Showing papers on "State (polity) published in 2021"
Book•
31 May 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the Kurdish problem in Turkey from the point of view of the Turkish authorities, as well as from the perspective of disaffected Kurds living in that state and abroad.
Abstract: This book analyzes the Kurdish problem in Turkey from the point of view of the Turkish authorities, as well as from the perspective of disaffected Kurds living in that state and abroad. It also analyzes the political instability and terrorism rampant in Turkey during the late 1970s.
56 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the limits and potential of the state in orchestrating sustainability transitions from the standpoint of critical theory on the green state are examined from a critical point of view, and two interrelated questions are pos...
Abstract: This article examines the limits and potential of the state in orchestrating sustainability transitions from the standpoint of critical theory on the green state. Two interrelated questions are pos...
50 citations
Book•
14 Dec 2021
TL;DR: Hennen as mentioned in this paper explores West Virginia's integration into America's corporate political economy during and after World War I and explores education, reform, and industrial relations in the state of the context of war mobilization, postwar instability, and national economic expansion.
Abstract: " Hennen explores West Virginia's integration into America's corporate political economy during and after World War I. Far from being isolated during America's transformation into a world power, West Virginia was squarely in the mainstream. The state's people and natural resources served crucial functions as producers and fuel for the postwar economy. Hennen examines a formative period in West Virginia's modern history that has been largely neglected beyond the traditional focus in the coal industry. Hennen looks at education, reform, and industrial relations in the state of the context of war mobilization, postwar instability, and national economic expansion. The First World War, he argues, consolidated the dominant positions of professionals, business people, and political capitalists as arbiters of national values. Corporate leaders employed public relations tactics that the Wilson administration had refined to gain public support for the war. Free-market business principles became synonymous with patriotic citizenship. Americanization, therefore, refers less to the assimilation of immigrants into the mainstream than to the attempt to encode values that would guarantee a literate and loyal producing class.
47 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that the political ideology of the government, both independently and in conjunction with political institutions (state capacity and political constraint), affects the relationship between state ownership and financial performance of firms.
46 citations
Book•
25 Jun 2021
TL;DR: For example, the authors argues that the real-life situation for most men in modern society is not one of active creativity and freedom, but rather one of passivity and response to that which is external to them.
Abstract: It is becoming increasingly obvious that liberalism as a type of political theory and the institutions and processes associated with liberal politics are in trouble. On the one hand, it is hard to see how traditional liberal politics can continue much longer given the developing decay within modern liberal societies-poverty in the midst of plenty, citizen apathy and disgust, debilitating urban life, counter-productive military adventures, and so on. In addition, liberal politics and theory are also jeopardized by the development of critiques and alternative political theories as, for example, exemplified in Professor Wood's essay. In other words, both the actual developments in liberal social life and the theorizing of those commenting on liberal thought and practice give evidence, to paraphrase Theodore Lowi, that liberalism is at its end. Professor Wood's study is an assessment of liberal theory which calls attention to the inadequacies, contradictions, and what are for most people the unacceptable implications of the liberalism of Locke, Hobbes, Madison, Bentham, and J. S. Mill. In addition to pointing out the internal problems of liberal theory, Wood also contrasts the Lockeian liberal model with an alternative model typified by Kant, Rousseau, and Marx. Locke and Rousseau have been analyzed many times as theorists presenting two significantly different models of social and political life. Wood has gone beyond the work previously done on this point and shows how the alternative political models are related to alternative epistemologies. In addition she identifies the epistemology of Kant which describes an active role for the subject as the key for the development of a more adequate political theory and a more humane social life encouraging the development of freedom (creativity) and a true community of men. Although the Kantian-Rousseauist-Marxist model is preferred by Wood (and also by me), the fact remains that actual society is more consistent with the Lockeian description of social life as interest forces, state power, and the like, which are external to man and opposed to him. In other words, the real-life situation for most men in modern society is not one of active creativity and freedom, but rather one of passivity and response to that which is external to them. There is nothing in Wood's essay to suggest that actual society is not more Lockeian than the Kantian-Rousseauist-
45 citations
22 Jul 2021
34 citations
TL;DR: The state has practiced a strategic essentialism with regard to "peasantry" as mentioned in this paper, and it has actively pursued rural development in the Chinese state's strategy, which has been a changing political-economic problematic.
