Showing papers on "State (polity) published in 2015"

Facing Up to the Democratic Recession

Abstract: Larry Diamond is founding coeditor of the Journal of Democracy, se- nior fellow at the Hoover Institution and the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford University, and director of Stan- ford's Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law. The year 2014 marked the fortieth anniversary of Portugal's Revolu- tion of the Carnations, which inaugurated what Samuel P. Huntington dubbed the "third wave" of global democratization. Any assessment of the state of global democracy today must begin by recognizing—even marveling at—the durability of this historic transformation. When the third wave began in 1974, only about 30 percent of the world's indepen- dent states met the criteria of electoral democracy—a system in which citizens, through universal suffrage, can choose and replace their leaders in regular, free, fair, and meaningful elections. 1 At that time, there were only about 46 democracies in the world. Most of those were the liberal democracies of the rich West, along with a number of small island states that had been British colonies. Only a few other developing democracies existed—principally, India, Sri Lanka, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezu- ela, Israel, and Turkey. In the subsequent three decades, democracy had a remarkable global run, as the number of democracies essentially held steady or expanded every year from 1975 until 2007. Nothing like this continous growth in democracy had ever been seen before in the history of the world. While a number of these new "democracies" were quite illiberal—in some cases, so much so that Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way regard them as "competitive authoritarian" regimes 2 —the positive three-decade trend was paralleled by a similarly steady and significant expansion in levels of freedom (political rights and civil liberties, as measured annually by Freedom House). In 1974, the average level of freedom in the world stood at 4.38 (on the two seven-point scales, where 1 is most free and 7 is most repressive). It then gradually improved during the 1970s and

An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States

Abstract: This book should be widely read, discussed, and diffused. Building on generations of struggle and scholarship, it provides the basis for a full understanding of the US as a colonial-settler state. ...

