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Showing papers on "Stress corrosion cracking published in 2016"


Book
13 Jul 2016
TL;DR: Part I Radiation Damage: The Radiation Damage Event, Displacement of Atoms, Damage Cascade, Point Defect Formation and Diffusion, and Damage Cascade as mentioned in this paper, Part II Physical Effects of Radiation Damage, 6 Radiation-Induced Segregation, 7 Dislocation Microstructure, 8 Irradiation-induced Voids and Bubbles, 9 Phase Stability Under Irradiated, Unique Effects of Ion Irradiations, 11 Simulation of Neutron IRradiation Effects with Ions, and Part III Mechanical Effects of radiation Damage.
Abstract: Part I Radiation Damage -- 1 The Radiation Damage Event -- 2 The Displacement of Atoms -- 3 The Damage Cascade -- 4 Point Defect Formation and Diffusion -- 5 Radiation-Enhanced and Diffusion Defect Reaction Rate Theory -- Part II Physical Effects of Radiation Damage -- 6 Radiation-Induced Segregation -- 7 Dislocation Microstructure -- 8 Irradiation-Induced Voids and Bubbles -- 9 Phase Stability Under Irradiation -- 10 Unique Effects of Ion Irradiation -- 11 Simulation of Neutron Irradiation Effects with Ions -- Part III Mechanical Effects of Radiation Damage -- 12 Irradiation Hardening and Deformation -- 13 Irradiation Creep and Growth -- 14 Fracture and Embrittlement -- 15 Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking Fundamentals -- 16 Effects of Irradiation on Corrosion and Environmentally Assisted Cracking -- Index. .

949 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of constituent alloying elements on the response of microstructural variation in various heat-treated conditions on SCC behavior was analyzed and a review was made for improving the SCC resistance using thermomechanical treatments and by surface modifications of 7xxx alloys.

167 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a finite element analysis of stress about a blunt crack tip, emphasizing finite strain and phenomenological and mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity (SGP) formulations, is integrated with electrochemical assessment of occluded-crack tip hydrogen (H) solubility and two H-decohesion models to predict hydrogen environment assisted crack growth properties.

122 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of plastic deformation on the electrochemical and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of X70 steel in near-neutral pH environment was investigated, and the deformation-induced increase in electrochemical activity, dislocation density and heterogeneity, and surface roughness accelerated the corrosion, especially the cathodic reactions.
Abstract: This work investigated the effect of plastic deformation on the electrochemical and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of X70 steel in near-neutral pH environment. The deformation-induced increase in electrochemical activity, dislocation density and heterogeneity, and surface roughness accelerated the corrosion, especially the cathodic reactions. Hydrogen absorption and permeation into the steel is promoted by the plastic deformation, resulting in the high hydrogen content of the pre-deformed steels. Moreover, the SCC susceptibility increases with plastic elongation, which is attributed to the enhanced anodic dissolution and hydrogen absorption.

101 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of machining-induced surface residual stress on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) initiation in 316 stainless steel was investigated in boiling magnesium chloride solution.

100 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the relevant works that have documented the degree of sensitization for various 5xxx series alloys, providing a holistic overview of the issue, along with attention to the bulk composition, heat treatment, and microstructure.
Abstract: The 5xxx series (Al-Mg-based) aluminum alloys suffer from intergranular corrosion and intergranular stress corrosion cracking when the alloy has become “sensitized.” Sensitization refers to insidious precipitation of β phase (Mg2Al3), which is problematic when present at grain boundaries. The β phase is electrochemically active and may preferentially dissolve. This paper reviews the relevant works that have documented the degree of sensitization for various 5xxx series alloys, providing a holistic overview of the issue, along with attention to the bulk composition, heat treatment, and microstructure.

91 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the susceptibility of X70 pipeline steel under cathodic protection in near neutral pH and acidic solutions was investigated by slow-strain-rate tensile test, circumferential-notch tensile (CNT) test, and three-point-bending (TPB) test.
Abstract: The susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X70 pipeline steel under cathodic protection in near-neutral pH and acidic solutions was investigated by slow-strain-rate tensile test, circumferential-notch tensile (CNT) test, and three-point-bending (TPB) test. Results confirmed the existence of a hydrogen-induced plasticity (HIP) effect within a particular range of cathodic potentials. HIP effect lowered the SCC risk of X70 steel by releasing stress concentration at crack-initiation spots and then decreasing the stress intensity. Crack-growth behavior examined by CNT and TPB tests proved the existence of an HIP effect.

88 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a numerical multiphysics peridynamic framework for the modeling of adsorbed-hydrogen stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) based on the adsorption-induced decohesion mechanism is presented.

