Showing papers on "State (polity) published in 1990"

The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism

Abstract: Few discussions in modern social science have occupied as much attention as the changing nature of welfare states in Western societies. Gosta Esping-Andersen, one of the foremost contributors to current debates on this issue, here provides a new analysis of the character and role of welfare states in the functioning of contemporary advanced Western societies. Esping-Andersen distinguishes three major types of welfare state, connecting these with variations in the historical development of different Western countries. He argues that current economic processes, such as those moving toward a postindustrial order, are shaped not by autonomous market forces but by the nature of states and state differences. Fully informed by comparative materials, this book will have great appeal to all those working on issues of economic development and postindustrialism. Its audience will include students of sociology, economics, and politics."

State Theory: Putting the Capitalist State in Its Place

Abstract: Preface and Acknowledgements. General Introduction. Part I. On Marxist Theories of Law, the State, and their Relative Autonomy from the Capitalist Economy and Class Struggles:. 1. Recent Theories of the Capitalist State. 2. Recent Theories of Law, the State, and Juridico-Political Ideology. 3. Marxism, Economic Determinism, and Relative Autonomy. Part II. Political Representation, Social Bases, and State Forms: Corporatism, Parliamentarism, and the National Interest:. 4. Corporatism, Parliamentarism, and Social Democracy. 5. Capitalist States, Capitalist Interests, and the Rule of Capital. 6. The Democratic State and the National Interest. Part III. The Value Form, The Capitalist State, and Hegemonic Projects: From State Forms and Functions to the State as Strategy:. 7. Accumulation Strategies, State Forms, and Hegemonic Projects. 8. Poulantzas and Foucault on Power and Strategy. 9. The State as Strategy. Part IV. Putting States in their Place: Towards a Strategic-Relational Theory of Societalization:. 10. Anti-Marxist Reinstatement and Post-Marxist Deconstruction. 11. Societalization, Regulation, and Self-Reference. 12. Putting States in their Place. Selected Writings of Bob Jessop. General Bibliography. Index.

State, Economy and Society

Abstract: From the problems of Marxism to the primacy of politics deconstructing Marxism a hegemony approach to capitalist regulation the modern welfare state from the capitalist state to the political economy theorizing the capitalist state a strategic-relational account of economic state explaining the economic output of the state towards a society-wide research design.

The Politics of India Since Independence

Abstract: List of figures and tables Preface List of abbreviations 1. Introduction: continuities and discontinuities between pre- and post-Independence India Part I. Political Change: Introduction 2. Political change, political structure and the functioning of government 3. Parties and politics 4. State and local politics Part II. Pluralism and National Integration: Introduction 5. Language problems 6. Crises of national unity: Punjab, the northeast and Kashmir 7. Communal and caste conflict: secularism, Hindu nationalism and the Indian state Part III. Political Economy: Introduction 8. Politics, economic development and social change 9. Political aspects of agricultural change 10. Conclusion: problems and prospects Bibliography Index.

The Changing Architecture of Politics: Structure, Agency and the Future of the State

Abstract: Preface and Introduction PART ONE: THE PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL STRUCTURATION: STRUCTURE, AGENCY, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN STATE Political Structuration and Political Science The Elements of Political Structure Patterns of Agency Markets, Hierarchies and Political Allocation The Modern State at the Crossroads Structuring the Field of Political Action PART TWO: CHANGING PATTERNS OF POLITICAL STRUCTURATION AND THE FUTURE OF THE STATE The Limits of Political Power Personal Leadership and Party Systems The State and Interest Intermediation Patterns of Collaborative Behaviour The Paradox of Civil Society De-differentiation and Re-differentiation in the Contemporary State Transnational Structures and the State Responses From the Welfare State to the Competition State Epilogue Political Structuration and Political Ideas in the 21st Century

The State: Its Nature, Development, and Prospects

Abstract: Foreword. Part I:. 1. Social Power and its Political Form. 2. The Nature of the Modern State. 3. The Development of the Modern State (1). 4. The Development of the Modern State (2). 5. Controversies About the State: Attempting an Appraisal. 6. Controversies About the State: Attempting an Explanation. Part II:. 7. Liberal Democracy in the 20th Century (1). 8. Liberal Democracy in the 20th Century (2). 9. A New Type of State. 10. Contemporary Challenges to the State.

