Showing papers on "State (polity) published in 1994"

The territorial trap: The geographical assumptions of international relations theory

Abstract: Even when political rule is territorial, territoriality does not necessarily entail the practices of total mutual exclusion which dominant understandings of the modern territorial state attribute to it. However, when the territoriality of the state is debated by international relations theorists the discussion is overwhelmingly in terms of the persistence or obsolescence of the territorial state as an unchanging entity rather than in terms of its significance and meaning in different historical‐geographical circumstances. Contemporary events call this approach into question. The end of the Cold War, the increased velocity and volatility of the world economy, and the emergence of political movements outside the framework of territorial states, suggest the need to consider the territoriality of states in historical context. Conventional thinking relies on three geographical assumptions ‐ states as fixed units of sovereign space, the domestic/foreign polarity, and states as ‘containers’ of societies...

Statehouse Democracy: Public Opinion and Policy in the American States

Abstract: The importance of public opinion in the determination of public policy is the subject of considerable debate. Whether discussion centres on local, state or national affairs, the influence of the opinions of ordinary citizens is often assumed yet rarely demonstrated. Other factors such as interest group lobbying, party politics and developmental, or environmental, constraints have been thought to have the greater influence over policy decisions. Professors Erikson, Wright and McIver make the argument that state policies are highly responsive to public opinion, and they show how the institutions of state politics work to achieve this high level of responsiveness. They analyse state policies from the 1930s to the present, drawing from, and contributing to, major lines of research on American politics. Their conclusions are applied to central questions of democratic theory and affirm the robust character of the state institution.

The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism

Abstract: Soviet nationality policy was devised and carried out by nationalists. Lenin's acceptance of the reality of nations and "national rights" was one of the most uncompromising positions he ever took, his theory of good ("oppressed-nation") nationalism formed the conceptual foundation of the Soviet Union and his NEP-time policy of compensatory "nation-building" (natsional'noe stroitel'stvo) was a spectacularly successful attempt at a state-sponsored conflation of language, "culture," territory and quota-fed bureaucracy.

The sovereign state and its competitors : an analysis of systems change

Abstract: List of Maps and TablesPrefaceIntroduction3Pt. IContingency, Choice, and Constraint9Ch. 1Structural Change in International Relations11Ch. 2Organizational Variation and Selection in the International System22Ch. 3Modes of Nonterritorial Organization: Feudalism, the Church, and the Holy Roman Empire34Pt. IIThe Emergence of New Modes of Organization59Ch. 4The Economic Renaissance of the Late Middle Ages61Ch. 5The Rise of the Sovereign, Territorial State in Capetian France77Ch. 6The Fragmentation of the German Empire and the Rise of the Hanseatic League109Ch. 7The Development of the Italian City-states130Pt. IIICompetition, Mutual Empowerment, and Choice: The Advantages of Sovereign Territoriality151Ch. 8The Victory of the Sovereign State153Pt. IVConclusion181Ch. 9Character, Tempo, and Prospects for Change in the International System183Notes195Bibliography265Index285

State power and social forces : domination and transformation in the Third World

Abstract: Preface List of contributors Introduction: developing a state-in-society perspective Part I. Theoretical and Methodological Considerations: 1. The state in society: an approach to struggles for domination Joel S. Migdal Part II. States: Embedded in Society: 2. Traditional politics against state transformation in Brazil Frances Hagopian 3. State power and social organization in China Vivienne Shue 4. Centralization and powerlessness: India's democracy in a comparative perspective Atul Kohli 5. States and ruling classes in postcolonial Africa: the enduring contradictions of power Catherine Boone Part III. Social Forces: Engaged with State Power: 6. Labor divided: sources of state formation in modern China Elizabeth J. Perry 7. Business conflict, collaboration and privilege in interwar Egypt Robert Vitalis 8. A time and a place for the non-state: social change in the Ottoman empire during the 'long nineteenth century' Resat Kasaba 9. Peasant-state relations in postcolonial Africa: patterns of engagement and disengagement Michael Bratton 10. Engaging the state: associational life in sub-Saharan Africa Naomi Chazan Part IV. Conclusion: 11. State power and social forces: on political contention and accommodation in the Third World Atul Kohli and Vivienne Shue Index.

