Showing papers on "Stress corrosion cracking published in 1987"
TL;DR: In this article, film-induced stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) was studied for many metals including stainless steels, Cu-Al alloys, α-brasses, and pure copper.
437 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a mechanism for stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is developed from simple metallurgical principles and assuming that high surface mobility is present in the process, and an equation is found for crack velocity as a function of surface mobility and stress concentration at the tip of the crack.
183 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the grain boundary segregation of magnesium is examined with reference to both direct and indirect experimental evidence for magnesium segregation, and evidence to support both equilibrium and non-equilibrium segregation is presented.
133 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of recent work on the corrosion resistance and electrocatalytic properties of glassy metals is presented, in terms of the roles played by the composition, both of metal and metalloid, and by the structure.
128 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the static and cyclic fatigue behavior of sintered silicon nitride was investigated at room temperature, and it was shown that the minimum time to failure was almost the same, in spite of differences in loading mode or frequency.
Abstract: The static and cyclic fatigue behavior of sintered silicon nitride was investigated at room temperature. Flexure specimens, with an indentation-induced flaw at the center, were tested under a static or cyclic load applied by four-point bending. Sintered silicon nitride was shown to be susceptible to static and cyclic fatigue failure. Comparing the static and cyclic fatigue lifetimes at frequencies from 0.01 to 10 Hz, it was shown that minimum time to failure was almost the same, in spite of differences in loading mode or frequency. However, cyclic stress decreased the scatter in lifetime by reducing the upper limit. Moreover, the cyclic fatigue limit was significantly lower than the static fatigue limit. High-magnification fractography revealed a fatigue failure dominated by intergranular cracking with partial transgranular failure at perpendicularly elongated crystals. This suggests that the intergranular fatigue crack can be arrested at grain-boundary triplets, and also can be reactivated by subsequent cyclic loading. The crack growth rate, calculated from the fatigue lifetime, showed three characteristic regions having a plateau at 70% to 90% of the fracture toughness, which suggests a possible intergranular stress corrosion cracking mechanism resembling that in glass or alumina.
117 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, single crystals of various cap alpha-phase Cu-Zn and Cu-Al alloys have been tested for dealloying and stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in cuprous ammonia solutions.
Abstract: Single crystals of various ..cap alpha..-phase Cu-Zn and Cu-Al alloys have been tested for dealloying and stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in cuprous ammonia solutions. All tests were done at the equilibrium potential of a copper electrode. The dealloying tests were done by scratching coated specimens and measuring the consequent anodic current transients, and the SCC tests used a constant extension rate. The rate of dealloying increased almost discontinuously between 17 and 20 atom percent (a/o) Zn and between 11 and 16 a/o Al. These ''parting limits'' corresponded identically to the onset of transgranular SCC in both systems. The results support a percolation model of dealloying and a film-induced cleavage model for stress-corrosion cracking.
112 citations
01 Oct 1987
TL;DR: The first four days were devoted to introductory and overview lectures on theory of fracture, solid state chemistry and physics of fracture and solution chemistry, and structure and properties of interfaces as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: : The first four days were devoted to introductory and overview lectures on theory of fracture, solid state chemistry and physics of fracture, solution chemistry, and structure and properties of interfaces After a one-day break, three days of workshop sessions and a summary lecture were held Workshop topics included novel aspects of fracture, intergranular embrittlement, hydrogen embrittlement, and stress corrosion and corrosion fatigue Content: Chemistry and Physics of Fracture: Mechanics of Brittle Cracking of Crystal Lattices and Interfaces; Theory of Fracture; Plastic Processes at Crack Tips; Plastic Flow Instabilities at Crack Tips; Distributed Damage Processes in Fracture; A comparison of Void Growth and Ductile Failure in Plane and Axisymmetric States of Strain; Solid State Chemistry and Physics of Fracture; Theoretical Approaches to Materials Design: Intergranular Embrittlement; Interatomic Forces and the Simulation of Cracks; Application of the Embedded Atom Method to Hydrogen Embrittlement; Solution Chemistry; Surface Chemistry in Aqueous Solutions; Crack Tip Electrochemistry: Electrochemical Thermodynamics and Kinetics and Their Application to the Study of Stress Corrosion Cracking; Structure and Properties of Interfaces; Universal Properties of Bonding at Metal Interfaces; Structure of Grain Boundaries and Interfaces; In Situ TEM Studies of Crack Tip Deformation in Molybdenum; Hydrogen Embrittlement; The Role of Hydrogen Transport in Hydrogen Embrittlement
107 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the crack velocity-strain rate relationship in the presence of multiple cracked specimens can be computed by considering the number of cracks, in which case it is possible to calculate (involving electrochemical data) the crack velocities.
