products public values in the policy culture political culture and policy patterns among the states cultural values embedded in statutes.
Abstract: A cultural framework for studying state policy the subculture of state education policy makers state policy mechanisms as cultural products public values in the policy culture political culture and policy patterns among the states cultural values embedded in statutes understanding cultural influences on educational policy.

Book
08 Feb 1989
TL;DR: Gelb as discussed by the authors provides a comparative analysis of women's movements in England, the United States, and Sweden from the 1960s to the present, focusing not only on the internal dynamics of the movements themselves, but also on the relationship of feminist politics to the political process as a whole and to the economic and ideological context.
Abstract: This incisive work provides a comparative political analysis of the women's movement in England, the United States, and Sweden from the 1960s to the present. Based on extensive interviews in each of the three countries, "Feminism and Politics" focuses not only on the internal dynamics of the movements themselves, but also on the relationship of feminist politics to the political process as a whole and to the economic and ideological context. Gelb finds that differences in the feminist movements in each country relate to systemic and cultural differences. In Britain the closed nature of the political system has greatly narrowed opportunities for feminist political activities. By contrast, the feminist movement in the United States has enjoyed relative autonomy and success, primarily because it has been unconstrained by the necessity of working through existing groups such as unions and political parties. In Sweden Gelb finds an anomalous situation in which the state has implemented many feminist policies but has allowed little ideological or political space for an autonomous movement. In its scope and analysis, "Feminism and Politics" offers a valuable new perspective on women's political activities.

Book
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: Hamlin and Pettit as discussed by the authors proposed a theory of the state as a moral agent, which they called the "State as a Moral Agent" and described as "a Republican Ideal".
Abstract: Preface 1. The Normative Analysis of the State: Some Preliminaries Alan Hamlin and Philip Pettit Part I - Democracy 2. Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy Joshua Cohen 3. The Limits of Democracy Albert Weale 4. Politics with Romance: Towards a Theory of Democratic Socialism Geoffrey Brennan Part II - Contract and Compliance 5. Maximizing Social Welfare: Is it the Government's Business? Robert Sugden 6. Liberty, Contract and the State Alan Hamlin 7. Political Obligation Russell Hardin Part III - The Responsibility of the State 8. The State as a Moral Agent Robert E. Goodin 9. The Freedom of the City: A Republican Ideal Philip Pettit 10. Power and Control in the Good Polity Partha Dasgupta Bibliography Contributors Index.

Journal ArticleDOI
Jane Jenson1
TL;DR: This article examined the differences in pre-1914 France and the United States in two kinds of state policies regulating women's behaviour, those "protecting" the condition under which women participated in certain occupations and those providing infant and maternal protection.
Abstract: This article examines the differences in pre-1914 France and the United States in two kinds of state policies regulating women's behaviour, those “protecting” the condition under which women participated in certain occupations and those providing infant and maternal protection. Those policies are examined to illuminate the argument that politics, including state policies, makes an important contribution to the maintenance and change of ongoing systems of social relations. Central to this argument is the notion that meaning systems around which actors constitute collective identities are a crucial analytic focus for understanding stability and change. At the end of the nineteenth century hegemonic societal paradigms, constructed out of the processes institutionalizing new social relations, emerged in France and the US. The French paradigm of “citizen-producer” and the American one of “specialized citizenship” had quite different implications for the patterns of gender relations embedded within them. These implications are visible in the treatment of women's work and maternity in these years of the emerging welfare state.

Book
23 Feb 1989
TL;DR: Shlapentokh argues that the trend toward family orientation and self-orientation has rendered official Soviet values nominal, save patriotism and support of "social property" in the abstract as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The process of privatization in Soviet society began in the late 1950s and reached its peak in the early 1980s. It remains perhaps the most important social, economic and political process to occur in modern Soviet society. Utilizing novels, films, and his own surveys done in the Soviet Union, the author, an emigre sociologist, describes how the Russian people have been withdrawing their time, energy, and emotion from public activities controlled by the state, investing them instead in various spheres of private life. Shlapentokh argues that the trend toward family-orientation and self-orientation has rendered official Soviet values nominal, save patriotism and support of "social property" in the abstract. The author examines Gorbachev's reforms from this perspective and provides a vivid portrait of the growing distinction between public and private life in Soviet economic, political, and cultural spheres.