The Rise of the Nonprofit Sector

Abstract: A striking upsurge is under way around the globe in organized voluntary activity and the creation of private, nonprofit or non governmental organizations. From the developed countries of North America, Europe and Asia to the developing societies of Africa, Latin America and the former Soviet bloc, people are forming associations, foundations and similar institutions to deliver human services, pro mote grass-roots economic development, prevent environmental degradation, protect civil rights and pursue a thousand other objec tives formerly unattended or left to the state. The scope and scale of this phenomenon are immense. Indeed, we are in the midst of a global "associational revolution" that may prove to be as significant to the latter twentieth century as the rise of the nation state was to the latter nineteenth. The upshot is a global third sector: a massive array of self-governing private organizations, not dedicated to distributing profits to shareholders or directors, pursuing public purposes outside the formal apparatus of the state. The proliferation of these groups may be permanently altering the relationship between states and citizens, with an impact extending far beyond the material services they provide. Virtually all of America's major social move ments, for example, whether civil rights, environmental, consumer, women's or conservative, have had their roots in the nonprofit sector.

Regulation: Legal Form and Economic Theory

Abstract: This is a reprint of Anthony Ogus' classic study of regulation,first published in the 1990s. It examines how, since the last decades of the twentieth century there have been fundamental changes in the relationship between the state and industry. With the aid of economic theory Anthony Ogus critically examines the ways in which public law has been adapted to the task of regulating industrial activity and provides a systematic overview of the theory and forms of social and economic regulation. In particular, he explores the reasons why governments regulate, for which, broadly speaking, two theoretical frameworks exist. First 'public interest' theories determine that regulation should aim to improve social and economic welfare. Second, 'economic' theories suggest that regulation should aim to satisfy the demands of private interests. The book also looks at the evolution of the forms of regulation in Britain, extending to the policies of privatization and deregulation which were so characteristic of the period. The author skilfully evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of the different forms of regulation, particularly in the light of the two theoretical frameworks, but also by involving an analysis of how firms respond to the various kinds of incentives and controls offered by government. A significant feature of the book is its analysis of the choices made by governments between the different forms of regulation and the influence exerted by interest groups (including bureaucrats) and EC law.

The state and the nation: changing norms and the rules of sovereignty in international relations

Abstract: The international relations literature regularly embraces sovereignty as the primary constitutive rule of international organization. Theoretical traditions that agree on little else all seem to concur that the defining feature of the modern international system is the division of the world into sovereign states. Despite differences over the role of the state in international affairs, most scholars would accept John Ruggie's definition of sovereignty as “the institutionalization of public authority within mutually exclusive jurisdictional domains.” Regardless of the theoretical approach however, the concept tends to be viewed as a static, fixed concept: a set of ideas that underlies international relations but is not changed along with them. Moreover, the essence of sovereignty is rarely defined; while legitimate authority and territoriality are the key concepts in understanding sovereignty, international relations scholars rarely examine how definitions of populations and territories change through-out history and how this change alters the notion of legitimate authority.

Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North

Abstract: Introduction: The Small Peoples of the NorthPART I. SUBJECTS OF THE TSARCHAPTER 1. The Unbaptized The Sovereign's Profit The Sovereign's ForeignersCHAPTER 2. The Unenlightened The State and the Savages The State and the Tribute PayersCHAPTER 3. The Uncorrupted High Culture and the Children of Nature The Empire and the AliensPART II. SUBJECTS OF CONCERNCHAPTER 4. The Oppressed Aliens as Neighbors and Tribute Payers as Debtors The Russian Indians and the Populist IntellectualsCHAPTER 5. The Liberated The Commissariat of Nationalities and the Tribes of the Northern Borderlands The Committee of the North: The Committee The Committee of the North: The NorthPART III. CONQUERORS OF BACKWARDNESSCHAPTER 6. The Conscious Collectivists Class Struggles in a Classless Society Hunting and Gathering under SocialismCHAPTER 7. The Cultural Revolutionaries The War against Backwardness The War against EthnographyCHAPTER 8. The Uncertain Proletarians The Native Northerners as Industrial Laborers The North without the Native Northerners The Long Journey of the Small PeoplesPART IV. LAST AMONG EQUALSCHAPTER 9. The Socialist Nationalities Socialist Realism in the Social Sciences Fiction as HistoryCHAPTER 10. The Endangered Species Planners' Problems and Scholars' Scruples The Return of Dersu Uzala Perestroika and the Numerically Small Peoples of the NorthConclusionBibliography Index -- Cornell University Press

