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Steroid biosynthesis

About: Steroid biosynthesis is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1721 publications have been published within this topic receiving 58977 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that both sex steroid and glucocorticoid pathways are one of the primary targets of estrogen exposure in fish gonads and provides further insights into the mode of action of this endocrine disrupting chemical.
Abstract: Exposure to environmental estrogens such as 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) has been associated with feminization and a decline in fertility of male fish. To investigate the effect of estrogen exposure on steroid homeostasis, we exposed roach (Rutilus rutilus) to EE2 (1-29 ng/L) for 18 days and analyzed steroid profiles in bile and plasma using targeted analyses and in liver and gonadal tissues using mass spectrometry metabolite profiling techniques (metabolomics). Exposure to EE2 resulted in a concentration dependent reduction of estrogens and androgens in bile and plasma of both male and female fish. At 10 ngEE2/L, significant reductions in concentrations of hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, 11-hydroxyandrostenedione, and 11-ketotestosterone were detected in the testes metabolome, indicating disruption of steroid biosynthesis upstream of androgen metabolism. Estrogen exposure also resulted in increased biosynthesis of cortisol and cortisone in testes and ovaries, respectively, but did not alter glucocorticoid concentrations in the liver or plasma. This first report on the effect of EE2 exposure on the steroid metabolome in fish tissues suggests that both sex steroid and glucocorticoid pathways are one of the primary targets of estrogen exposure in fish gonads and provides further insights into the mode of action of this endocrine disrupting chemical.

60 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review's aim is to outline the potential of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling of steroids in the diagnosis of endogenous human steroid disorders and present GC-MS steroid profiling presents a complementary analytical technique whenever highest specificity is required.
Abstract: This review's aim is to outline the potential of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling of steroids in the diagnosis of endogenous human steroid disorders. Mass spectrometry currently provides the highest specificity in clinical steroid analysis. The non-invasive and non-selective GC-MS urinary steroid profiling technique enables diagnosis of almost any adrenal enzyme defects in steroid biosynthesis. While enzymatic defects can be diagnosed from spot urine samples in most cases, analysis of 24-hr urinary samples permits determination of hormonal excretion rates or enables diagnostic or therapeutic monitoring of steroid related diseases. Profiling plasma steroids by isotope dilution/GC-MS is particularly suitable where only minimal plasma samples are available and/or the highest specificity is required; therefore, GC-MS steroid profiling presents a complementary analytical technique whenever highest specificity is required. Clinical GC-MS profiling of steroids is also highly recommended as a reasonable initial diagnostic approach - especially in unclear situations - avoiding uncritical and expensive attempts at molecular diagnostic testing.

60 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The early appearance of the smooth reticulum supports the thesis that the adrenal is capable of steroid biosynthesis early in fetal development, before zonation of the cortex occurs.
Abstract: In most steroid-secreting cells smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum is prominent. This organelle is a site of major enzymes involved in steroid biosynthesis. In fetal guinea pig adrenal cortical cells the development of tubular smooth-surfaced reticulum precedes all other apparent morphological changes at the cellular level, serving as the earliest indicator of structural differentiation. Its appearance coincides with the earliest evidence of steroid production by the adrenals (Ortiz et al., 1966). Further development and differentiation of this organelle in inner cortical cells gives rise to complex paracrystalline arrays. Subsequent segregation of cells containing these arrays to the deeper cortical regions, the deep zona fasiculata and zona reticularis, heralds the histological zonation of the cortex into three definitive regions. In the outer cortical cells of the developing zona glomerulosa, cisternal reticulum becomes prominent and in late fetal life large areas of the cisternal membranes become smooth-surfaced. Combined with information from bioassay experiments of Price and coworkers (Ortiz et al., 1966) the early appearance of the smooth reticulum supports the thesis that the adrenal is capable of steroid biosynthesis early in fetal development, before zonation of the cortex occurs. As the endoplasmic reticulum develops, polyribosomes become widely spaced on its surface. They may be involved in the synthesis and maintenance of the expanding smooth-surfaced reticulum and its associated steroidogenic enzymes, analogous to the development of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and associated enzymes in rat hepatocytes (Dallner et al., 1966a,b). The gradual confinement of cells containing paracrystalline arrays of smooth reticulum to the deep cortical zones implies functional significance for this compartmentalized form of endoplasmic reticulum.

60 citations

Journal Article
19 Jul 2019-Nature
TL;DR: This study reported the diosgenin-biosynthetic pathways in himalayan paris (Paris polyphylla), a monocot medicinal plant with hemostatic and antibacterial properties, and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum–graecum), an eudicot culinary herb plant commonly used as a galactagogue.

60 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The stallion testis was found to have lower 17β- (testosterone) dehydrogenase activity and very high 19-hydroxylase and aromatizing systems, and while androstenedione served as a precursor of both testosterone and estrone, a greater proportion was converted to the estrogen.
Abstract: Enzyme reactions in the stallion testis involved in steroid synthesis were studied to determine the factors which account for the high production of estrogens as well as androgens. In comparison with other species, the stallion testis was found to have lower 17β- (testosterone) dehydrogenase activity and very high 19-(androstenedione) hydroxylase and aromatizing systems. As a consequence, while androstenedione served as a precursor of both testosterone and estrone, a greater proportion was converted to the estrogen. The 19-hydroxylation and aromatizing activities for testosterone seemed lower than those for androstenedione. The 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase systems for 17-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone were very active, but the A6-17,20- lyase system was apparently much less active than the A4-17,20-lyase. The predominant route of biosynthesis seems, therefore, to be: pregnenolone →17-hydroxypregnenolone →17-hydroxyprogesterone →Δ4-androstenedione →19-hydroxy- ↓androstenedione→estrone te...

60 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202315
202221
2021117
2020109
201975
201860