On the State: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1989 - 1992

Abstract: Editors note Year 1989-1990 Lecture of 18 January 1990 An inconceivable object. - The state as neutral site. - The Marxist tradition. - The calendar and the structure of temporality. - State categories. - Acts of state. - The private housing market and the state. - The Barre commission on housing. Lecture of 25 January 1990 The theoretical and the empirical. - State commissions and productions. - The social construction of public problems. - The state as viewpoint of viewpoints. - Official marriage. - Theory and theory effects. - The two meanings of the word state . - Transforming the particular into the universal. - The obsequium. - Institutions as organized trustee . - Genesis of the state. Difficulties of the undertaking. - Parenthesis on the teaching of research in sociology. Lecture of 1 February 1990 The rhetoric of the official. - The public and the official. - The universal other and censorship. - The legislator as artist . - The genesis of public discourse. - Public discourse and imposition of form. - Public opinion. Lecture of 8 February 1990 The concentration of symbolic resources. - Sociological reading of Franz Kafka. - An untenable research programme. - History and sociology. - Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt s The Political Systems of Empires. - Perry Anderson s two books. - The problem of Barrington Moore s three roads . Lecture of 15 February 1990 The official and the private. - Sociology and history: genetic structuralism. - Genetic history of the state. - Game and field. - Anachronism and illusion of the nominal. - The two faces of the state. Year 1990-1991 Lecture of 10 January 1991 Historical approach and genetic approach. - Research strategy. - Housing policy. - Interactions and structural relations. - Self-evidence as an effect of institutionalization. - The effect of that s the way it isE and the closing of possibilities. - The space of possibilities. - The example of spelling. Lecture of 17 January 1991 Reminder of the course s procedure. - The two meanings of the word state : state as administration, state as territory. - The disciplinary division of historical work as an epistemological obstacle. - Models of state genesis, 1: Norbert Elias. - Models of state genesis, 2: Charles Tilly. Lecture of 24 January 1991 Reply to a question: the notion of invention under structural constraint. - Models of state genesis, 3: Philip Corrigan and Derek Sayer. - The exemplary particularity of England: economic modernization and cultural archaisms. Lecture of 31 January 1991 Reply to questions. - Cultural archaisms and economic transformations. - Culture and national unity: the case of Japan. - Bureaucracy and cultural integration. - National unification and cultural domination. Lecture of 7 February 1991 Theoretical foundations for an analysis of state power. - Symbolic power: relations of force and relations of meaning. - The state as producer of principles of classification. - Belief effect and cognitive structures. - The coherence effect of state symbolic systems. - The school timetable as a state construction. - The producers of doxa. Lecture of 14 February 1991 Sociology, an esoteric science with an exoteric air. - Professionals and lay people. - The state structures the social order. - Doxa, orthodoxy, heterodoxy. - Transmutation of private into public: the appearance of the modern state in Europe. Lecture of 21 February 1991 Logic of the genesis and emergence of the state: symbolic capital. - The stages of the process of concentration of capital. - The dynastic state. - The state as a power over powers. - Concentration and dispossession of kinds of capital: the example of physical force capital. - Constitution of a central economic capital and construction of an autonomous economic space. Lecture of 7 March 1991 Reply to questions: conformity and consensus. - Concentration processes of the kinds of capital: resistances. - The unification of the legal market. - The constitution of an interest in the universal. - The state viewpoint and totalization: informational capital. - Concentration of cultural capital and national construction. - Natural nobility and state nobility. Lecture of 14 March 1991 Digression: a forcible intervention in the intellectual field. - The double face of the state: domination and integration. - Jus loci and jus sanguinis. - The unification of the market in symbolic goods. - Analogy between the religious field and the cultural field. Year 1991-1992 Lecture of 3 October 1991 A model of the transformations of the dynastic state. - The notion of reproduction strategies. - The notion of a system of reproduction strategies. - The dynastic state in the light of reproduction strategies. - The king s house . - Legal logic and practical logic of the dynastic state. - Objectives of the next lecture. Lecture of 10 October 1991 The house model versus historical finalism. - The issues in historical research on the state. - The contradictions of the dynastic state. - A tripartite structure. Lecture of 24 October 1991 Recapitulation of the logic of the course. - Family reproduction and state reproduction. - Digression on the history of political thought. - The historical work of lawyers in the process of state construction. - Differentiation of power and structural corruption: an economic model. Lecture of 7 November 1991 Preamble: the difficulties of communication in social science. - The example of institutionalized corruption in China: 1) the ambiguous power of sub-bureaucrats. -The example of institutionalized corruption in China: 2) the pure . - The example of institutionalized corruption in China: 3) double game and double I . - The genesis of the bureaucratic space and the invention of the public. Lecture of 14 November 1991 Construction of the republic and construction of the nation. - The constitution of the public in the light of an English treatise on constitutional law. - The use of royal seals: the chain of guarantees. Lecture of 21 November 1991 Reply to a question on the public/private contrast. - The transmutation of private into public: a non-linear process. - The genesis of the meta-field of power: differentiation and dissociation of dynastic and bureaucratic authorities. - A research programme on the French Revolution. - Dynastic principle versus legal principle: the lit de justice as case study. - Methodological digression: the kitchen of political theories. - Legal struggles as symbolic struggles for power. - The three contradictions of lawyers. Lecture of 28 November 1991 History as an issue of struggle. - The legal field: a historical approach. - Functions and functionaries. - The state as fictio juris. - Legal capital as linguistic capital and practical control. - Lawyers in confrontation with the church: a corporation acquires autonomy. - Reformation, Jansenism and legalism. - The public: an unprecedented reality in constant development. Lecture of 5 December 1991 Programme for a social history of political ideas and the state. - The interest in disinterestedness. - Lawyers and the universal. - The (false) problem of the French Revolution. - The state and the nation. - The state as civil religion . - Nationality and citizenship: contrast between the French and German models. - Struggles of interest and struggles of unconscious in political debate. Lecture of 12 December 1991 Construction of the political space: the parliamentary game. - Digression: television in the new political game. - From the paper state to the real state. - Domesticating the dominated: the dialectic of discipline and philanthropy. - The theoretical dimension of state construction. - Questions for a conclusion. Appendixes Course summaries as published in the Annuaire of the College de France 1989-1990, 1990-1991, 1991-1992 Position of the lectures on the state in Pierre Bourdieu s work Bibliography 1. Books and articles on the state, the field of power or the history of political thought 2. Books and articles not directly bearing on the state Name index Subject index