76 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, cold working of materials, dissolved oxygen and chloride in water are crucial factors that accelerate the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) crack growth rate of stainless steel in high temperature water.

73 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of traditional Al-Mg alloys modified by Zn was studied by using slow strain rate test both in the air and in 35-wt% NaCl solution acidified with HCl to pH 3.

73 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The slow strain rate test (SSRT) as mentioned in this paper has been widely used in research for sour service, buried natural gas pipelines, ethanol transportation, nuclear power, low pressure turbines, and mechanism studies.
Abstract: The history of dynamic straining in stress corrosion cracking studies and the evolution of the slow strain rate test (SSRT) are reviewed. Smooth and notched specimens; the importance of strain rate, electrode potential, and other environmental factors; the evaluation of test results; and comparisons to other techniques are addressed. The SSRT’s application in research for oil and gas sour service, buried natural gas pipelines, ethanol transportation, nuclear power, low pressure turbines, and mechanism studies is summarized and its usage by material, industry, and geographic region quantified. Standard test procedures are compared and improvements suggested. The more recent use of cyclic loading is discussed and areas for future study proposed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical electron microscopy was employed to characterize the early stages of oxidation to aid in developing an understanding of the stress corrosion cracking behavior of Alloy 600. But this alloy is known to be susceptible to SCC.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the microstructure, local mechanical properties and local stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of an SA508-52M-316LN domestic dissimilar metal welded safe-end joint used for AP1000 nuclear power plant prepared by automatic gas tungsten arc welding was studied by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy system.
Abstract: The microstructure, local mechanical properties and local stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of an SA508-52M-316LN domestic dissimilar metal welded safe-end joint used for AP1000 nuclear power plant prepared by automatic gas tungsten arc welding was studied in this work by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (with electron back scattering diffraction and an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy system), micro-hardness testing, local mechanical tensile testing and local slow strain rate tests. The micro-hardness, local mechanical properties and stress corrosion cracking susceptibility across this dissimilar metal weld joint vary because of the complex microstructure across the fusion area and the dramatic chemical composition change across the fusion lines. Briefly, Type I boundaries and Type II boundaries exist in 52Mb near the SA508-52Mb interface, a microstructure transition was found in SA508 heat affected zone, the residual strain and grain boundary character distribution changes as a function of the distance from the fusion boundary in 316LN heat affected zone, micro-hardness distribution and local mechanical properties along the DMWJ are heterogeneous, and 52Mw-316LN interface has the highest SCC susceptibility in this DMWJ while 316LN base metal has the lowest one.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of TMP with iterative cycles of 10% cold work and strain annealing, on corrosion and stress corrosion cracking behavior of alloy 600 was studied, and the associated microstructural and cracking mechanisms were elucidated using transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), coupled with precession electron diffraction (PED) and electron back scatter diffraction mapping TMP resulted in increased fraction of low coincident site lattice (CSL) grain boundaries whilst decreasing the connectivity of random high angle grain boundaries.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a corrosion testing device (CTD) was designed to evaluate corrosion behavior of structural materials inside high temperature nitrate salts storage tanks in operation, and A516 Gr70 carbon steel was evaluated at different exposures times by using the CTD in the TES-PS10 pilot plant.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated three grades of Ti alloys: grade 2, grade 5 and grade 7 in near anaerobic (<1 ppm oxygen) seawater up to 200 °C with and without CO2.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated stress corrosion cracking in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of a stainless steel 308L-316L weld joint in primary water of a pressurized water reactor.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of bending, rolling, and tensile deformation on stress and strain development in grade 2205 duplex stainless steel has been investigated using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction analyses.
Abstract: The effect of bending, rolling, and tensile deformation on stress and strain development in grade 2205 duplex stainless steel has been investigated using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analyses. The deformed microstructures were assessed for their stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility, with highest microstructure propensity observed after bending deformation. Strain localisation occurred in the austenite, independent of applied deformation mode. Cold rolling and bending also resulted in stress development in the austenite, with the ferrite also indicating significantly increased stresses after tensile straining. The austenite phase became more susceptible towards SCC, whereas the ferrite seemed to be more prone towards selective dissolution. Rolling deformation enhanced the propensity to localised corrosion.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the effect of abrasive grit size, grinding force and lubrication on the surface integrity of duplex stainless steels in service by fatigue or stress corrosion cracking and found that surface defects, a highly deformed surface layer and the generation of tensile residual stresses along the grinding direction were the main types of damage induced by the grinding operation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests were implemented to investigate the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of E690 steel and the simulated HAZ microstructures in a SO 2 -polluted marine atmosphere.