BookDOI
TL;DR: The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: This book combines the tools of political science, sociology, and labor history to offer a wide-ranging analysis of how unions have participated in politics in Britain, Germany, and the United States. Rather than focus exclusively on national union federations, Gary Marks investigates variations among individual unions both within and across these countries. By examining the individual unions that make up union movements, he probes beyond national descriptions of British laborism, German socialism, and American business unionism while bringing the analysis closer to the actual experiences of people who joined labor organizations.Among the topics Marks examines are state repression of unions, the Organizational Revolution, the contrasting experiences of printing and coalmining unions, and American Exceptionalism.Originally published in 1989.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Book
25 Aug 1989
TL;DR: The sociology of Israeli society Settlement and nationalism Frontier and land Frontier and labor Settlement and Palestine as discussed by the authors, 1878-1918 1 The sociology of settlement and nationalism in the Ottoman Empire.
Abstract: Preface to the paperback edition Preface Map of Jewish settlements in Palestine, 1878-1918 1 Introduction The sociology of Israeli society Settlement and nationalism Frontier and land Frontier and labor Settlement and Palestine 2 The framework of dependent development in the Ottoman Empire World economy: dependency and reform Agricultural expansion Tax reform and land tenure New settlement and demographic patterns The implications for Jewish settlement 3 From land to labor: unequal competition and the "conquest of labor" strategy The alternative labor forces The dynamics of the struggle The effects of the "conquest of labor" strategy "Conquest of labor" and the foundations of Israeli nationalism Appendix: The Ottoman monetary system 90 4 The failed experiment: "natural workers" from Yemen, 1909-1914 The Yavnieli mission Agudat Netaim and the planters' interests The meeting in the labor market The Palestine Office and conflict over access to land Demands and identity of Yemenite Jews Israeli nation formation 5 Between trade unions and political parties, 1905-1914 6 From "conquest of labor" to "conquest of land": the identity of soldier and settler, 1907-1914 7 The unintended means: cooperative settlement, 1910-1914 The "pure settlement methodology" of the World Zionist Organization The origins of the kibbutz The predominance of the kibbutz in Israeli state formation 8 Conclusion: Israeli nationalism and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict The shaping of the Israeli state and nation The evolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict The impact of Israeli state formation on Palestinian society Notes Glossary Bibliography Index

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that corporate bodies not only flourished under the old regime, but contributed to the functioning of the absolute state, arguing that those institutions were not vestiges of an earlier society waiting to be swept away by the stronger, more unified modern state.
Abstract: Historians commonly assume that the Old Regime monarchy in France attempted to eliminate corporate society in order to create liberal institutions. They also assume that the centralization of state power occurred at the expense of such corporate bodies as provincial estates, the municipal corporations, and the village communities. By contrast, I argue that those institutions were not vestiges of an earlier society waiting to be swept away by the stronger, more unified modern state. Instead, I believe that corporate bodies not only flourished under the Old Regime, but contributed to the functioning of the absolute state.

Journal ArticleDOI
Zeev Maoz1
TL;DR: This paper examined the relationship between regime formation, regime change, and international conflict and made a distinction between evolutionary and revolutionary state formation processes as well as between revolutionary and evolutionary changes within existing states.
Abstract: This study examines the relationships between regime formation, regime change, and international conflict. A distinction is made between evolutionary and revolutionary state formation processes as well as between revolutionary and evolutionary changes within existing states. It is hypothesized that revolutionary state formations and regime changes result in high levels of post-independence or post-regime change involvement in interstate disputes. On the other hand, evolutionary political development and regime change results in low levels of conflict involvement. These patterns of individual state involvement in international conflict provide new insights into the high correlations between the size of the international system and a variety of interstate conflict attributes. The political development model suggests that the number of interstate conflicts in the system will increase when a large number of states are undergoing revolutionary regime changes, even when there is no change in the number of states in the system. These propositions are tested on data covering nearly all interstate system members in the 1816–1976 period. In addition, the extent to which the political development model accounts for patterns of contagious spread of international conflict is examined. The implications of the relations between internal processes of political development and change and interstate disputes for the study of international politics are examined.

Book
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: The state has been the subject of lively debate in modern social science, but the abstract and theoretical nature of much of the work is inaccessible as mentioned in this paper, and the adequacy of recent theories of the state against the historical record is examined.
Abstract: The state has been the subject of lively debate in modern social science, but the abstract and theoretical nature of much of the work is inaccessible. This volume remedies the situation by testing the adequacy of recent theories of the state against the historical record. The collection produces sustained answers to such key questions as the nature of state autonomy, the state's effect on economic development, and the role of nomads in their resistance of the state. While offering a fresh approach, the book maintains a firm empirical grounding in specific societies, from hunter-gatherers to present-day South America. Among the states discussed are Sumer, Imperial China, the states of classical Islam, city-states, the various capitalistic states and the Soviet state. Particular attention is paid to patterns of state formation and the erosion of the nation-state's autonomy by global political dynamics. The distinguished contributors are Clive Gamble, Patricia Crone, Ernest Gellner, Peter Burke, Michael Mann, Colin Crouch, Karen Dawisha, Anthony D. Smith, J.G. Merquior and Susan Strange.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors used data from the Federal Elections Commission on political action committees, sponsored by Fortune 500 industrials in 1976 and 1980, to examine the determinants of business PAC size and found that only interests tied to special long-term relationships with the state serve to increase the amount of political action, taken by large firms.
Abstract: This paper uses data from the Federal Elections Commission on political action committees, sponsored by Fortune 500 industrials in 1976 and 1980, to examine the determinants of business PAC size. Of the five groups of variables suggested by the extant PAC literature-availability of resources, free rider problems, material interests, previous campaign activity, and industry categories-just the measures of material interests have consistent and important effects on the level of firm political activity. Firms with the richest history of interaction with the state, top defense contractors, major acquirers of other businesses, and corporations prosecuted for criminal acts are the most politically active of large firms. Thus, while material interests are an important determinant of political action, this study suggests only interests tied to special long-term relationships with the state serve to increase the amount of political action, taken by large firms. These results suggest that the pluralist-based theory of business political involvement, so widely accepted among contemporary PAC researchers, is of little utility for explaining firm differences in political activity.