The State: Past, Present, Future

Abstract: Debates about the role and nature of the state are at the heart of modern politics. However, the state itself remains notoriously difficult to define, and the term is subject to a range of different interpretations. In this book, distinguished state theorist Bob Jessop provides a critical introduction to the state as both a concept and a reality. He lucidly guides readers through all the major accounts of the state, and examines competing efforts to relate the state to other features of social organization. Essential themes in the analysis of the state are explored in full, including state formation, periodization, the re-scaling of the state and the state's future. Throughout, Jessop clearly defines key terms, from hegemony and coercion to government and governance. He also analyses what we mean when we speak about 'normal' and 'exceptional' states, and states that are 'failed' or 'rogue'. Combining an accessible style with expert sensitivity to the complexities of the state, this short introduction will be core reading for students and scholars of politics and sociology, as well as anyone interested in the changing role of the state in contemporary societies.

State capacity and military conflict

Abstract: Powerful, centralized states controlling a large share of national income only begin to appear in Europe after 1500. We build a model that explains their emergence in response to the increasing importance of money for military success. When fiscal resources are not crucial for winning wars, the threat of external conflict stifles state-building. As finance becomes critical, internally cohesive states invest in state capacity while divided states rationally drop out of the competition, causing divergence. We emphasize the role of the “Military Revolution”, a sequence of technological innovations that transformed armed conflict. Using data from 374 battles, we investigate empirically both the importance of money for military success and patterns of state-building in early modern Europe. The evidence is consistent with the predictions of our model.

Allocation vs. Production States: A Theoretical Framework

Abstract: The ecological and economic factors that conditions existence of state structures and geographic reach of authority throughout Arab history. In many cases, colonial state structures were the first to effectively rule their claimed territories and almost all state structures that existed in Arabia until World War II could only survive. Even after World War II, fortuitously independent Libya could not really sustain a state structure until oil exports began in the late 50s. People should not speak of hydrocarbon societies and states, it is a fact that oil production appears to have a strong and decisive influence on the nature of the state. Thus, the Arab world is fairly clearly divided between allocation and production states, and the former comprise countries that are not oil producers, but receive substantial income from abroad on different grounds. The relative importance of the financial resources that the allocation states have available relative to the military potential and economic needs of the production states.

Freedom Time: Negritude, Decolonization, and the Future of the World

Abstract: Freedom Time reconsiders decolonization from the perspectives of Aime Cesaire (Martinique) and Leopold Sedar Senghor (Senegal) who, beginning in 1945, promoted self-determination without state sovereignty. As politicians, public intellectuals, and poets they struggled to transform imperial France into a democratic federation, with former colonies as autonomous members of a transcontinental polity. In so doing, they revitalized past but unrealized political projects and anticipated impossible futures by acting as if they had already arrived. Refusing to reduce colonial emancipation to national independence, they regarded decolonization as an opportunity to remake the world, reconcile peoples, and realize humanity’s potential. Emphasizing the link between politics and aesthetics, Gary Wilder reads Cesaire and Senghor as pragmatic utopians, situated humanists, and concrete cosmopolitans whose postwar insights can illuminate current debates about self-management, postnational politics, and planetary solidarity. Freedom Time invites scholars to decolonize intellectual history and globalize critical theory, to analyze the temporal dimensions of political life, and to question the territorialist assumptions of contemporary historiography.

The debate on food sovereignty theory: agrarian capitalism, dispossession and agroecology

Abstract: This contribution reviews recent critiques of the food sovereignty framework. In particular it engages with the debate between Henry Bernstein and Philip McMichael and analyzes their different conceptualizations of agrarian capitalism. It critically identifies tendencies in food sovereignty approaches to assume a food regime crisis, to one-sidedly emphasize accumulation by dispossession and enclosure and thereby to overlook the importance of expanded reproduction, and to espouse a romantic optimism about farmer-driven agroecological knowledge which is devoid of modern science. Alternatives to current modernization trajectories cannot simply return to the peasant past and to the local. Instead, they need to recognize the desires of farmers to be incorporated into larger commodity networks, the importance of industrialization and complex chains for feeding the world population, and the support of state and science, as well as social movements, for realizing a food sovereign alternative.