Abstract: One of the problems in relation to predicting the rates of defect growth in structures displaying stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is that knowledge relating to realistic stress corrosion crack velocities is very limited. In monotonic slow strain rate tests (SSRTs) taken to total failure at usual strain rates and in tests on precracked specimens at stress intensity factors in excess of KISCC, stress corrosion crack velocities may be appreciably higher than are likely to occur in service, except in the very late stages of crack growth before a service failure. These differences probably develop partly because of differences in the effective crack tip strain rate, and consideration is given to various expressions for calculating the latter from the applied strain rate. For multiple cracked specimens, as in SSRTs, the importance of considering the number of cracks is demonstrated, in which case it is possible to calculate (involving electrochemical data) the crack velocity-strain rate relationships i...
105 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) of Alloy 600 steam generator tubing in primary water environments can require lengthy exposure times, even at high temperatures.
Abstract: Laboratory testing to produce intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) of Alloy 600 steam generator tubing in primary water environments can require lengthy exposure times, even at ...
76 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, four types of corrosion exist: weight loss, stress corrosion cracking (SCC), corrosion fatigue, and galvanic corrosion, and design considerations and preventive techniques for each of them are discussed.
Abstract: Corrosion is an important and costly problem in the petroleum industry, requiring special considerations in the design of production equipment. Severe environments involving CO/sub 2/ or H/sub 2/S pose particular difficulties. Four types of corrosion exist: weight loss, stress corrosion cracking (SCC), corrosion fatigue, and galvanic corrosion. Design considerations and preventive techniques for each of these corrosion forms are discussed.
72 citations
TL;DR: Slow strain rate tests (SSRTs) on differently shaped tensile specimens machined from two heats of Alloy 600 tubing were conducted at 350 C in deaerated aqueous solutions containing small a....
Abstract: Slow strain rate tests (SSRTs) on differently shaped tensile specimens machined from two heats of Alloy 600 tubing were conducted at 350 C in deaerated aqueous solutions containing small a...
TL;DR: In this article, slow strain rate tests were conducted to study the effect of electrode potential on the intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) of Alloy 600 in deaerated 0.01 M H3BO3 + 0.0...
Abstract: Slow strain rate tests (SSRTs) were conducted to study the effect of electrode potential on the intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) of Alloy 600 in deaerated 0.01 M H3BO3 + 0.0...
Patent•
19 Jan 1987TL;DR: In this article, a high-strength Ni-based alloy excellent in resistance to stress corrosion cracking in high-temperature high-pressure water, characterized by consisting essentially of, in terms of weight ratio, 0.08%, 0.15%, or less of Si, 0., 1.1% of Mn, 15% of Fe, 20 to 30% of Cr, 3.5% of Ti, and subjecting it once or more to an aging treatment of additionally heating and maintaining it at 550 to 850° C.
Abstract: The presnt invention is concerned with a high-strength Ni-based alloy excellent in resistance to stress corrosion cracking in high-temperature high-pressure water, characterized by consisting essentially of, in terms of weight ratio, 0.08% or less of C, 0.15% or less of Si, 0.1 to 1% of Mn, 15% or less of Fe, 20 to 30% of Cr, 3.5% or less of Ti, the alloy at 980 to 1,200°C, cooling it, and subjecting it once or more to an aging treatment of additionally heating and maintaining it at 550 to 850° C.
