Showing papers on "State (polity) published in 1992"

Capitalist development and democracy

Abstract: It is a commonplace claim of Western political discourse that capitalist development and democracy go hand in hand. Crossnational statistical research on political democracy supports this claim. By contrast, comparative historical studies carried out within a political economy approach argue that economic development was and is compatible with multiple political forms. The authors offer a fresh and persuasive resolution to the controversy arising out of these contrasting traditions. Focusing on advanced industrial countries, Latin America, and the Caribbean, they find that the rise and persistence of democracy cannot be explained either by an overall structural correspondence between capitalism and democracy or by the role of the bourgeoisie as the agent of democratic reform. Rather, capitalist development is associated with democracy because it transforms the class structure, enlarging the working and middle classes, facilitating their self-organization, and thus making it more difficult for elites to exclude them. Simultaneously, development weakens the landed upper class, democracy's most consistent opponent. The relationship of capitalist development to democracy, however, is not mechanical. As the authors show, it depends on a complex interplay of three clusters of power: the balance of power among social classes, power relations between the state and society, and transnational structures of economic and political power. Looking to the future, the book concludes with some reflections on current prospects for the development of stable democracy in Latin America and Eastern Europe.

The European rescue of the nation-state

Abstract: This newly revised and updated second edition is the classic economic and political account of the origins of the European Community. On one level it is an original analysis of the forces which brought the EC together, on another it is an explanation based on historical analysis of the future relationship between nation-state and the European Union. Combining political with economic analysis, and based on extensive primary research in several countries, this book offers a challenging interpretation of the history of the western European state and European integration.

The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance

Abstract: Legitimacy in 1991 flows not from the barrel of a gun but from the will of the people. U.S. Secretary of State James A. Baker III I know what real democracy is, what democracy is worth. A thirty-seven-year-old Soviet lieutenant colonel who early on sided with anticoup forces More than two centuries have elapsed since the signatories of the U.S. Declara^ tion of Independence sought to manifest two radical propositions. The first is that governments, instituted to secure the “unalienable rights” of their citizens, derive “their just powers from the consent of the governed.” We may call this the “democratic entitlement.” The second proposition, perhaps less noted by commentators, is that a nation earns “separate and equal station” in the community of states by demonstrating “a decent respect to the opinions of mankind.” The authors of the Declaration apparently believed that the legitimacy of the new Confederation of American States was not made evident solely by the transfer of power from Britain but also needed to be acknowledged by “mankind.” This we may perceive as a prescient glimpse of the legitimating power of the community of nations.

Inside the state : the bracero program, immigration, and the INS

Abstract: "Inside the State" takes the reader behind the scenes inside the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) - one of the most secretive agencies in the federal government, and one which wields enormous discretionary power. Kitty Calavita documents the internal decision-making processes of the INS that have shaped US policy, and places the current reform movement in historical and theoretical perspective. Connecting structural contradictions in the political economy to the details of agency decision-making, "Inside the State" aims to provide in-depth analyses of the links between abstract theories of the state and real-life political actors and institutions.

Immigrants, Markets, and States: The Political Economy of Postwar Europe

Abstract: PART 1: THE LIBERAL PARADOX 1. Regulating Immigration in the Liberal Policy 2. The Political Economy of International Migration PART 2: IMMIGRATION IN POSTWAR EUROPE 3. Guestworkers and the Politics of Growth 4. Foreigners and the Politics of Recession PART 3: POLICES AND MARKETS 5. Immigration Policy and Labor 6. Immigration and the French State 7. Immigration and Industrial Policy in France PART 4: MARKETS AND RIGHTS IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES 8. Citizenship and Rights 9. Immigration and the Principles of Liberal Democracy Selected Bibliography Notes Index

The evolution of international society : a comparative historical analysis

Abstract: This comprehensive historical study analyzes and explains how international societies function. After examining the ancient state systems, the author looks in more detail at our worldwide contemporary society, which grew out of them. The book argues that relations between states are not normally anarchic, but organized international or supernational societies regulated by elaborate rules and practices, which derive substantially from experience. Our present international society, for all its individuality, is only the latest in the series. Current interest in international order and hegemonial authority, and the renewed concern with history in political science, make this a timely book. This book should be of interest to undergraduates, postgraduates and academics interested in history and international relations.