The Right of Self-Determination of Peoples: The Domestication of an Illusion

Abstract: The right of self-determination of peoples holds out the promise of sovereign statehood for all peoples and a domination-free international order. But it also harbors the danger of state fragmentation that can threaten international stability if claims of self-determination lead to secessions. Covering both the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century independence movements in the Americas and the twentieth-century decolonization worldwide, this book examines the conceptual and political history of the right of self-determination of peoples. It addresses the political contexts in which the right and concept were formulated and the practices developed to restrain its potentially anarchic character, its inception in anti-colonialism, nationalism, and the labor movement, its instrumentalization at the end of the First World War in a formidable duel that Wilson lost to Lenin, its abuse by Hitler, the path after the Second World War to its recognition as a human right in 1966, and its continuing impact after decolonization.

Nation Branding, National Self-Esteem, and the Constitution of Subjectivity in Late Modernity†

Abstract: Surprisingly, the emergent and increasingly popular phenomenon of nation branding has received only scant attention from International Relations scholars. While most analyses account for the phenomenon by emphasizing the perceived material benefits to be derived from establishing a positive national brand, this article provides an alternative perspective. It argues that nation-branding processes need to be understood as responding to the need of states and state leaders to enhance both their citizens and the nation's sense of ontological security and (self)-esteem. Moreover, this quest for self-esteem and ontological security is unfolding in the context of broader realignments occasioned by the advent of late modernity. While nation branding represents an understandable response to these developments, the article questions the strategy's overall efficacy by highlighting its implications for how national subjectivity is constituted, its notable disciplining elements and its potentially undemocratic implications.

The 2013 ANTIPODE AAG Lecture The Environment Making State: Territory, Nature, and Value

Abstract: My argument is that the state is fundamental to the value form because it delivers the use values of non-human nature to the process of capital accumulation. Capital cannot, and historically does not, capture non-human nature without the participation of the state. The state delivers the utilities of extra-human nature to the accumulation process by creating property regimes, physical infrastructure, and scientific knowledge. As such, the state is a crucial under-theorized political membrane in the ecological metabolism of capitalism and the value form. The capitalist states inherently environmental qualities are rooted in its fundamentally territorial qualities. Where are the utilities of non-human nature found? On the surface of the earth. What institutions ultimately control the surface of the earth? Territorially defined national states. The example of state formation in the early years of the United States is used to illustrate these ideas.

Globalization and Capitalist Geopolitics: Sovereignty and state power in a multipolar world

Abstract: FROM THE BACK COVER: Globalization and Capitalist Geopolitics is concerned with the growth of transnational corporate power against the backdrop of the decline of the West and the struggle by non-Western states to challenge and overcome domination of the rest of the world by the West. At the centre of the study is the problematic status of the US as guarantor of global security and imperial nation in decline. The declining power of America in a multipolar world places a question mark under the future of Western leadership of globalization. Woodley interrogates the structure of contemporary world order and examines competing approaches to globalization and global capitalism in international relations and international political economy. He engages with key scholars in the field, and provides an authoritative yet accessible commentary on debates on globalization and geopolitics in the wake of the global financial crisis. In a period of increasing geopolitical insecurity and geoeconomic transition, this book is a major contribution to the debate on globalization. It is a key resource for students and scholars seeking a deeper understanding of the historical and economic determinants of neoliberal capitalism, the impact of global economic convergence for Western economies, and the implications of globalization for the reconstruction of contemporary world order. ***** NOTICE: This book is available on OAPEN: http://www.oapen.org/search?identifier=625755. It is licensed under Creative Commons 4.0 International (AT-NC-ND): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode

Constructing the International Economy

Abstract: Introduction: Constructing the International Economy by Rawi Abdelal, Mark Blyth, and Craig ParsonsPART I. MEANING1. Shrinking the State: Neoliberal Economists and Social Spending in Latin America by Jeffrey M. Chwieroth2. The Meaning of Development: Constructing the World Bank's Good Governance Agenda by Catherine Weaver3. Institutionalized Hypocrisy and the Politics of Agricultural Trade by Mlada BukovanskyPART II. COGNITION4. Frames, Scripts, and the Making of Regional Trade Areas by Francesco Duina5. Imagined Economies: Constructivist Political Economy, Nationalism, and Economic-based Sovereignty Movements in Russia by Yoshiko M. HerreraPART III. UNCERTAINTY6. Firm Interests in Uncertain Times: Business Lobbying in Multilateral Service Liberalization by Cornelia Woll7. Trade-offs and Trinities: Social Forces and Monetary Cooperation by Wesley W. WidmaierPART IV. SUBJECTIVITY8. Moby Dick or Moby Doll? Discourse, or How to Study the "Social Construction of" All the Way Down by Charlotte Epstein9. Bringing Power Back In: The IMF's Constructivist Strategy in Critical Perspective by Jacqueline Best10. The Ethical Investor, Embodied Economies, and International Political Economy by Paul LangleyRe-constructing IPE: Some Conclusions Drawn from a Crisis by Rawi Abdelal, Mark Blyth, and Craig ParsonsReferences Index