Abstract: Simulated microstructures of the typical CGHAZ, FGHAZ, and ICHAZ of an E690 welded joint were prepared with heat treatment at peak temperatures of 1300, 850, and 750 °C, respectively. Slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests were implemented to investigate the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of E690 steel and the simulated HAZ microstructures in a SO 2 -polluted marine atmosphere. Results revealed that E690 steel and its simulated HAZ microstructures all had a high SCC susceptibility in the simulated SO 2 -polluted marine atmosphere with a combined mechanism of AD and HE. The SCC susceptibility gradually increased in the following order: BM, CGHAZ, FGHAZ, and ICHAZ. The cracking mode of BM and CGHAZ was transgranular, whereas that of FGHAZ and ICHAZ was intergranular. The lower SCC susceptibility of BM and CGHAZ was probably due to the impeding effect of lath bainitic grain boundaries on SCC propagation, whereas the higher SCC susceptibility of FGHAZ and ICHAZ was attributed to the facilitating effect of M-A islands on crack initiation and propagation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of hydrogen on SCC behavior of X65 pipeline steel in simulated deep sea environment was analyzed by a combination of hydrogen-charging, slow stain rate test (SSRT), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electrochemistry.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of temperature on the crack growth rate (CGR) in SUS316 stainless steels was studied using complementary analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used finite elements simulations on realistic polycrystalline aggregate with recently proposed physically-based crystal plasticity constitutive equations validated for neutron-irradiated austenitic stainless steel.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the 5xxx series alloys are used in marine applications where light weight and increased speed are paramount, providing an optimum combination of as-welded strength and general corrosion resistance.
Abstract: Structural aluminum alloys are used in marine applications where light weight and increased speed are paramount. The 5xxx series alloys are the ideal choice, providing an optimum combination of as-welded strength and general corrosion resistance. A particular concern is sensitization in service. Aluminum is considered sensitized when a nearly continuous network of β phase forms along the grain boundaries. The β phase is anodic to the Al matrix, and, when exposed to sea water and sufficient loading, provides a clear pathway to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The degree of β-phase precipitation is driven by a combination of time and elevated temperature. For over a decade, SCC of Al superstructures has plagued Navy ships. To address this issue, relevant technologies have been adopted, adapted, and developed to combat this issue. More specifically, the technology areas involve the detection of sensitization, the mitigation of SCC, and the replacement of corrupt materials. The technologies discussed herein a...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the degradation of low-carbon pipeline steels with different strength levels from the point of view of their susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking in the as-received state and after in-laboratory accelerated degradation under environmental conditions similar to those of an acidic soil were investigated.
Abstract: With the development of the natural gas industry, gas transmission pipelines have been developed rapidly in terms of safety, economy and efficiency. Our recent studies have shown that an important factor of main pipelines serviceability loss under their long-term service is the in-bulk metal degradation of the pipe wall. This leads to the loss of the initial mechanical properties, primarily, resistance to brittle fracture, which were set in engineering calculations at the pipeline design stage. At the same time stress corrosion cracking has been identified as one of the predominant failures in pipeline steels in humid environments, which causes rupture of high-pressure gas transmission pipes as well as serious economic losses and disasters. In the present work the low-carbon pipeline steels with different strength levels from the point of view of their susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking in the as-received state and after in-laboratory accelerated degradation under environmental conditions similar to those of an acidic soil were investigated. The main objectives of this study were to determine whether the development of higher strength materials led to greater susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking and whether degraded pipeline steels became more susceptible to stress corrosion cracking than in the as-received state. The procedure of accelerated degradation of pipeline steels was developed and introduced in laboratory under the combined action of axial loading and hydrogen charging. It proved to be reliable and useful to performed laboratory simulation of in-service degradation of pipeline steels with different strength. The in-laboratory degraded 17H1S and X60 pipeline steels tested in the NS4 solution saturated with CO 2 under open circuit potential revealed the susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking, reflected in the degradation of mechanical properties, and at the same time the degraded X60 steel showed higher resistance to stress corrosion cracking than the degraded 17H1S steel. Fractographic observation confirmed the pipeline steels hydrogen embrittlement caused by the permeated hydrogen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an alumina coating was applied on AA7020 aluminum alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) method and the corrosion, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and nano-mechanical behaviors were examined by means of potentiodynamic polarization, slow strain rate test (SSRT), and nanoindentation tests.
Abstract: Alumina coating was deposited on AA7020 aluminum alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) method. The corrosion, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and nano-mechanical behaviors were examined by means of potentiodynamic polarization, slow strain rate test (SSRT) and nano-indentation tests. Potentiodynamic polarization (PP) was used to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the coating and slow strain rate test (SSRT) was used for evaluating the environmental cracking resistance in 3.5% NaCl solution. The mechanical properties (hardness and elastic modulus) were obtained from each indentation as a function of the penetration depth across the coating cross section. The above results were compared with similar PEO coated aluminum and magnesium alloys. Results indicated that PEO coating on AA7020 alloy significantly improved the corrosion resistance. However the environmental cracking resistance was found to be only marginal. The hardness and elastic modulus values were found to be much higher when compared to the base metal and similar PEO coated 7075 aluminum alloys. The fabricated coating also exhibited good adhesive strength with the substrate similar to other PEO coated aluminum alloys reported in the literature