The Calligraphic State: Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society

Abstract: In this innovative combination of anthropology, history, and postmodern theory, Brinkley Messick examines the changing relation of writing and authority in a Muslim society from the late nineteenth century to the present. The creation and interpretation of texts, from sacred scriptures to administrative and legal contracts, are among the fundamental ways that authority is established and maintained in a complex state. Yet few scholars have explored this process and the ways in which it changes, especially outside the Western world. Messick brings together intensive ethnography and textual analysis from a wealth of material: Islamic jurisprudence, Yemeni histories, local documents. In exploring the structure and transformation of literacy, law, and statecraft in Yemen, he raises important issues that are of comparative significance for understanding political life in other Muslim and nonwestern states as well.

State, Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East

Abstract: Introduction Part 1: States and State Building 1. The End of Empires: The Emergence of the Modern Middle Eastern State System 2. The Growth of State Power in the Arab World: The Single-Party Regimes 3. The Growth of State Power in the Arab World under Family Rule and the Libyan Alternative 4. Arab Nationalism, Arab Unity and the Practice of Arab Interstate Relations 5. State and Politics in Israel, Iran and Turkey from the Second World War 6. The Re-Making of the Middle Eastern Political Environment in the 1980s and 1990s: The Arab States 7. The Re-Making of the Middle Eastern Political Environment: Israel, Turkey and Iran Part 2: Themes in Contemporary Middle Eastern Politics Introduction 8. Parties, Elections and the Vexed Question of Democracy in the Arab World 9. The Politics of Economic Restructuring 10. The Politics of Religious Revival 11. The Military In and Out of Politics 12. Civil Society: In Theory and Practice. Conclusion: The Middle East at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century - September 11, the Attack on Iraq and Beyond

Ecology and discursive democracy: Beyond liberal capitalism and the administrative state∗

Abstract: (1992). Ecology and discursive democracy: Beyond liberal capitalism and the administrative state. Capitalism Nature Socialism: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 18-42.

Architecture, power, and national identity

Abstract: Throughout history, architecture and urban design have been manipulated in the service of politics. Because government buildings serve as symbols of the state, we can learn much about a political regime by observing closely what it builds. In this book, Lawrence J. Vale explores parliamentary complexes in capital cities on six continents, showing how the buildings housing national government institutions are products of the political and cultural balance of power within pluralist societies. By viewing architecture and urban design in the light of political history and cultural production, Vale expands the scope and cogency of design criticism and demonstrates that the manipulation of environmental meaning is an important force in urban development. Vale begins by tracing the evolution of the modern designed capital--from Washington, D.C., Canberra, New Delhi, and Ankara, to the post-World War II capitals of Chandigarh and Brasilia, to Abuja, Nigeria, and Dodoma, Tanzania, planned in the 197Os and still largely unrealized. He then provides close readings of the architecture, urban design, and political history of four smaller parliamentary complexes completed in the 198Os, in Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Kuwait, and Bangladesh. These essays situate the parliamentary designs in the wider context of postcolonial struggles to build the symbols and institutions of democratic government during periods of rapid political and economic change. In the final chapter of the book, Vale addresses the dilemmas facing designers who undertake to deliver national identity as part of their design commission.

Gendered states : feminist (re)visions of international relations theory

Abstract: Preface, J. Ann Tickner introduction - states of gender and gendered states, V. Spike Peterson what exactly is wrong with the liberal state as an agent of feminist change?, Mona Harington gender and the security paradox, Rebecca Grant sovereignty, power and gender - a feminist's critique of coup and invasion in Grenada, Dessima Williams women and revolution - structure and legitimacy in the "new age", Mary Ann Tetreault the "state" of nature - a garden unfit for women and other living things, Anne Sisson Runyan sovereignty, identity, sacrifice, Jean Bethke Elshtaln feminists and realists on autonomy and obligation in international relations, Christine Sylvester on the discourses of sovereignty - gender and critique in the theory of international relations, R.B.J. Walker.

Labour and the political economy in Israel

Abstract: Part I: The Labour Movement: The Histadrut Accounting for exclusivism: The Histadrut and the Palestinians Accounting for hegemony: The sources of Mapai's supremacy Part II: Labour Relations: Why no 'Historic Compromise'? From corporatism to crisis Part III: Policy and Political Economy: Policy outcomes: Dualism and disorder The crisis of the State Conclusions Appendices Index.