Refugees and justice between states

Abstract: In this article, I consider the neglected question of justice between states in the distribution of responsibility for refugees. I argue that a just distribution of refugees across states is an important normative goal and, accordingly, I attempt to rethink the normative foundations of the global refugee regime. I show that because dismantling the restrictive measures currently used by states in the global South to prevent the arrival of refugees will not suffice to ensure a just distribution of refugees between states, a more detailed account of how responsibilities should be shared between states is required. To this end, I make three claims. First, I argue that the definition of ‘refugee’ must be broadened beyond those subjected to persecution to include harms of action or omission by states that seriously jeopardise personal security or subsistence needs. Second, I argue that allocating a fair share of refugees to states should be based on state’s integrative capacities. Finally, I argue that distribu...

Interrogating States’ Soft Power Strategies: A Case Study of Sports Mega-Events in Brazil and the UK

Abstract: Central to this article is the use of sports mega-events as part of a state's “soft power” strategy. The article offers two things: first, a critique of the “soft power” concept and a clearer understanding of what it refers to by drawing on the political use of sports mega-events by states; second, the article seeks to understand how and why sports mega-events are attractive to states with different political systems and at different stages of economic development. To this end a case study of an advanced capitalist state (London Olympics, 2012) and a so-called “emerging” state (FIFA World Cup, 2014; Rio Olympics, 2016) will be undertaken in order to shed light on the role of sports events as part of soft power strategies across different categories of states.

Political Order and Inequality: Their Foundations and their Consequences for Human Welfare

Abstract: The fundamental question of political theory, one that precedes all other questions about the nature of political life, is why there is a state at all. Is human cooperation feasible without a political authority enforcing it? Or do we need a state to live together? This problem then opens up two further questions. If a state is necessary to establish order, how does it come into place? And, when it does, what are the consequences for the political status and economic welfare of its citizens? Combining ethnographical material, historical cases, and statistical analysis, this book describes the foundations of stateless societies, why and how states emerge, and the basis of political obligation. As a result of this inquiry, it explains the economic and political roots of inequality, describes the causes of the stagnation of the preindustrial world, and explores what led to the West's prosperity of the past two centuries.

Human Rights Institutions, Sovereignty Costs and Democratization

Abstract: Why do countries join international human rights institutions, when membership often yields few material gains and constrains state sovereignty? This article argues that entering a human rights institution can yield substantial benefits for democratizing states. Emerging democracies can use the ‘sovereignty costs’ associated with membership to lock in liberal policies and signal their intent to consolidate democracy. It also argues, however, that the magnitude of these costs varies across different human rights institutions, which include both treaties and international organizations. Consistent with this argument, the study finds that democratizing states tend to join human rights institutions that impose greater constraints on state sovereignty.

The Rise of Democracy: Revolution, War and Transformations in International Politics since 1776

Abstract: Little over 200 years ago, a quarter of a century of warfare with an 'outlaw state' brought the great powers of Europe to their knees. That state was the revolutionary democracy of France. Since then, there has been a remarkable transformation in the way democracy is understood and valued - today, it is the non-democratic states that are seen as rogue regimes. Christopher Hobson looks at the historical contrast between the strongly negative perceptions of democracy in the 18th century and the very high degree of acceptance and legitimacy in contemporary international politics. Building on this, Hobson looks at the role of democracy in international relations: in the past, its present role and the likely future challenges.