Book
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the passage, revision, and implementation of privacy and data protection laws at the national and state levels in Sweden, Canada, France, Germany, and the United States.
Abstract: Flaherty examines the passage, revision, and implementation of privacy and data protection laws at the national and state levels in Sweden, Canada, France, Germany, and the United States. He offers a comparative and critical analysis of the challenges data protectors face int their attempt to preserve individual rights.

Book
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: The history and functions of the oldest government agency, which conducts our foreign relations, are described in this article, with a discussion of the role of women in government agencies in the 21st century.
Abstract: Introduces the history and functions of the oldest government agency, which conducts our foreign relations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A survey of the Papal monarchy in early modern Europe, focusing on the relationship between spiritual and temporal authority during the emergence of the papal state, is given in this article.
Abstract: A survey of the papal monarchy in early modern Europe, concentrating on the relationship between spiritual and temporal authority during the emergence of the papal state, which the author sees as the "prototype" of the contemporary sovereign state.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper analyzed the relationship between mass and elite political intolerance and the adoption of repressive public policies by the states of the United States during the Vietnam War and found that more intolerant states did not act repressively, in part because the climate of intolerance discouraged dissent in the first place.
Abstract: In this article I analyze the relationship between mass and elite political intolerance and the adoption of repressive public policies by the states of the United States. My focus is on statutes adopted by the states during the Vietnam War era that were designed to quash dissent on university campuses. The analysis reveals that repressive public policy reflected neither the intolerance of the mass public nor the political elites in the state. Instead, restrictions on campus protest seemed to be a direct response to levels of disruption on the campuses. Somewhat paradoxically, political tolerance seems to have created the conditions for dissent to occur, but it failed to block repressive reactions when dissent became disruptive. More intolerant states did not act repressively, in part because the climate of intolerance discouraged dissent in the first place. These findings are contrasted to earlier research on repression during the McCarthy era and ultimately, are used to impugn the elitist theory of democ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It has been recognized that political economy was a branch of a remarkably comprehensive academic discipline known as moral philosophy, and that Scottish moralists were acutely sensitive to the ambiguities and paradoxes inherent in economic growth as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: It has long been recognized that eighteenth-century Scotland gave birth to political economy as a sophisticated scholarly discipline. Hailing from a relatively impoverished nation that had joined its larger southern neighbor in 1707 to form a new "British" state, Adam Smith and other Scottish political economists were concerned not only with observing, describing, and explaining the realities of economic life as they saw them but also with leading Scotland toward material progress and wealth. It has also been recognized, however, that in Scotland political economy was a branch of a remarkably comprehensive academic discipline known as moral philosophy, and that Scottish moralists were acutely sensitive to the ambiguities and paradoxes inherent in economic growth. At times this sensitivity was expressed through the language of the civic humanist or classical republican tradition, which emphasized public virtue, a unified civic personality that joined the private individual with the public citizen, and economic independence based on land ownership, as opposed to the blatantly self-interested attitudes and activities associated with the accumulation of commercial wealth. This tension between modernization and morality, wealth and virtue, accounts for much of the recent interest in the social thought of the Scottish Enlightenment.1

Book
01 Nov 1989
TL;DR: The Hispanic world in 1700 the Bourbon succession in war and peace the government of Philip V Spain, Europe and America time and transition economy and society Charles III - the limits of absolutism the Bourbon state Spain and america Charles IV and the crisis of Bourbon Spain this paper.
Abstract: The Hispanic world in 1700 the Bourbon succession in war and peace the government of Philip V Spain, Europe and America time and transition economy and society Charles III - the limits of absolutism the Bourbon state Spain and america Charles IV and the crisis of Bourbon Spain.

Book
07 Sep 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the origins of Basque nationalism in the Basque industrial heartland of Bilbao in the 1890s and analyzed its development up to 1980 when Spain finally achieved home rule.
Abstract: Set against the historical background of Spain's unification as a modern state, this book is a study of a complex, frequently violent, political phenomenon - Basque nationalism - which after ninety years continues to constitute a major challenge to Spain's established political order. It examines the origins of Basque nationalism in the Basque industrial heartland of Bilbao in the 1890s and analyses its development up to 1980 when the Basque country finally achieved home rule. In particular, the book shows how Basque nationalism operated upon the residents of the Basque country, divided by culture, loyalties, divergent economic and political aspirations and history, to create a new and exclusive political entity - the Basque nation. The main fieldwork was conducted during the two years surrounding the death of General Franco in 1975, a period of exceptional violence in the Basque country that marked Spain's transition from an authoritarian regime to a democratic one. Using a theoretical approach, the book provides an empirical analysis of one of Spain's most intractable political problems during a decisive period of Spanish history.