Confronting the Costs of War: Military Power, State, and Society in Egypt and Israel

Abstract: What determines the strategies by which a state mobilizes resources for war? And does war preparation strengthen or weaken the state in relation to society? By exploring these questions, Michael Barnett develops a theoretical framework that traces the connection between war preparation and changes in state-society relations, and applies that framework to Egypt from 1952 to 1977 and Israel from 1948 through 1977. The study addresses major issues in international relations, comparative politics and Middle Eastern studies. The author argues that Egyptian and Israeli war preparation strategies were a function of systemic, state and societal variables, and that leaders in each state attempted to balance the demands imposed by international conflict with their domestic economic and political objectives.

Soil, blood and identity

Abstract: Modern nations are products of nationalism, and can be defined only as such, rather than by their own distinctive traits – which anyway vary over an extremely wide range. Nationalism was, sociologically, an attempt made by the modern elites to recapture the allegiance (in the form of cultural hegemony) of the ‘masses’ produced by the early modern transformations and particularly by the cultural rupture between the elites and the rest of the population by the ‘civilizing process’, whose substance was the self-constitution and the self-separation of new elites legitimizing their status by reference to superior culture and knowledge. In the same way in which the modern state needed nationalism for the ‘primitive accumulation’ of authority, nationalism needed coercive powers of the state to promote the postulated dissolution of communal identities in the uniform identity of the nation. In the practice of both, there was an unallayed tension between the ‘inclusivist’ and ‘exclusivists’ prongs of the nation-sta...

The State in Political Science: How We Became What We Study

Abstract: American political science is a product of the American state. There are political reasons why particular subdisciplines became hegemonic with the emergence of the “Second Republic” after World War II. The three hegemonic subdisciplines of our time are public opinion, public policy, and public choice. Each is a case study of consonance with the thought-ways and methods of a modern bureaucratized government committed to scientific decision making. Following Leviathan too closely results in three principal consequences: (1) failure to catch and evaluate the replacement of law by economics as the language of the state, (2) the loss of passion in political science discourse, and (3) the failure of political science to appreciate the significance of ideological sea changes accompanying regime changes.

Predatory Rule: State and Civil Society in Africa

Abstract: Drawing the Map State, Sites, and Hegemony The Contradictions of Presidential Monarchism in Africa Civil Society, Emancipation and the Persistence of Hierarchies Civil Society and Democratic Uncertainties Economic Crisis and Adjustment - The Impact on the State and Civil Society in Africa.

Sovereignty Is No Longer Sacrosanct: Codifying Humanitarian Intervention

Abstract: Chopra and Weiss address perhaps the fundamental issue in international relations today: the sacrosanct sets of sovereignty. The word “sovereignty” explains why the international community has difficulty countering human rights violations. The authors address questions such as “Is there a line between a state's sovereignty and the international community?”, and “Can there be laws to guide states and collections of states in determining when this line can or should be violated?” by studying recent cases where human rights came into conflict with intervention.

Belonging in the Two Berlins: Kin, State, Nation

Abstract: Belonging in the two Berlins is an ethnographic investigation into the meaning of German selfhood during the Cold War. Taking the practices of everyday life in the divided Berlin as his point of departure, Borneman shows how ideas of kin, state, and nation were constructed through processes of mirror-imaging and misrecognition. Using linguistics and narrative analysis, he compares the autobiographies of two generations of Berlins residents with the official version of the lifecourse prescribed by the two German states. He examines the relation of the dual political structure to everyday life, the way in which the two states legally regulated the lifecourse in order to define the particular categories of self which signify Germanness, and how citizens experientially appropriated the frameworks provided by these states. Living in the two Berlins constantly compelled residents to define themselves in opposition to their other half. Borneman argues that this resulted in a de facto divided Germany with two distinct nations and peoples. The formation of German subjectivity since World War II is unique in that the distinctive features for belonging - for being at home - to one side exclude the other. Indeed, these divisions inscribed by the Cold War account for many of the problems in forging a new cultural unity.