Translating the Politics of Food Sovereignty: Digging into Contradictions, Uncovering New Dimensions

Abstract: Food sovereignty, as a movement and a set of ideas, is coming of age. Rooted in resistance to free trade and the globalizing force of neoliberalism, the concept has inspired collective action across the world. We examine what has changed since food sovereignty first emerged on the international scene and reflect on insight from new terrain where the movement has expanded. We argue that to advance the theory and practice of food sovereignty, new frameworks and analytical methods are needed to move beyond binaries—between urban and rural, gender equality and the family farm, trade and localism, and autonomy and engagement with the state. A research agenda in food sovereignty must not shy away from the rising contradictions in and challenges to the movement. The places of seeming contradiction may in fact be where the greatest insights are to be found. We suggest that by taking a relational perspective, scholars can begin to draw insight into the challenges and sticking points of food sovereignty by ...

‘Quiet Food Sovereignty’ as Food Sovereignty without a Movement? Insights from Post-socialist Russia

Abstract: What does food sovereignty look like in settings where rural social movements are weak or non-existent, such as in countries with post-socialist, semi-authoritarian regimes? Focusing on Russia, we present a divergent form of food sovereignty. Building on the concept of ‘quiet sustainability’, we present a dispersed, muted, but clearly bottom-up variant we term ‘quiet food sovereignty’. In the latter, the role of the very productive smallholdings is downplayed by the state and partly by the smallholders themselves. Those smallholdings are not seen as an alternative to industrial agriculture, but subsidiary to it (although superior in terms of sociality and healthy, environmentally friendly produce). As such, ‘quiet food sovereignty’ deviates from the overt struggle frequently associated with food sovereignty. We discuss the prospects of ‘quiet food sovereignty’ to develop into a full food sovereignty movement, and stress the importance of studying implicit everyday forms of food sovereignty.

The Space of Civil Society and the Practices of Resistance and Subordination

Abstract: We argue that the majority of civil society conceptualizations employ a narrow concept of the state and a narrow concept of civil society. The life history of a Brazilian woman demonstrates that as individuals travel through state institutions and civil society organizations (CSOs), they carry conflicting worldviews with them which bear on the practices of CSOs. With Gramsci we recognize civil society as a space where movements and the state struggle for hegemony; beyond him we conceptualize CSOs as contradictory, being simultaneously of and against the state, while the state is simultaneously outside and within them.

Bases, Bullets and Ballots: the Effect of U.S. Military Aid on Political Conflict in Colombia

Abstract: Does foreign military assistance strengthen or further weaken fragile states facing internal conflict? Aid may strengthen the state by bolstering its repressive capacity vis-a-vis armed nonstate actors or weaken it if resources are diverted to these very groups. We examine how US military aid affects political violence in Colombia. We exploit the allocation of US military aid to Colombian military bases and compare how aid affects municipalities with and without bases. We use an instrument based on worldwide increases in US military aid (excluding Latin America). We find that US military assistance leads to differential increases in attacks by paramilitaries but has no effect on guerilla attacks. Aid also results in more paramilitary (but not guerrilla) homicides during election years, particularly in politically competitive municipalities. The findings suggest that foreign military assistance may strengthen armed nonstate actors, undermining domestic political institutions.

The social origins of state capacity : civil society, political order and public goods in France (1789-1970) and Mexico (1810-1970)

Abstract: ......................................................................................................................................... ii Preface ........................................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... v List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. viii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... ix List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... x Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... xi Dedication ................................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Case Selection: Revolutions, Popular Incorporation and the Evolution of Public Goods in France and Mexico .............................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Literature Review ......................................................................................................... 12 1.3 Argument: The Organizational Structure of Civil Society, Political Order, and StateSupplied Public Goods .......................................................................................................... 36 1.4 Explaining the trajectories of state capacity in France (1789-1970) and Mexico (18101970) ..................................................................................................................................... 44 1.5 Research Design and Plan of the Dissertation ............................................................. 48 Chapter 2: Critical Juncture: Popular Incorporation, the Social State and State Capacity ...................................................................................................................................... 53 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 53 2.2 Measurement Challenges in the Study of State Capacity ............................................ 57 2.3 Conceptualizing State Capacity as Public Goods Provision ........................................ 66 vi 2.4 Operationalizing State Capacity as Public Goods Provision ....................................... 71 2.5 Critical Juncture: Popular Incorporation and the Social State ..................................... 74 2.6 War, Commodity Booms, and State Capacity in France and Mexico ......................... 97 2.7 Conclusion: The Puzzle of French and Mexican Political Development .................. 106 Chapter 3: An Organizational Theory of Political Development ......................................... 109 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 109 3.2 Explaining the Effects of Exogenous Shocks: Strategies of Political Order ............. 111 3.3 Explaining Strategies of Political Order: The Organizational Structure of Civil Society ................................................................................................................................. 122 3.4 Explaining the Transition from Spoils Systems to Social Contracts: The Transformation of Social Relationships .............................................................................. 143 3.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 147 Chapter 4: The Atlantic Revolutions and the Structural Transformation of Organizational Life .............................................................................................................................................. 151 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 151 4.2 France: Revolution and the Emergence of National Popular Movements ................. 154 4.3 Mexico: Independence and Parochial Political Organizations .................................. 201 4.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 240 Chapter 5: Organizational Structure, Popular Incorporation and Political Order ........... 245 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 245 5.2 France: Organizational Change and Political Instability ........................................... 250 5.3 Mexico: Lack of Resources and Political Instability ................................................. 301