TL;DR: In this article, acoustic emission (AE) produced by the propagation of stress corrosion cracks in an aligned glass fibre/polyester resin composite material has been recorded and the amplitude of AE signals produced by fibre failure appears to be proportional to the fracture stress of the fibres, although further analysis requires a greater understanding of the generation, transmission and detection of acoustic signals.
Abstract: Acoustic emission (AE) produced by the propagation of stress corrosion cracks in an aligned glass fibre/polyester resin composite material has been recorded Tests have been carried out over a range of crack growth rates and the variation of AE with crack velocity/applied stress intensity has been examined The main source of AE is fibre fracture and there is a one-to-one relationship between the number of fibre fractures and the number of high-amplitude AE signals This enables crack growth to be monitored directly from acoustic emission The amplitude of AE signals produced by fibre failure appears to be proportional to the fracture stress of the fibres, although further analysis requires a greater understanding of the generation, transmission and detection of AE signals This work demonstrates that stress corrosion cracking is an ideal source for the study of AE produced by fibre fracture without complications caused by interface effects, such as fibre debonding or pullout
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of duplex stainless steel (DIN W.St. no. 1.4462) in various H2S-, CO2- and chloride-containing media.
TL;DR: In this article, an investigation of the electrochemical noise generation during the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of alpha-brass was conducted in Mattsson solution (ammoniacal copper sulfate solution) o...
Abstract: An investigation of the electrochemical noise generation during the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of alpha-brass was conducted in Mattsson solution (ammoniacal copper sulfate solution) o...
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of various sulfide stress cracking (SSC) evaluation methods, such as slow strain rate tensile test (SSRT), uniaxial tension load test, four point bent test, and four point bend test, were compared with an actual pipe biaxially stress loading test.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the stress-corrosion cracking behavior of an Al-2.9Cu 2.2Li-0.12Zr alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution.
01 Dec 1987
TL;DR: In this paper, the contributions of fracture mechanics in this transformation are reviewed, and current mechanistic understanding and environmentally assisted crack growth by hydrogen embrittlement is summarized, and is placed in perspective.
Abstract: : Environmentally assisted crack growth (namely, stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue) in alloys is one of the principal determining factors for durability and reliability of engineering structures. Over the past 20 years, activities in this area have transformed from principally that of screening and qualitative characterizations of the phenomena, to that of quantitative assessment and scientific understanding. This work has enabled the recent development of life prediction procedures. In this paper, the contributions of fracture mechanics in this transformation are reviewed. Current mechanistic understanding and environmentally assisted crack growth by hydrogen embrittlement is summarized, and is placed in perspective. Applications to mitigate stress corrosion and corrosion fatigue cracking in marine environments are summarized. Some outstanding issues and new directions for research are discussed. Keywords: Crack propagation, aluminum alloys; titanium alloys; steels; corrosion fatigue; fracture mechanics.
TL;DR: In this article, several degradation mechanisms have been proposed; flaw-dependent, subcritical crack growth, stress corrosion cracking and progressive degradation mechanisms, and reliability models based on these mechanisms are considered, and methods to distinguish between the models are developed.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of variations in microstructure and strength level on the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of three medium to high strength steels, H13, 300M, and HY-130, in 3.5 pct NaCl have been systematically studied.
Abstract: The effects of variations in microstructure and strength level on the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of three medium to high strength steels, H13, 300M, and HY-130, in 3.5 pct NaCl have been systematically studied. Superimposed on the expected inverse dependence of KISCC on yield strength was more than an order of magnitude reduction in crack growth rate, with no strength penalty. These results have been analyzed in terms of the possible relative roles of different microstructural features, in particular retained austenite, whose detailed behavior is the subject of a companion paper.
TL;DR: In this article, a preliminary model of crack arrest in single-phase ceramics is developed, where the model considers stress corrosion as a process wherein the corrosive medium, by virtue of its wetting characteristics, allows the crack to propagate along grain boundaries.
