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State (polity)

About: State (polity) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 36954 publications have been published within this topic receiving 719822 citations. The topic is also known as: state (polity).


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01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of India's economic reforms on economic performance has been the subject of much academic study and public debate in India and the focus has been largely on the performance of the economy as a whole or of individual sectors.
Abstract: Macroeconomic data for the 14 major Indian states reveal the extent of inter-state differences in the pace of economic growth in the past decade. Rising regional inequality, as measured by an increase in the Gini-coefficient from 1986-87 to 1997-98, has important implications for poverty reduction. Because of state specific characteristics, the divergent patterns of economic growth witnessed in the 1990s do not necessarily imply that the economic reforms at the national level were biased. But to mitigate such regional differences in the future requires deepening reforms and addressing the specific deficiencies that have decelerated growth in some states. This paper finds that variations in the private investment ratio are positively and significantly correlated with variations in growth, while public investment and plan expenditure seem to have had little direct impact. It also finds that provision of certain infrastructure, and to some extent also literacy, are associated with variations in growth. Based on the results from cross-sectional analysis, this paper points to strengthening finances and governance of the state governments as key factors in supplying economic and social infrastructure, thereby promoting private investment, productivity growth and, in turn, economic development. The role of the central government in supporting the developmental activities of the states and funding large-scale infrastructure development is also considered. The impact of India's economic reforms on economic performance has been the subject of much academic study and public debate in India, but the focus has been largely on the performance of the economy as a whole or of individual sectors. The performance of individual states in the post-reforms period has not received comparable attention and yet there are very good reasons why such an analysis should be of special interest. First, balanced regional development has always been one of the declared objectives of national policy in India and it is relevant to ask whether economic reforms have promoted this objective. Second, India's federal democracy is increasingly characterized by regionalisation of politics, with politics at the state level being driven by state rather than national issues, and this makes the economic performance of individual states an issue of potential electoral importance. This is particularly so because liberalisation has eliminated many of the controls earlier exercised by the central government and thereby increased the role of state governments in many areas that are critical for economic development. Finally, since state level performance shows considerable variation across states, with many states recording strong growth in the post-reforms period, it is important to identify the reasons for their success in order to replicate it in other states. This paper attempts to document the performance of the major states in the post-reform period 1991-92 to 1998-99 and compare it with performance in the previous decade. It also seeks to explore the reasons for the differences in growth across states and to identify the critical policy issues that need to be addressed if the slow growing states are to achieve more respectable growth rates in future. We note at the outset that there are severe data limitations that limit our ability to explain inter-state variations in performance. Nevertheless, we attempt to explore these issues to the extent possible, recognizing that in many cases we will raise more questions than we can answer. I. Performance of the States: a review The growth performance of the 14 major states in the pre and post-reform period can be studied on the basis of the available data on the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) for each state. A comment on data problems is appropriate at this stage. Ideally, the GSDP data series for individual states should be fully consistent with the national accounts estimates of GDP, so that the disaggregated picture of economic performance at the

217 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper examined the differences in property relations, state institutions, stakeholder interests, and environmental social-movement strategies that led to nearly opposite outcomes in initially similar situations, and analyzed community forestry in British Columbia relative to current debates over neoliberalism and alternative economies.
Abstract: Calls for community forestry on public forests grew in strength in both British Columbia and the United States during the 1990s, as part of a global movement touting the advantages of community control over centralized state administration of forests. Despite structural similarities, the trajectories of community forestry in the two locations diverged sharply, with community forests rapidly becoming a reality in British Columbia while similar proposals in the United States were blocked. This article explains these divergent trajectories by examining the differences in property relations, state institutions, stakeholder interests, and environmental social-movement strategies that led to nearly opposite outcomes in initially similar situations. It also analyzes community forestry in British Columbia relative to current debates over neoliberalism and alternative economies, arguing that detailed examination of such empirical examples demonstrates the utility of neoliberalism as an analytical concept.

217 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the old regime - State, Society, and Politics: Social Structure under the old Regime State, Tribe, and the International System: From Gunpowder Empires to the Cold War Rentier State and Rentier Revolutionaries.
Abstract: Part I The old Regime - State, Society, and Politics: Social Structure under the Old Regime State, Tribe, and the International System: From Gunpowder Empires to the Cold War Rentier State and Rentier Revolutionaries. Part 11: The PDPA in Power: From the Second Cold War to the Collapse of the USSR: Failure of Revolution from Above Under Soviet Occupation: Party, State, and Society, 1980-85 Soviet Withdrawal, Political Retreat: State and Society, 1986-91. Part III: The Islamic Resistance: Mujahidin, Society, and the International System: Origins of the Movement of Jihad International Aid, War, and National Organization International Aid, War, and Local and Regional Organization Mujahidin after Soviet Withdrawal State Collapse after the Cold War: Afghanistan without Foreign Aid Appendix A: Notes on Sources Appendix B: Political Actors in Afghanistan, 1973-1994 Appendix C: Financing Government Expenditure, 1952-88 Notes Glossary Bibliography Index.

217 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the International Journal of Human Rights: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 81-102, the authors discuss Humanitarian Intervention and State Sovereignty.
Abstract: (2002). Humanitarian Intervention and State Sovereignty. The International Journal of Human Rights: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 81-102.

216 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined how the social and political contexts in receiving countries affect the transnational political practices of migrants and refugees, such as their mobilization around political events in their homeland.
Abstract: This article examines how the social and political contexts in receiving countries affect the transnational political practices of migrants and refugees, such as their mobilization around political events in their homeland. The case study explores the political participation of Turks and Kurds in Germany and the Netherlands in its full complexity, that is in both the immigration country and in homeland politics. The findings suggest that transnational political practices should not be reduced to a function of the political opportunity structures of particular receiving countries for two main reasons: (a) more inclusive political structures, which provide for more participation and co-operation on immigrant political issues, may at the same time, and for that very reason, serve to exclude dialogue on homeland politics; (b) homeland political movements may draw on a different range of resources than their immigrant political counterparts, including those outside the local political institutional context.

216 citations


Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202214
2021837
20201,140
20191,144
20181,239
20171,447