Mercenaries, Pirates, and Sovereigns: State-Building and Extraterritorial Violence in Early Modern Europe

Abstract: The contemporary organization of global violence is neither timeless nor natural, argues Janice Thomson. It is distinctively modern. In this book she examines how the present arrangement of the world into violence-monopolizing sovereign states evolved over the six preceding centuries. Tracing the activities of mercenaries, pirates, mercantile companies, and sovereigns from the Mediterranean to the Northwest Territories, the author addresses the questions: why do we have centralized bureaucracies - states - which claim a monopoly on violence?; why is this monopoly based on territorial boundaries?; and why is coercion not an international market commodity? Thomson maintains that the contemporary monopolization of violence by sovereign states results from the collective practices of rulers, all seeking power and wealth for their states and themselves, and all competing to exploit extraterritorial violence to achieve those ends. She examines the unintended consequences of such acts, and shows how individual states eventually fell victim to violence. As rulers became increasingly aware of the problems created by nonstate coercive tactics abroad, they worked together to curtail this violence, only to find it intertwined with nonstate violence on the national state level. Exploring the blurred boundaries between the domestic and international, the economic and political, and the state and nonstate realms of authority, this book addresses practical and theoretical issues underlying the reconciliation of violence with political legitimacy.

Twentieth-Century South Africa

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: CONQUEST, THE STATE AND SOCIETY PART I: A STATE WITHOUT A NATION PART II: AFRIKANER POWER AND THE RISE OF MASS PART III: THE NEW SOUTH AFRICA, 1994-2000

Civil Society and the State in Africa

Abstract: The Idea of Civil Society, State Formation and the African Development Crisis, J.W. Harbeson. Part 1 Divergent Concepts of Civil Society: Civil Society, Democratization and State Decline, C. Young Civil Society and Political Transition in Africa, M. Bratton From Disengagement to Civil Society in Africa, V. Azarya. Part 2 The Development of Civil Society in Africa - Cases: Constructing a Civil Society - Farmers and Political Life in Cote d'Ivoire, J. Widener Nurturing Civil Society from Above - Decentralisation and Democratisation in Kenya, J. Barkan Gender and the Transformation of Civil Society in Tanzania, A.M. Tripp Western Uganda Dairy Farmers - Responses to the Withdrawal of State-Financed Services, N. Kasfir Civil Society in Nigeria - Spatial Dimensions, J. Guyer Associational Life and Democratic Prospects in Ghana, E. Gyimah-Boadi Civil Society in Zaire - the Role of Personal Connections, J. MacGaffrey. Part 3 Challenges to Civil Society: Civil Society, Economic Governance and Social Change in Africa, T. Callaghy Marketisation, Public Sphere and Civil Society in Africa - Historical Perspectives, A. Mbembe the Interaction Between State and Civil Society - From Deadlock to New Routines, D. Rothchild and L. Lawson. Part 4 Conclusion: The Dynamics of Civil Society in Africa, N. Chazan.