Power in Africa: An Essay in Political Interpretation

Abstract: Preface - PART 1: THE MEANINGS OF POLITICAL INTERPRETATION - Introduction - Paradigms Lost: Development Theory - Class Theory - Underdevelopment Theory - Revolutionary Theory - Democratic Theory - PART 2: CONCEPTS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF POWER IN AFRICA - Introduction - The Political Community - Political Accountability - The State - Civil Society - Production - PART 3: THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE AFRICAN POST-COLONIAL POLITICAL ORDER - Introduction - The Crisis of Nationality and Sovereignty - The Crisis of Legitimacy and Representation - The Crisis of Accumulation and Inequality - The Crisis of Good Government and Political Morality - The Crisis of Violence and Survival - PART 4: POLITICAL CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN CONTEMPORARY AFRICA - Introduction - The Dynamics of Political Africanisation - The Dialectics of the Hegemonic Drive - The Politics of Dependence - The Reproduction of Power - Notes - Index

The Insecurity dilemma : national security of Third World states

Abstract: Part 1 The insecurity dilemma: the incompatibilities of national, regime, and state security in the Third World today, B.L. Holsti. Part 2 The state, state-building, and security - the paradox of sovereignty: the security predicament of the Third World state - reflections on state-making, Mohammed Ayoob sovereign governments and insecure populations - marginal African states, Robert Jackson. Part 3 Strategies to attain security - costs and benefits, winners and losers: the systemic sources of dependent militarization, Michael Barnett and Alexander Wendt the structural impact of the International Arms Transfer and Production System on Third world security and militarization, Keith Krause regionalism and regime security - a comparative study of ASEAN and the GCC - "Amitay Acharya". Part 4 Third World states in the international security system: national security for Third World states - Barry Buzan a new role for middle powers, Fen Hampson the superpowers and Third World Security, Neil MacFarlane.

The "Nations Within": Aboriginal-State Relations in Canada, the United States, and New Zealand

Abstract: This is a study of the history and current state of aboriginal politics in Canada drawing comparisons with New Zealand and the United States. By exploring similar terrains of the evolving relationship of the peoples with the state, common patterns are revealed. The work includes analysis of the impact of social structures and societal constraints as they define the parameters and restrict the options of the participants in the scripting of this political drama.

A genealogy of the government of poverty

Abstract: This paper contributes to a genealogy of the discourses and government of poverty. It offers a statement of what might be understood bya genealogical perspective and method, and then focuses on the emergence of a ‘liberal mode of government’ of poverty in the early nineteenth century, of which the reformed poor law in England is emblematic but not exhaustive. The emergence of this mode of government is followed through a series of related transformations of the older systems of the relief and administration of ‘the Poor’, best understood as a dimension of ‘police’ in its archaic sense. The conditions of the problematization of this older system of government in matters of population, economy, police, and so on. This emergence has implications for the formation of a national labour market, notions of self-governance and responsibility, forms of patriarchy and household, and issues of morality, philanthropy, admkinistration, and the state. Above all, it is within this liberal mode of government that we can ...

Political thought in Europe, 1250-1450

Abstract: Why did European civilisation develop as it did? Why was it so different from that of Russia, the Islamic world and elsewhere? In this new textbook Antony Black explores some of the reasons, looking at ideas of the state, law, rulership, representation of the community, and the right to self-administration, and how, during a crucial period these became embedded in people's self-awareness, and articulated and justified by theorists. This is the first concise overview of a period never previously treated satisfactorily as a whole: Dr Black uses the analytical tools of scholars such as Pocock and Skinner to set the work of political theorists in the context of both contemporary politics and the longer-term history of political ideas. The book provides students of both medieval history and political thought with an accessible and lucid introduction to the early development of certain ideas fundamental to the organisation of the modern world and contains a full bibliography to assist students wishing to pursue the subject in greater depth.

Global Politics: Globalization and the Nation-State

Abstract: Preface. Acknowledgements. List of Contributors. 1. Conceptualizing Global Politics: Anthony G. McGrew. Part I: Superpower Rivalry and Global Political Competition. 2. Superpower Rivalry and the End of the a Cold Wara : Paul G. Lewis. 3. The Superpowers and Regional Conflict: David Potter. 4. Superpower Rivalry and US Hegemony in Central America: Anthony G. McGrew. Part II: Technology and Global Integration. 5. Military Technology and the Dynamics of Global Militarization: Anthony G. McGrew. 6. Regimes and the Global Commons: John Vogler. 7. Global Technologies and Political Change in Eastern Europe: Nigel Swain. Part III: A Global Economy?. 8. The International Economic Order between the Wars: Richard Bessel. 9. The Nature and Government of the Global Economy: Jeremy Mitchell. 10. Economic Autonomy and the Advanced Industrial State: Grahame Thompson. 11. The Autonomy of 'Third Worlda states within the Global Economy: David Potter. 12. Conceptualizing the Global Economy: Roger Tooze. Part IV: Modernity, Globalization and the Nation--State. 13. Modernization, Globalization and the Nation--State: Michael Smith. 14. Modernity and Universal Human Rights: John Vincent. 15. Islam as a Global Political Force: Brian Beeley. 16. Global Politics in a Transitional Era: Anthony G. McGrew. Index.