Abstract: Rural development in the Chinese state's strategy has been a changing political-economic problematic. The state has practiced a strategic essentialism with regard to ‘peasantry.' It has actively ta...
33 citations
TL;DR: This article argued that anti-colonial federalists belong within a cosmopolitan tradition of seeking democratic supra-national governance beyond empire and nation, and argued that federalism should be understood as part of a contest about the state as such.
Abstract: This article examines the historiographical debate over federalism between the 1930s and 1960s. In their most sweeping iterations, revisionists have sought to unravel the history of the nation-state, by using the history of anti-colonial federalist demands for equal incorporation into imperial states as evidence against a teleology of nationalist independence. In perceiving the democratic potentialities embedded within imperial state forms, revisionists argue that anti-colonial federalists therefore belong within a cosmopolitan tradition of seeking democratic supra-national governance beyond empire and nation. Some iterations of ‘post-colonial cosmopolitanism’ have unfortunately channelled debate into an opposition between federalism and nationalism, while also generating methodological republicanism, the tendency to view proto-republics within imperial formations. This review challenges these interpretive shortcomings and argues instead that federalism ought to be understood as part of a contest about the state as such. By integrating scholarship on French and British imperial federalism with recent work on regional federalisms in European and African contexts, this essay centres a whole range of ideological variations of ‘cosmopolitanism’ that adapted federalism to their critiques of the state. Ultimately, this reframing of federalist historiography enables new insights into contests about, and not just over, twentieth-century states.
28 citations
TL;DR: In the context of the ecological and climate emergencies and several other deep crises, advocates of degrowth call for democratic transitions towards societies that can thrive beyond economic economic growth as mentioned in this paper, and advocate for degrowth.
Abstract: Against the backdrop of the ecological and climate emergencies and several other deep crises, advocates of degrowth call for democratic transitions towards societies that can thrive beyond economic...
25 citations
TL;DR: The authors showed that the intensity of violence in Rwanda's recent past can be traced back to the initial establishment of its pre-colonial state, and that the effect of the historical state is primarily sustained by culturally transmitted norms of obedience.
Abstract: This article shows that the intensity of violence in Rwanda’s recent past can be traced back to the initial establishment of its pre-colonial state. Villages that were brought under centralized rule one century earlier experienced a doubling of violence during the state-organized 1994 genocide. Instrumental variable estimates exploiting differences in the proximity to Nyanza—an early capital—suggest that these effects are causal. Before the genocide, when the state faced rebel attacks, with longer state presence, violence is lower. Using data from several sources, including a lab-in-the-field experiment across an abandoned historical boundary, I show that the effect of the historical state is primarily sustained by culturally transmitted norms of obedience. The persistent effect of the pre-colonial state interacts with government policy: where the state developed earlier, there is more violence when the Rwandan government mobilized for mass killing and less violence when the government pursued peace.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the role of policy tools in policy making, providing the means by which policy 'ends' are achieved, and their origin, nature and capabilities.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors build on Giorgio Agamben's work to suggest that the liberal territorial state sovereignty is a policy area through which current nationalist governments enact territorial states sovereignty.
Abstract: Migration is a policy area through which current nationalist governments enact territorial state sovereignty. This paper builds on Giorgio Agamben’s work to suggest that the liberal territorial sta...
TL;DR: With rare exception, political economists assume that developmental policies and developmental alliances between states and business result from top-down, state co-option or coercion of business as mentioned in this paper, which is not the case.
Abstract: With rare exception, political economists assume that developmental policies and developmental alliances between states and business result from top-down, state co-option or coercion of business. T...
TL;DR: The authors define preemption according to its historic origins as the use of coercive methods to substitute state priorities for local policymaking, and argue modern state preemption of local laws can be divided into four phases, each with their own policies and mechanisms.
Abstract: American cities are creatures of their states, with states both granting and limiting the power of their cities. This relationship is characterized by how cooperative or competitive states are with cities in their legislation. Despite the recent attention given to state preemption of local laws, this is not a new phenomenon. Part of the confusion surrounding preemption is that there is no shared definition or understanding of its forms. The purpose of this article is to begin to create that shared conception. In doing so, we define preemption according to its historic origins as the use of coercive methods to substitute state priorities for local policymaking. We argue modern state preemption of local laws can be divided into four phases, each with their own policies and mechanisms. We show how preemption has changed over time, shifting the functional, legal, and political relationship between states and their cities. Together, these phases help assist policymakers and administrators in understanding the nature of state preemption, and thus how to create and implement local policies in an environment where the distribution of power between governments is competitive and changing.