The Failure Of The Centralized State: Institutions And Self-governance In Africa

Abstract: After nearly three decades of post-colonial independence in Africa, the shortcomings of the centralist strategy of nation building and economic development have become evident. Development has stagnated, rural welfare has declined, ethnic conflicts have intensified, civil wars abound and many civilian regimes have fallen to military despotisms or rule as narrow oligarchies. This book seeks to explains why the centralized African state has failed. Contributors relate contemporary African history to theories of organizational behaviour, collective action, constitutional choice, public administration and institutional analysis, arguing that the centralist paradigm is fundamentally flawed in its theories of the basis of social order, the sources of political unity and the origins of economic development. The contributors discuss the breakdown of social processes and structures indirectly caused by the policies of the centralized state and examine the constitutional principles that might provide a basis for more effective national government throughout the African continent.

Citizenship and Community: Civic Republicanism and the Modern World

Abstract: 1. Introduction Part I Citizenship and Community: An Analytical Statement 2. The Citizen in the Political Community Part II Citizenship and Community in the Civic-Republican Tradition 3. Machiavelli: Citizenship and Glory 4. Rousseau: Freedom, Virtue and Happiness 5. Hegel: Rational Freedom in the Ethical Community 6. Toqueville: Citizenship in Town and State Part III Citizenship and Community in the Modern World 7. The Modern Relevance of the Civic-Republican Tradition 8. Citizenship in Modern Democratic Theory

Parties and Democracy: Coalition Formation and Government Functioning in Twenty States

Abstract: 1. Explaining Democratic Government: Background Considerations 2. The General Theory of Party Government 3. Government Formation 4. The Distribution of Ministries 5. Party Influences on Government Policy 6. Government Termination: Causes and Effects 7. Parties Steering the State: Evaluation and Development of the Theory Appendix A: Party Factions and Cabinet Reshuffles Appendix B: Data: Sources and Preparation

Language and Power: Exploring Political Cultures in Indonesia

Abstract: In this lively book, Benedict R. O'G Anderson explores the cultural and political contradictions that have arisen from two critical facts in Indonesian history-that while the Indonesian nation is young, the Indonesian state is ancient, originating in the early seventeenth-century Dutch conquests; and that contemporary politics are conducted in a new language, Bahasa Indonesia, by peoples (especially the Javanese) whose cultures are rooted in medieval times. Analyzing a spectrum of examples from classical poetry to public monuments and cartoons, Anderson deepens our understanding of the interaction between modern and traditional notions of power, the meditation of power by language, and the development of national consciousness.This volume brings together eight of Anderson's most influential essays written over the past two decades. Most of the essays address aspects of Javanese political culture-from the early nineteenth century, when the Javanese did not yet have words for politics, colonialism, society, or class, through the early nationalism of the 1900s, to the era of independence after World War II, when deep internal tensions exploded into large-scale massacres. In the first group of essays Anderson considers how power was imagined in traditional Javanese society, and how these imaginings shaped Indonesia's modern politics. Other essays focus on the significance of the incongruences between the egalitarian, ironizing national language through which modern Indonesia has been imagined and the powerful influence of the hierarchical, authoritarian Javanese official culture. Finally, two essays on consciousness illuminate the crucial eras before and after the rise of Indonesia's nationalist movement. One reflects on Javanese intellectuals' phantasmagoric efforts to keep imagining "Java" as the island was overrun by colonial capitalism and absorbed into the huge, heterogeneous Netherlands East Indies; the second traces the transition from old culture to new nation through the autobiography of an eminent Javanese first-generation nationalist politician.

Bureaucrats, Technocrats, Femocrats: Essays on the contemporary Australian state

Abstract: This collection of essays in political sociology and public policy contests some of the fundamental features of the contemporary State as it is manifested in Australia. It explores themes such as the development of the complex interventionist State, characterised by the proliferation of its activities to encompass virtually every feature of its subjects' daily lives and functioning as a central site of struggle over the distribution of social, economic, political and cultural resources. It also examines the impact of the so-called new social movements - the women's movement, the various multiracial and multicultural movements, and the environmental movement - which make new claims on the democratisation of the distribution of resources, and investigates the impact on the State of the pressure for economic 'restructuring' arising from the new terms of competition within a global economy in recession.In tracing the links between these themes, Bureaucrats, Technocrats, Femocrats makes a major contribution to a critical tradition of writing and analysis in public administration.