Gendered Government@@@Gender Images in Public Administration: Legitimacy and the Administrative State

Abstract: Preface Chapter 1 Gender and Public Administration Chapter 2 \"On Tap But Not on Top\": Women in the Administrative State Chapter 3 \"Sharpening a Knife Cleverly\": The Dilemma of Expertise Chapter 4 \"Look Like a Lady, Act Like a Man\": The Dilemma of Leadership Chapter 5 The Hero Factory: The Dilemma of Virtue Chapter 6 From the Ground(s) Up: Women Reformers and the Rise of the Administrative State Chapter 7 Paths Toward Change References Index About the Author

Civil society, democratization and development (I): Clearing the analytical ground

Abstract: This is the first section of a two‐part article investigating the relationship between civil society and the recent wave of democratization in developing countries. It highlights the ambiguity of the term ‘civil society’ and proposes a definition which may prove serviceable in discovering the political role played by civil society in facilitating or impeding democratization. In addition to the conventional distinction between civil society and the state, the article makes further distinctions between ‘civil society’, ‘political society’ and ‘society’. It specifies several commonly held expectations about the potential political influence exerted by civil society on the character of political regimes and the behaviour of the state, and generates certain historically rooted hypotheses about these relationships. These concepts and hypotheses are intended as an analytical framework to be applied to specific country case‐studies in the second part of the article to follow in a later issue of this Journal.

State power and social forces: The state in society: an approach to struggles for domination

Abstract: Ever since Thomas Hobbes wrote Leviathan in the seventeenth century, 150 years before the full blooming of capitalism, thinkers have grappled with the increasingly powerful state and its role in society. Following the Industrial Revolution, Karl Marx, Max Weber, Emile Durkheim, and many others devoted themselves to what Karl Polanyi would later call the great transformation. Like Hobbes, they too focused on the state, now in its relationship to the momentous social and economic changes overtaking European societies. Some, such as the Hegelians, put the state – and the idea of the state – at the center of the social currents rushing through Europe. Others, including Marx, looked elsewhere for the source of historical change, notably to the organization of production. But even those who, like Marx, saw the primary motor of change outside the formal political realm felt called upon to address the notion of the transformative state. The new state was unquestionably a major component of life in the modern era and was understood by many as the driving force behind the astonishing changes of the time. This statement holds true as much at the close of the twentieth century as in the latter decades of the nineteenth. Not surprisingly, then, the underlying questions dealt with in this volume echo the classical debates about major societal transformations and their relationship to the state. When and how have states been able to establish comprehensive political authority?

The political economy of trading states: Factor specificity, collective action problems and domestic political institutions

Abstract: The fundamental problem that international trade poses for states is this. Trade typically offers cheaper goods, with more choice for consumers and the greatest economic output for society as a whole. But at the same time, it is also very disruptive to individuals’ lives, tying their incomes to the vagaries of international markets. In so doing, trade affects the distribution of wealth within the domestic economy, raising questions of who gets relatively more or less, and what they can do about it politically. Trade also has important effects, naturally, on aggregate domestic economic welfare and on the distributions of wealth and power among national societies. Anyone theorizing about “trading states” (states of trading societies) should consider the state’s problem of how to weigh the aggregate, external effects against the internal, distributional effects-and indeed against the costs or disturbances that those internal redistributions may bring.