Introduction: remaking the public good: a new anthropology of bureaucracy

Abstract: In this introductory article, we call for a new anthropology of bureaucracy focused on ‘the public good’. We aim to recapture this concept from its classic setting within the discipline of economics. We argue that such a move is particularly important now because new public goods – of transparency, fiscal discipline and decentralization – are being pressed into the service of states and transnational organizations: it has therefore become critical to focus on their techniques, effects and affects through fine-grained ethnography that challenges the economization of the political. We demonstrate our approach through some ethnographic findings from different parts of India. These show how fiscal austerity leads to new limited social contracts and precarious intimacies with the post-liberalization Indian state. This relationship between new public goods and forms of precarious citizenship is then further illuminated by the six articles that follow in this special issue.

When Government Subsidizes Its Own: Collective Bargaining Laws as Agents of Political Mobilization

Abstract: Government policies can activate a political constituency not only by providing material resources to, or altering the interpretive experiences of, individual citizens, but also by directly subsidizing established interest groups. We argue that state laws mandating collective bargaining for public employees provided organizational subsidies to public sector labor unions that lowered the costs of mobilizing their members to political action. Exploiting variation in the timing of laws across the states and using data on the political participation of public school teachers from 1956 to 2004, we find that the enactment of a mandatory bargaining law significantly boosted subsequent political participation among teachers. We also identify increased contact from organized groups seeking to mobilize teachers as a likely mechanism that explains this finding. These results have important implications for the current debate over collective bargaining rights and for our understanding of policy feedback, political parties and interest groups, and the bureaucracy

The War on Alcohol: Prohibition and the Rise of the American State

Abstract: Prohibition has long been portrayed as a "noble experiment" that failed, a newsreel story of glamorous gangsters, flappers and speakeasies. Now Lisa McGirr dismantles this myth to reveal a much more significant history. Prohibition was the seedbed for a pivotal expansion of the federal government and the genesis of America's contemporary penal state.

Imagining armies: symbolic dimensions of military power and contested state legitimacy in Iraq, 2003-2014

Abstract: OF THE DISSERTATION Imagining Armies: Symbolic Dimensions Of Military Power And Contested State Legitimacy In Iraq, 2003-2014 By Brian E. Humphreys Dissertation Director: Jan Kubik This dissertation presents a study of the reconstruction (and subsequent partial disintegration) of the armed forces of Iraq after 2003 as it relates to the larger problematic of state formation and legitimation in contested spaces. The national army, as opposed to paramilitary and police forces, emerged over time as an institution of singular importance in the struggle for Iraq after 2003. Iraq’s new rulers, who otherwise lacked prestige and deeply rooted political support within their own country, sought to appropriate the memory of the old Iraqi Army in order to claim their place as the rightful inheritors of state power. With this inheritance, they claimed, came the legitimate authority to use military force in defense of the new Iraqi state. I traced the development of Iraq’s new armed forces using interviews, archival sources, mass media reports, and photographs, to show how the symbols of Iraq’s militarist past were used by a new regime to bestow a reimagined Iraqi national identity upon military forces raised under foreign occupation and tutelage. My findings challenge the conventional wisdom that state formation in conflict zones of the developing world proceeds directly from a massive military buildup of government forces. Rather, it is the capacity of rulers to credibly sustain claims that their forces represent the nation and the state, which is most important to establishing a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.