Abstract: As corporate power strains the liberal hegemony that has stabilized the globalization project, it is no wonder that scholars of global production are increasingly turning their attention to the rol...
TL;DR: The minimalist, atomistic classical liberal definition of markets is dominant in the global political economy literature as mentioned in this paper, if often implicitly so. But major shifts are occurring in the 21st century,...
Abstract: The minimalist, atomistic classical liberal definition of markets is dominant in the global political economy literature, if often implicitly so. But major shifts are occurring in the 21st century,...
22 Apr 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined how the state exercised its capacities for coercion, control over lower factions within political society, and sought to preserve and enhance its legitimacy during the Covid-19 pandemic in Bangladesh.
TL;DR: This paper argued that the Liberal International Order is in tension with the older Sovereign Territorial Order, which is founded on territoriality and borders to create group identities, the territorial state, and the modern international system.
Abstract: The Liberal International Order is in crisis. While the symptoms are clear to many, the deep roots of this crisis remain obscured. We propose that the Liberal International Order is in tension with the older Sovereign Territorial Order, which is founded on territoriality and borders to create group identities, the territorial state, and the modern international system. The Liberal International Order, in contrast, privileges universality at the expense of groups and group rights. A recognition of this fundamental tension makes it possible to see that some crises that were thought to be unconnected have a common cause: the neglect of the coordinating power of borders. We sketch out new research agendas to show how this tension manifests itself in a broad range of phenomena of interest.
01 Jul 2021
TL;DR: Although the new State governed the entire society with equality, through its institutions, in practice the forms and methods of courtly government, based on non-institutional relationships (family, patronage, patronage etc.), did not disappear as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: At the beginning of the 19th century, the change in the structures of the State and of society was consummated. Although the new State governed the entire society with equality, through its institutions, in practice the forms and methods of courtly government, based on non-institutional relationships (family, patronage, patronage, etc.), did not disappear. In the new State, this behaviour is what constitutes corruption. Fernando Munoz's family used the relationship he had with the queen to obtain titles and businesses, which led him to enter the high bourgeoisie of nineteenth-century Spanish society and political parties.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify new arrangements between the state and non-state actors in the public sector, one that extends current understandings of education privatisation, the transformation of publi...
Abstract: This article identifies new arrangements between the state and non-state actors in the public sector, one that extends current understandings of education privatisation, the transformation of publi...
01 Mar 2021
TL;DR: In this article, a triad of concepts (sovereignty, governmentality, and post-liberalism) are applied to an analysis of a corona-imposed state of emergency in Estonia and Finland.
Abstract: The paper addresses a puzzle resulting from the current global state of alert: the coronavirus pandemic brought us back to the world of the allegedly sovereign nation states with borders and national governments in charge, yet in fact, this retrieved sovereignty looks very vulnerable and precarious. We explain this controversy through a triad of concepts—sovereignty, governmentality, and post-liberalism—that we apply to an analysis of a corona-imposed state of emergency in Estonia and Finland. Based on comparative case study research, we posit that sovereignty is precarious in post-liberalism due to its large dependence on the technologies of responsibilization and agency. From a biopolitical perspective, a major point in the anti-crisis management is to convince people to sacrifice personal liberties for the sake of public safety. These issues of governmentality will be dealt with based on critical discourse analysis and media analysis in Estonia and Finland.
TL;DR: The authors examines forms of citizenship and their everyday engagements with state and non-state actors, and proposes a definition of citizenship as a form of everyday engagement with the state and its agents.
Abstract: Anthropologists have posited that citizenship takes on multiple meanings and forms based on citizens’ everyday engagements with state and non-state actors. This article examines forms of citizenshi...
TL;DR: The authors argued that the political thought of one of Iran's foremost intellectuals, Jalal Al-e Ahmad and his seminal work Gharbzadegi (1962), often translated as ‘...
Abstract: This article argues that the political thought of one of twentieth-century Iran’s foremost intellectuals, Jalal Al-e Ahmad (1923–1969) and his seminal work Gharbzadegi (1962), often translated as ‘...