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a comprehensive characterisation of the Al-Li 2099-T86 SCC performance for space structural applications, including specific properties like specific stiffness, strength and toughness.
Abstract: New alloy developments driven by aircraft industry have identified aluminium lithium (Al–Li) alloys as potential candidates for substitution of incumbent high strength aluminium alloys used for manufacturing spacecraft and launchers. Whereas properties like specific stiffness, strength and toughness are proven as superior when compared to those of currently adopted Al alloys, the Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) characteristics are still an open aspect if advanced Al–Li alloys are considered for space structural applications. The present paper provides a comprehensive characterisation of the Al–Li 2099-T86 SCC performances.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it was determined that the cracking is driven by corrosion-fatigue mechanisms with some uniqueness, such as the loading frequencies typically vary over a wide range from 10−1-Hz to 10−6-Hz, which is usually beyond the scope of most fatigue investigations.
Abstract: Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of pipeline steels in near-neutral pH environments has remained a significant integrity risk for oil and gas pipelines. Although it has traditionally been termed “stress corrosion cracking,” crack growth has never been observed under a static loading condition. It was determined later that the cracking is driven by corrosion-fatigue mechanisms with some uniqueness. First, the loading frequencies typically vary over a wide range from 10−1 Hz to 10−6 Hz, which is usually beyond the scope of most fatigue investigations. Second, the rate of corrosion is typically well below 0.1 mm/y at which a premature failure solely by corrosion would occur much longer than that actually found in the field. Third, hydrogen, a by-product of corrosion, can be generated to a level at which hydrogen embrittlement may occur only under special conditions. Fourth, pipelines are operated under variable pressure fluctuations that may lead to enhanced crack growth resulting from load-interactions effec...

Journal ArticleDOI
27 Feb 2016
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of the cobalt content on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of Al-Co alloys was investigated by vacuum arc melting, and the obtained microstructures depended on the Co content, ranging from fully eutectic growth (7 wt.% and 10 wt% Co) to coarse primary Al9Co2 predominance.
Abstract: Hypereutectic Al-Co alloys of various Co contents (7–20 weight % (wt.%) Co) were prepared by vacuum arc melting, aiming at investigating the influence of the cobalt content on the microstructure and corrosion behavior. Quite uniform and directional microstructures were attained. The obtained microstructures depended on the Co content, ranging from fully eutectic growth (7 wt.% and 10 wt.% Co) to coarse primary Al9Co2 predominance (20 wt.% Co). Co dissolution in Al far exceeded the negligible equilibrium solubility of Co in Al; however, it was hardly uniform. By increasing the cobalt content, the fraction and coarseness of Al9Co2, the content of Co dissolved in the Al matrix, and the hardness and porosity of the alloy increased. All alloys exhibited similar corrosion behavior in 3.5 wt.% NaCl with high resistance to localized corrosion. Al-7 wt.% Co showed slightly superior corrosion resistance than the other compositions in terms of relatively low corrosion rate, relatively low passivation current density and scarcity of stress corrosion cracking indications. All Al-Co compositions demonstrated substantially higher resistance to localized corrosion than commercially pure Al produced by casting, cold rolling and arc melting. A corrosion mechanism was formulated. Surface films were identified.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Point-focusing electromagnetic-acoustic transducers (PF-EMATs) for shear-vertical (SV) waves were developed for crack inspection of stainless-steel pipes as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Point-focusing electromagnetic-acoustic transducers (PF-EMATs) for shear-vertical (SV) waves were developed for crack inspection of stainless-steel pipes. The transducer has improved defect detectability by accumulating SV waves generated by concentric line sources at a focal point in phase. An optimum frequency for defect detection was found to be 2 MHz, with which a crack of 0.5 mm depth near a weld was clearly detected. The EMAT exhibited defect detectability comparable to that of a conventional phased-array piezoelectric transducer, indicating that this new EMAT is highly practical for the non-contacting evaluation of stress-corrosion cracking in stainless steels.