Korea Old and New: A History

Abstract: The communal societies of prehistoric times - the Paleolithic age, the society and culture in the Neolithic period walled-town states and confederated kingdoms - Bronze Age culture, Old Choson and Wiman Choson, confederated kingdoms - Puyo, Koguryo and the state of Chin, society, polity and culture in the confederated kingdoms period aristocratic societies under monarchical rule - the development of the kingdoms of Koguryo, paekche and Silla foreign relations of these three kingdoms, political and social structure and aristocratic culture of these three kingdoms the fashioning of an authoritarian monarchy - Silla unification and the founding of the Parhae kingdom, government, society and culture of Silla, society and culture of Parhae the age of powerful gentry families the hereditary aristocratic order of Koryo rule by the military - the Cho'oe and Mongols emergence of the literati - the pro-Yuan policy, founding of the Choson (Yi) dynasty the creation of a Yangban society - development of Yangban society in Choson, administrative, social and economic structure of the Yangban state, foreign policy of early Choson, Yangban bureaucratic culture the rise of the neo-Confucian literati - changes in society under rule by the meritorious elite, struggle against Japanese and Manchus economic advances and intellectual ferment dynastic disarray and national peril growth of the forces of enlightenment - the Tonghak Peasant Army, reform movement of 1894-1896 incipient nationalism and imperialist aggression - the Independence Club, Japanese aggression and the annexation of Korea the first phase of Japanese rule, 1910-1919 nationalism and social revolution, 1919-1931 forced assimilation, mobilization and war - Japanese advance in Asia, agriculture, industry and labour mobilization, the last phase of colonial rule 1941-1945 liberation, division and war, 1945-1953 - colonial legacy and the tarnsfer of power - Soviet-US rivalry and the division of the peninsula, American occupation, emergence of separate states, the Korean War 1950-1953 authoritarianism and protest, 1948-1990 - Syngman Rhee and the First Republic, the April Revolution (1960) and the Second Republic, the Park Chung Hee era, opposition, mutiny, insurrection and coup, the Fifth Republic of Chun Doo Hwan 1981-1988, the Sixth Republic and prospects for democracy economic development in historical perspective, 1945-1990 - international factors, internal social and political factors, role of culture and timing

The legal status of the Arabs in Israel

Abstract: This study examines how the Israeli legal system copes with two major issues. The first is the tension between the constitutional definition of Israel as both a Jewish state and a democracy committed to equal rights for all its citizens. The second issue is the delicate position of a national minority in a state which, since its establishment, has been involved in a bitter conflict with the Palestine nation to which that minority belongs.

The Enigma of Japanese Power: People and Politics in a Stateless Nation

Abstract: This is a survey of every aspect of Japanese life, political and economic, social and psychological, unravelling the enigma of Japan in the modern world revealing that Japan's amassed wealth has brought little benefit to the ordinary Japanese. The author shows how the docile conformity , near absence of litigation and lack of individualism - characterising Japanese society and culture - originates in political purpose. Japan has the institutions of a parliamentary democracy, yet is effectively a one-party state and the power of the Japanese prime minister is less than that of any other head of government in Asia or the West. Japan is governed to all appearances with no centre of accountable power. Karl van Wolferen has lived and worked as a foreign correspondent in Japan for some quarter of a century. Last year he won the Dutch equivalent of the Pulitzer Prize.

The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800

Abstract: This article uses POLITY II, a new dataset on the authority traits of 155 countries, to assess some general historical arguments about the dynamics of political change in Europe and Latin America from 1800 to 1986. The analysis, relying mainly on graphs, focuses first on the shifting balance between democratic and autocratic patterns in each world region and identifies some of the internal and international circumstances underlying the trends, and deviations from them. Trends in three indicators of state power also are examined in the two regions: the state's capacity to direct social and economic life, the coherence of political institutions, and military manpower. The state's capacity has increased steadily in both regions; coherence has increased in the European countries but not Latin America; while military power has fluctuated widley in both regions. The article is foundational to a series of more detailed longitudinal studies of the processes of state growth.

War and the State in Africa

Abstract: that in Africa, as elsewhere, states will eventually become strong. But this may not be true in Africa, where states are developing in a fundamentally new environment. Lessons drawn from the case of Europe show that war is an important cause of state formation that is missing in Africa today. The crucial role that war has played in the formation of European states has long been noted. Samuel P. Huntington argued that “war was the great stimulus to state building,” and Charles Tilly went so far as to claim that ”war made the state, and the state made war.”’ Similarly, two of the most successful states in the Third World today, South Korea and Taiwan, are largely ”warfare” states that have been molded, in part, by the near constant threat of external aggression. However, studies of political development and state consolidation in Africa and many other parts of the Third World have all but ignored the important role that war can play in political development. The role of war has not been examined because the vast majority of states in Africa and elsewhere in the world gained independence without having to resort to combat and have not faced a security threat since independence.2