Citizenship struggles in Soviet successor states.

Abstract: The breakup of the Soviet Union has transformed yesterdays internal migrants secure in their Soviet citizenship into todays international migrants of contested legitimacy and uncertain membership. This transformation has touched Russians in particular of whom some 25 million live in non-Russian successor states. This article examines the politics of citizenship vis-a-vis Russian immigrants in the successor states focusing on the Baltic states where citizenship has been a matter of sustained and heated controversy. The author concludes that "formal citizenship cannot be divorced from broader questions of substantive belonging. Successor states willingness to accept Russian immigrants as citizens and immigrants readiness to adopt a new state as their state will depend on the terms of membership for national minorities and the organization of public life in the successor states." Data are from a variety of published sources. (EXCERPT)

Uncivil States and Civil Societies: How Illusion Became Reality

Abstract: What Geertz refers to as the ‘pigeonhole disease’ is nowhere more evident than in the persistent tendency of political scientists to locate state and society in separate conceptual niches: one inhabited by a potentially predatory species and the other by a defenceless and fully domesticated pigeon. Only where a recognisable entity is sharing the characteristics of a state system, whose boundaries are analytically separate from those of the social system, can political science claim a disciplinary domain of its own. The ongoing debate over the relative merits or demerits of state-centred approaches has only served to add further salience to the dichotomy between state and society, but with little agreement as to where the one begins and the other leaves off.

The politics of United States foreign policy

Abstract: Preface Part I: INTRODUCTION 1 The Politics of US Foreign Policy Part II: HISTORICAL AND GLOBAL-POWER CONTEXT 2 History of United States Foreign Relations 3 The Global Context and American Power Part III: GOVERNMENT AND THE POLICYMAKING PROCESS 4 Presidential Power and Leadership 5 The Bureaucracy, Presidential Management, and the NSC 6 Understanding Bureaucracy: The State Department at Home and Abroad 7 The Military Establishment 8 The Intelligence Community 9 The Foreign Economic Bureaucracy, the NEC, and State and Local Government 10 Decisionmaking Theory and Washington Politics 11 Congress and Interbranch Politics Part IV: THE SOCIETY AND DOMESTIC POLITICS 12 The Public and Its Beliefs 13 Civil Liberties and Political Participation versus National Security 14 Electoral Politics 15 Group Politics 16 The Media and the Communications Process Part VI: CONCLUSION 17 Summarizing the Major Patterns, the Nature of Change, and the Future Politics of US Foreign Policy Appendix A: The US Constitution Appendix B: Internet and Library Searches for Information Appendix C: Recommended Websites Index

Civil Society in Europe and Africa: Limiting State Power through a Public Sphere*

Abstract: The concept of civil society has gained currency in African studies. It is used in a variety of different ways, but usually refers to the emergence of new patterns of political participation outside of formal state structures and one-party systems (Bratton 1989, 407). In the absence of capable state institutions, the literature on Africa has started to shift attention away from the state and governing elites, and towards social actors who are devising various strategies to survive the nested crises of state action, economic development, and political legitimacy (Doornbos 1990). As an alternative conceptualization of possibilities of economic and social development, civil society is becoming an all encompassing term that refers to social phenomena putatively beyond formal state structures—but not necessarily free of all contact with the state. Virtually no theoretical work, however, has been done on the concept as it relates to an African environment, with the exception of Bayart (1986) and, more recently, Bratton (1989). This essay explores in a more theoretical manner than has hitherto been the case what such a notion means within an African context by asking whether the growing use of the term contributes substantively to our understanding of new forms of participation and associational activity in Africa. The answer is affirmative, provided that this concept is elaborated and specified in ways which take into account the complex interaction between normative, economic, and organizational dimensions of civil society.