Book•
11 Feb 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the starting point of political developments is less important than whether the State-Democracy relationship is a virtuous cycle, triggering causal mechanisms that reinforce each other.
Abstract: Latin America is currently caught in a middle-quality institutional trap, combining flawed democracies and low-to-medium capacity States. Yet, contrary to conventional wisdom, the sequence of development - Latin America has democratized before building capable States - does not explain the region's quandary. States can make democracy, but so too can democracy make States. Thus, the starting point of political developments is less important than whether the State-democracy relationship is a virtuous cycle, triggering causal mechanisms that reinforce each other. However, the State-democracy interaction generates a virtuous cycle only under certain macroconditions. In Latin America, the State-democracy interaction has not generated a virtuous cycle: problems regarding the State prevent full democratization and problems of democracy prevent the development of state capacity. Moreover, multiple macroconditions provide a foundation for this distinctive pattern of State-democracy interaction. The suboptimal political equilibrium in contemporary Latin America is a robust one.
TL;DR: For instance, between 2020 and 2021, one hundred and ten bills in state legislatures across the United States suggested banning the participation of transgender athletes on sports teams for girls and women as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Between 2020 and 2021, one hundred and ten bills in state legislatures across the United States suggested banning the participation of transgender athletes on sports teams for girls and women. As of July 2021, ten such bills have become state law. This paper tracks the political shift towards targeting transgender athletes. Conservative political interests now seek laws that suture biological determinist arguments to civil rights of bodies. Although narrow binary definitions of sex have long operated in the background as a means for policy implementation under Title IX, Republican lawmakers now aim to reframe sex non-discrimination policies as means of gendered exclusion. The content of proposals reveal the centrality of ideas about bodily immutability, and body politics more generally, in shaping the future of American gender politics. My analysis of bills from 2021 argues that legislative proposals advance a logic of “cisgender supremacy” inhering in political claims about normatively gendered bodies. Political institutions are another site for advancing, enshrining, and normalizing cis-supremacist gender orders, explicitly joining cause with medical authorities as arbiters of gender normativity. Characteristics of bodies and their alleged role in evidencing sex itself have fueled the tactics of anti-transgender activists on the political Right. However, the target of their aims is not mere policy change but a state-sanctioned return to a narrowly cis- and heteropatriarchal gender order.
TL;DR: In this paper, how civilians respond to political violence profoundly shapes conflict processes and the legacies of civil war, and influential patterns of wartime civilian agency remain strikingly unexplored. But they do not appear to be common in the literature.
Abstract: How civilians respond to political violence profoundly shapes conflict processes and the legacies of civil war. Yet influential patterns of wartime civilian agency remain strikingly unexplored. Thi...
TL;DR: In this paper, the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) attempts to re-model the modern Turkey as a nationalist struggle that aimed to cultivate youth as secular citizens, which is not the case in Turkey today.
Abstract: Modern Turkey´s emergence was a nationalist struggle that aimed to cultivate youth as secular citizens. Almost a century later, the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) attempts to re-model y ...
TL;DR: The power of sovereign states protects self-determination and is a political and theological problem as discussed by the authors, not just a political or economic problem, but also a moral one. But, at a time of outspoken nationalism, Christian realism accurately diagnoses idolatry of the state as a political problem.
Abstract: At a time of outspoken nationalism, Christian realism accurately diagnoses idolatry of the state as a political and theological problem. The power of sovereign states protects self-determination bu...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine how Carl Schmitt's constitutional theory can be useful to analyse the Constitution of the State of Israel designed in the late 1940s, the impact of which Jacob Taubes once certified.
Abstract: Abstract The paper is an attempt to examine how Carl Schmitt's constitutional theory can be useful to analyse the Constitution of the State of Israel designed in the late 1940s – the impact of which Jacob Taubes once certified. The author analyses three projects created then by Leo Kohn through the prism of Schmitt's concept of Verfassung and Verfassungsgesetz. He also reads in the context of Schmitt's philosophy (from Constitutional Theory and The Nomos of the Earth) the constitutional situation of Israel as a country where, first, the Constitution has not been passed and the basic matter of its legal system is regulated by the Basic Laws; second, citizens of Arab origin are excluded from the national community; and third, the borders of the state remain fluid and change due to the constant partition of the land.