Haiti: State Against Nation: The Origins and Legacy of Duvalierism

Abstract: In the euphoria that followed the departure of Haiti's hated dictator, Jean-Claude Duvalier, most Haitian and foreign analysts treated the regimes of the two Duvaliers, father and son, as a historical nightmare created by the malevolent minds of the leaders and their supporters. Yet the crisis, economic and political, that faces this small Caribbean nation did not begin with the dictatorship, and is far from being solved, despite its departure from the scene. In this fascinating study, Haitian-born Michel-Rolph Trouillot examines the mechanisms through which the Duvaliers ruthlessly won and then held onto power for twenty-nine years. Trouillot's theoretical discussion focuses on the contradictory nature of the peripheral state, analyzing its relative autonomy as a manifestation of the growing disjuncture between state and nation. He discusses in detail two key characteristics of such regimes: the need for a rhetoric of "national unity" coupled with unbridled violence. At the same time, he traces the current crisis from its roots in the nineteenth-century marginalization of the peasantry through the U.S. occupation from 1915 to 1934 and into the present. He ends with a discussion of the post-Duvalier period, which, far from seeing the restoration of civilian-led democracy, has been a period of increasing violence and economic decline.

Political legitimacy and the state

Abstract: Political legitimacy the legitimacy of the autonomous state the legitimacy of the representative or neutral state the legitimacy of the partisan state all subjects are legitimately governed but some are more legitimately governed than others legitimacy and coercion states as cultivators of legitimacy the state as subverter of legitimacy.

The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan's Political Economy of Defence

Abstract: Preface List of abbreviations Map of Pakistan Introduction 1. The demand for Pakistan, 1940-1947 2. Pakistan's share of the spoils 3. Constructing the state 4. Wielding state power: politicians, bureaucrats and generals 5. Breaking down the political system, 1954-1958 6. State and society in the balance: Islam as ideology and culture 7. The state of martial rule, 1958 to the present: towards a conceptual framework Glossary Select bibliography Index.

Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture

Abstract: List of plates List of maps Preface and acknowledgements Preface to the revised edition List of abbreviations The sources Introduction 1. The background: state and society before Heraclius 2. The East Roman world c. 610-717: the politics of survival 3. Some relations and the economy: the cities and the land 4. Social relations and the economy: rural society 5. The state and its apparatus: fiscal administration 6. The state and its apparatus: military administration 7. Society, state and law 8. The imperial church and the politics of authority 9. Religion and belief 10. Forms of social and cultural organisation: infrastructures and hierarchies 11. Forms of representation: language, literature and the icon Conclusions: the transformation of a culture Addendum: further observations on the question of the late ancient city Bibliography Index.

From Cooperative to Coercive Federalism

Abstract: Cooperative federalism, the reigning conception of American federalism from about 1954 to 1978, was a political response to the policy challenges of market failure, postwar affluence, racism, urban poverty, environmentalism, and individual rights. Having social equity as its primary objective, cooperative federalism significantly transformed American society, but when the conditions underlying cooperation changed during the 1970s, the pressure to expand national power inherent in cooperative federalism gave rise to coercive federalism, in which the federal government reduced its reliance on fiscal tools to stimulate intergovernmental policy cooperation and increased its reliance on regulatory tools to ensure the supremacy of federal policy. The erosion of federal fiscal power and of constitutional and political limits on federal regulatory power in the 1970s and 1980s has produced a more coercive system of federal preemptions of state and local authority and unfunded mandates on state and local government...

Religious Deregulation: Origins and Consequences

Abstract: In 1791 the First Amendment forbade the United States Congress from making any "law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." Though reli gious establishments and their remnants would persist on into the nineteenth century, this amendment symbolized the dra matic shift from religious establishments to religious freedom. The close ties between church and state in the United States

Preface to Public Administration: A Search for Themes and Direction

Abstract: What is public administration theory in America? the peculiar "stateless" origins of American public administration theory "chinking in " a temporary American state (and the strange administrative theory it created) the rise of a global professional technocracy - a new postwar American state system? shifting doctrines in 20th-century American public administration thought - one, two, many current trends in American public administration thought - the drive to specialize in texts, teaching and training modern public administration theory as a great state debate - no state?, bold state?, pre-state?, pro-state? the future of American public administration theory - a dialectic among competing state visions.