Abstract: Single-phase ceramics are shown to be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking at elevated temperatures in the presence of a wetting amorphous deposit. Crack arrest occurs when the crack is depleted of amorphous material, provided that the stress intensity is below a “blunting” threshold. A preliminary model of such cracking has been developed. The model considers stress corrosion as a process wherein the corrosive medium, by virtue of its wetting characteristics, allows the crack to propagate along grain boundaries. A crack velocity that depends sensitively on the dihedral angle is predicted. Furthermore, since the corrosive medium acts as a conduit for rapid atom transport to the crack tip, the crack velocity also exhibits a strong dependence on the viscosity of the fluid medium. Implications for such stress corrosion processes on premature failure are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, an AISI 420 (13Cr) martensitic stainless steel was tested in environments containing different amounts of H2S, CO2, Cl− and acidity, at temperatures varying from 22 to 140°C.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the time dependent transverse cracking of the glass reinforced polymer (GRP) core rod in nonceramic insulators (NCI) under low mechanical loads, commonly referred to as brittle fracture.
Abstract: Time dependent transverse cracking of the glass reinforced polymer (GRP) core rod in nonceramic insulators (NCI) under low mechanical loads, commonly referred to as brittle fracture, has been investigated. Tension tests were performed on GRP core rods with E glass, ECR glass as well as epoxy and polyester matrices using nitric and oxalic acid environments in order to obtain the relationship between applied stress and the time to rupture. While both E glass and ECR glass remain prone to brittle fracture, ECR has a substantially superior resistance to stress corrosion cracking than E glass. Scanning electron microscopy of fracture surfaces has produced a quantitative relationship between the stress history and the fracture mirror size on the fibers. Results of an epoxy cone insulator end fitting are presented, and the mechanism of brittle fracture is discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an assessment of the results from an interlaboratory program to evaluate the procedures, based on linear fracture mechanics, for determining the threshold stress intensity factor for stress corrosion cracking (KIscc) of high-strength steels and the crack growth rates (da/dt).
Abstract: This report is prepared on behalf of ASTM Joint Task Group E24.04.02/G01.06.04 on Test Methods for Measurement of KIscc and SCC Growth Rate. It summarizes and provides an assessment of the results from an interlaboratory program to evaluate the procedures, based on linear fracture mechanics, for determining the threshold stress intensity factor for stress corrosion cracking (KIscc) of high-strength steels and the crack growth rates (da/dt). Problem areas and additional work are identified.
TL;DR: In this paper, slow strain rate tests were conducted on sensitized AISI 304 stainless steels (SS) with varying nitrogen and carbon contents in order to study their susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC).
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of hydrogen embrittlement, sulphide stress cracking and α/γ galvanic coupling in downhole simulated environments as a function of temperature, partial pressure of H 2 S and Cl − concentration is investigated.
TL;DR: In this article, the roles of elastic and elastic-plastic straining in stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and hydrogen embrittlement (HE) can be determined, based on comparison of the results of a normal elasticplastic slow-strain rate test with those of a purely elastic slow strain rate test, and an appropriate test method for further quantification of the SCC susceptibility can be selected, e.g. dynamic tests involving plastic straining or static tests.
Patent•
13 Nov 1987TL;DR: In this paper, a process for producing a high toughness, high strength steel having excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking including the steps of: preparing a steel slab including 0.02 to 0.10 wt % of C, 0.4 to 1.5 wt Mn, 1.0 to 7.5 Wt % Ni, more than 1.
Abstract: A process for producing a high toughness, high strength steel having excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking including the steps of: preparing a steel slab including 0.02 to 0.10 wt % of C, 0.50 wt % or less Si, 0.4 to 1.5 wt % Mn, 1.0 to 7.5 wt % Ni, more than 1.0 wt % up to 1.5 wt % Mo, 0.80 wt % or less Cr, 0.01 to 0.08 wt % sol. Al, and the balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities; heating the steel slab to a temperature of from 1000° C. to 1250° C.; hot rolling the heated steel slab at a finishing nip temperature of from 700° C. to 880° C., at a total reduction rate of 40% or more effected at the finishing nip temperature or lower, and at a finishing temperature of 650° C. or higher, to provide a steel plate; then quenching the steel plate by initiating water cooling at a temperature of the Ar3 point thereof or higher and by terminating the water cooling at a temperature of 150° C. or lower; and tempering the quenched steel plate at a temperature of the Ac1 point thereof or lower.