Political Economy and the Changing Global Order

Abstract: PART 1: UNDERSTANDING THE CHANGING GLOBAL ORDER: Introduction - Conceptualizing the Changing Global Order - G. Underhill Global Restructuring: Making Sense of the Changing International Political Economy - R. Cox Labour, the Keynesian Welfare State and the Changing Political Economy - A. Martin Knowledge, Politics and Neo-Liberal Economy - S. Gill Interdependence of Security and Economic Issues in the New World Order - B. Buzan Rethinking Structural Change in the International Political Economy - S. Strange Theory as Exclusion: Gender and International Political Economy - S. Whitworth International Political Economy and the Changing World Order: Evolution or Involution? - R. Leaver. PART 2: GLOBAL ISSUES: Introduction - Global Issues in Historical Perspective - R. Stubbs & G. Underhill From Bretton Woods to Global Finance - E. Helleiner Understanding Patterns of Macroeconomic Policy Co-ordination in the Post-war Period - M. Webb Regulating International Banking and Securities - W. Coleman & T. Porter Promoting a Global Economy: Normative Role of the International Monetary Fund - L. Pauly Post-Fordism, Transnational Production and the Changing Global Political Economy - M. Bernard The Changing GATT System and the Uruguay Round Negotiations - P. Nicolaides Agricultural Trade and the International Political Economy - G. Skogstad The Future of the International Trading System - M. Busch & H. Milner Global Institutions, International Agreements and Environmental Issues - D. Glover The Political Economy of North-South Relations - M. Marchand US Domestic Interests and the Latin American Debt Crisis - M. Shepherd The Political Economy of Middle Eastern Oil - A. A. Kubursi & S. Mansur. PART 3: REGIONAL DYNAMICS: Introduction - Global Trends, Regional Patterns - R. Stubbs & G. Underhill The Changing European Political Economy - P. C. Padoan The Political Economy of North American Free Trade - D. Leyton-Brown The Political Economy of the Asia-Pacific Region - R. Stubbs Eastern and Central Europe in the World Political Economy - I. Kearns Marginalization of Africa in the New World (Dis)order - T. Shaw & J. Inegbedion The Political Economy of Inter-American Relations - J. Nef PART 4: STATE POLICIES IN THE GLOBAL ORDER: Introduction - State Policies and Global Changes - R. Stubbs & G. Underhill Gridlock and Decline: Financial Internationalization, Banking Politics and the Political Process - P. G. Cerny The Politics of International Structural Change: Aggressive Unilateralism in American Trade Policy - P. Martin The European Community: Testing the Boundaries of Foreign Economic Policy - M. Smith Germany in the International Economy - K. Gretschmann The Political Economy of Japanese Trade - M. W. Donnelly India, the LDCs and GATR Negotiations on Trade and Investments in Services - S. D. McDowell The Canadian State in the International Economy - M. Molot Australia and the Pacific Region. (Part contents).

Cultural Anthropology: Tribes, States, and the Global System

Abstract: Preface PART I. Introduction 1. Understanding Other Cultures PART II. Domestic Scale Culture: The World Before The State 2. Australian Aborigines: Mobile Foragers for 50,000 Years 3. Native Amazonians: Villagers of the Rain Forest 4. African Cattle Peoples: Tribal Pastoralists 5. Body, Mind, and Soul: The Quality of Tribal Life PART III. Political-Scale Culture: The End of Equality 6. Paci 7. Early States: The Near East and The Andes 8. The Chinese Great Tradition 9. Great Traditions: Hinduism and Islam in South Asia 10. The Breakdown of States PART IV. Commercial-Scale Culture: The Global System 11. Europe and the Commercial World 12. The American Industrial State 13. The Impoverished World 14. Indigenous Peoples 15. Beyond 2000: The Future in The Global Greenhouse Topical Glossary Bibliography Credits Index

A political theory of intergovernmental grants

Abstract: This paper formulates a political theory of intergovernmental grants. A model of vote-maximizing federal politicians is developed. Grants are assumed to buy the support of state voters and the ‘political capital or resources’ of state politicians and interest groups which can be used to further increase the support of state voters for the federal politician. The model is tested for 49 states. Similarity of party affiliation between federal and state politicians and the size of the Democrat majority in the state legislature increases the per capita dollar amount of grants made to a state. Likewise, increases in both the size of the state bureaucracy and union membership lead to greater grants for a state. Over time, the importance of interest groups (bureaucracy and unions) has increased relative to political groups (state politicians).

The political philosophy of poststructuralist anarchism

Abstract: The political writings of the French poststructuralists have eluded articulation in the broader framework of general political philosophy primarily because of the pervasive tendency to define politics along a single parameter: the balance between state power and individual rights in liberalism and the focus on economic justice as a goal in Marxism. What poststructuralists like Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, and Jean-Francois Lyotard offer instead is a political philosophy that can be called tactical: it emphasizes that power emerges from many different sources and operates along many different registers. This approach has roots in traditional anarchist thought, which sees the social and political field as a network of intertwined practices with overlapping political effects. The poststructuralist approach, however, eschews two questionable assumptions of anarchism, that human beings have an (essentially benign) essence and that power is always repressive, never productive. After positioning poststructuralist political thought against the background of Marxism and the traditional anarchism of Bakunin, Kropotkin, and Proudhon, Todd May shows what a tactical political philosophy like anarchism looks like shorn of its humanist commitments-namely, a poststructuralist anarchism. The book concludes with a defense, contra Habermas and Critical Theory, of poststructuralist political thought as having a metaethical structure allowing for positive ethical commitments.