The politics of official discourse in twentieth-century South Africa

Abstract: On political power and political knowledge naming the "natives", designing a state a "permanent cure for an economic evil" different "parts of the same big machine" discovering a different difference reformulating realities for the era of "reform" antinomies of the divided state

Democracy and the welfare state

Abstract: The essays in this volume explore the moral foundations and the political prospects of the welfare state in the United States. Among the questions addressed are the following: Has public support for the welfare state faded? Can a democratic state provide welfare without producing dependency on welfare? Is a capitalist (or socialist) economy consistent with the preservation of equal liberty and equal opportunity for all citizens? Why and in what ways does the welfare state discriminate against women? Can we justify limiting immigration for the sake of safeguarding the welfare of Americans? How can elementary and secondary education be distributed consistently with democratic values? The volume confronts powerful criticisms that have been leveled against the welfare state by conservatives, liberals, and radicals and suggests reforms in welfare state programs that might meet these criticisms. The contributors are Joseph H. Carens, Jon Elster, Robert K. Fullinwider, Amy Gutmann, Jennifer L. Hochschild, Stanley Kelley, Jr., Richard Krouse, Michael McPherson, J. Donald Moon, Carole Pateman, Dennis Thompson, and Michael Walzer.

Building "State" Autonomy in Brazil, 1930-1964

Abstract: It no longer seems controversial to say that governments can sometimes and do sometimes act to carry out the autonomous preferences of officials. Analysts have observed that government leaders at times initiate major policy shifts without regard for the demands of important political and economic groups, that they follow their own economic ideologies, and that they build coalitions to support their preferred policies and ideologies.' In the absence of any developed theory to account for these observations, the ability of officials independently to formulate and execute policy has acquired the label state autonomy. Discussions of the causes of state autonomy have tended to focus on macro-level conditions that might lead officials to form independent preferences or that reduce the ability of societal groups to exert influence. Authors writing from the dependency perspective, for example, link the emergence of an autonomous state to the failure of the national bourgeoisie to achieve hegemony.2 Theda Skocpol and Ellen Kay Trimberger argue that states will act autonomously in order to mobilize national defense against external military threats when traditional rulers have failed to do so.3 The shortcoming of these macro-level explanations is that they describe virtually all developing countries. The hegemonic bourgeoisie has always been a rare and fragile creature; it has not so far found a congenial niche anywhere in the contemporary developing world. Scarcely any part of the earth has escaped the international threats of colonialism, war, and economic imperialism during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and few traditional rulers have proved able to mount an effective defense. Thus, if the macro-level speculations about the causes of state autonomy are correct, virtually all states in developing countries should be autonomous. These theories thus fail to explain the vastly differing degrees of autonomy actually observed in developing countries. Nevertheless, they offer a starting point for an explanation. In the face of persistent military and economic threats to sovereignty and well-being, elites committed to change-that is, elites who have preferences at variance with the interests of groups favored by the status quo-do come to power with some frequency in developing countries, as the macrolevel theories would predict. Autonomous actions by these elites, however, occur only infrequently because the efforts of such elites to act on their own preferences often fail. If elites with independent preferences reach power but often fail in their attempts to implement their preferences, explanations of state autonomy need to give some attention to the development of the capacity to carry out these preferences. "State" autonomy implies that the officials who constitute the state not only have preferences which are more than simple reflections of the preferences of powerful societal groups, but also that they have the capacity, in terms of organizational cohesion, expertise, and extractive and coercive ability, to carry out decisions based on their preferences. Such capacity may depend either on characteristics of the organizations to which officials belong or on attributes of the government itself. In countries governed by Communist parties

Nation into State: The Shifting Symbolic Foundations of American Nationalism.

Abstract: A UNC Press Enduring Edition - UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.

Universities and the Capitalist State: Corporate Liberalism and the Reconstruction of American Higher Education, 1894-1928

Abstract: The modern university has been viewed by scholars as an oasis of academic autonomy that stands above or outside society and its political conflicts. Clyde Barrow challenges that vision with his conclusion that corporations and government have been the dominant social forces shaping the goals and structure of the American university. In particular, Barrow s thesis is that a scientific survey movement a broad political coalition led by business executives, engineers, private foundation staff members, and government officials successfully transplanted many of the values and practices of corporate and bureaucratic administration to colleges and universities. As a result, Barrow argues that universities are best understood as a part of the state s institutional structure designed to regulate academic intellectuals through a combination of market initiatives, bureaucratic procedures, and state coercion. In this manner, an ideological system has been constructed which is closely connected to the needs of the economic and political system. "