Labor Visions and State Power: The Origins of Business Unionism in the United States.

Abstract: Why has labor played a more limited role in national politics in the United States than it has in other advanced industrial societies? Victoria Hattam demonstrates that voluntarism, as American labor's policy was known, was the American Federation of Labor's strategic response to the structure of the American state, particularly to the influence of American courts. The AFL's strategic calculation was not universal, however. This book reveals the competing ideologies and acts of interpretation that produced these variations in state-labor relations.Originally published in 1993.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Managing the hollow state

Abstract: Beginning in the mid-1970s and continuing through the 1980s and into the early 1990s governments in the industrialized democracies have brought about tremendous changes in their own State structures and in the relationship between the State and society. In the United States we refer to the “Reagan revolution,” but the changes have been no less profound in other countries, including those such as France and Sweden with very large and well-respected bureaucracies. While these changes in the nature of government are well-known and well-documented, their implications for the implementation and management of the public sector have not been explored adequately, especially in comparative context.(1) To the extent that the implications have been discussed it has been primarily in the context of the “new managerialism” but the changes really extend much more deeply into the process of governing and the manner in which the State relates to society. This paper will be a step in the direction of more fully ramifying ...

Mandates, Plans, and Planners: Building Local Commitment to Development Management

Abstract: This research investigates how states influence development management, in a study of 176 communities in five states. First, state planning mandates improve the quality of local plans. Second, communities with good plans and planners committed to state policies adopt strong development management programs with land use controls, site design requirements and other techniques. Third, general planning mandates have little impact on planners' commitment to state objectives, while single-purpose state mandates do. These findings suggest that planning mandates are effective, but that greater attention must be given to increasing planners' commitment to state policy objectives, through complementary mandates or those features of planning mandates that build commitment.

Weber: Political Writings

Abstract: Max Weber (1864–1920), generally known as a founder of modern social science, was concerned with political affairs throughout his life. The texts in this edition span his career and include his early inaugural lecture The Nation State and Economic Policy, Suffrage and Democracy in Germany, Parliament and Government in Germany under a New Political Order, Socialism, The Profession and Vocation of Politics, and an excerpt from his essay The Situation of Constitutional Democracy in Russia, as well as other shorter writings. Together they illustrate the development of his thinking on the fate of Germany and the nature of politics in the modern western state in an age of cultural 'disenchantment'. The introduction discusses the central themes of Weber's political thought, and a chronology, notes and an annotated bibliography place him in his political and intellectual context.

Who were the Yugoslavs? Failed sources of a common identity in the former Yugoslavia

Abstract: Yugoslavia's leaders believed that a policy of equality among the many nationalities in Yugoslavia, in tandem with Communist Party hegemony, would allow nationalism within Yugoslavia to exist, mature, andfinally diminish as a political force without jeopardizing the political stability and economic development of the country as a whole. Consequently the identification of people with their nationality was accepted to the neglect of an identity associated with the state as a whole. The expectation that a shared political agenda and the modernization of the society would weaken nationalism as a political force was not met. Instead, economic and political rivalries among the Yugoslav republics intensified nationalist feelings. In the early 1990s Yugoslavia's experiment in building a multinational state was replaced with open hostilities and warfare among the South Slavs. We identify four routes to Yugoslav self-identification and analyze the significance of these using survey data from 1985 and 1989, just prior to the break up of Yugoslavia. Urban residents, the young, those from nationally-mixed parentage, Communist Party members, and persons from minority nationalities in their republic were among those most likely to identify as Yugoslavs. None of these factors, however, proved sufficient to override the centrifugal forces of rising nationalism. Implications for political integration in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union are discussed.